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IScience Aug 2023Vaccination is an effective means of preventing pneumococcal disease and SPY1 is a live attenuated pneumococcal vaccine we obtained earlier. We found IL-27 and its...
Vaccination is an effective means of preventing pneumococcal disease and SPY1 is a live attenuated pneumococcal vaccine we obtained earlier. We found IL-27 and its specific receptor (WSX-1) were increased in SPY1 vaccinated mice. Bacterial clearance and survival rates were decreased in SPY1 vaccinated IL-27Rα mice. The vaccine-induced Th17 cell response and IgA secretion were also suppressed in IL-27Rα mice. STAT3 and NF-κB signaling and expression of the Th17 cell polarization-related cytokines were also decreased in IL-27Rα bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells(BMDC) stimulated with inactivated SPY1. The numbers of memory CD4T cells were also decreased in SPY1 vaccinated IL-27Rα mice. These results suggested that IL-27 plays a protective role in SPY1 vaccine by promoting Th17 polarization through STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathways and memory CD4T cells production in the SPY1 vaccine. In addition, we found that the immune protection of SPY1 vaccine was independent of aerobic glycolysis.
PubMed: 37588169
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107464 -
International Journal of Epidemiology Feb 2024Despite the general consensus on the safety of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), safety concerns unveiled during post-licensure surveillance need to be addressed. We...
BACKGROUND
Despite the general consensus on the safety of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV), safety concerns unveiled during post-licensure surveillance need to be addressed. We investigated whether there is a transient increased risk following a three-dose series of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) administered at 2, 4 and 6 months of age.
METHODS
This was a population-based cohort study using the Korea immunization registry data linked to nationwide administrative claims data. Self-controlled risk interval analysis was conducted for PCV recipients who had an outcome of interest within pre-defined risk and control intervals between 2018 and 2022. The outcomes were anaphylaxis, asthma, encephalopathy, febrile seizure, Kawasaki disease and thrombocytopenia. We used conditional Poisson regression model to estimate the incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing the outcomes in the risk and control intervals.
RESULTS
Of 1 114 096 PCV recipients, 8661 had outcomes either in the risk or control intervals. Their mean age at Dose 1 was 10.0 weeks, 58.3% were boys, and 85.3% received 13-valent PCV. PCV was not associated with an increased risk of any outcomes except for febrile seizure. There were 408 (56.0%) cases of febrile seizure in the risk interval, corresponding to an IRR of 1.27 (95% CI 1.10-1.47).
CONCLUSIONS
It is reassuring to note that there was no increased risk of the potential safety concerns following PCV administration. Despite the transient increased risk of febrile seizure, absolute numbers of cases were small. Febrile seizure is generally self-limiting with a good prognosis, and should not discourage parents or caregivers from vaccinating their children.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Cohort Studies; Pneumococcal Infections; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Routinely Collected Health Data; Seizures, Febrile; Vaccination; Vaccines, Conjugate
PubMed: 38302750
DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyae010 -
Vaccine Dec 2023Streptococcus pneumoniae having almost 98 serotypes and being common cause of acute otitis media, pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis etc., which results in high mortality... (Review)
Review
Streptococcus pneumoniae having almost 98 serotypes and being common cause of acute otitis media, pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis etc., which results in high mortality and morbidity globally. Although vaccines like PCV-13 and PPV-23 are available, some problems like serotype replacement and poor immunogenicity in children, old age and immunocompromised people has been observed. To overcome these drawbacks protein/peptide-based vaccine can be a good strategy as these provides wide serotype coverage. However, immunogenicity of protein subunit vaccines is lower, that issue can be solved by using adjuvants. Recently nanoparticles as an adjuvant for vaccine delivery being used, which has provided not only good immunogenicity but also improved delivery and efficiency of protein-based vaccines. In this review we have discussed the latest advancement of nanoparticles-based protein/peptide vaccine delivery for Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Topics: Child; Humans; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Peptides; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Serogroup; Otitis Media; Polysaccharides; Vaccines, Conjugate; Pneumococcal Infections
PubMed: 37980259
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.11.020 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Mar 2024In addition to preventing pneumococcal disease, emerging evidence indicates that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) might indirectly reduce viral respiratory tract...
BACKGROUND
In addition to preventing pneumococcal disease, emerging evidence indicates that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) might indirectly reduce viral respiratory tract infections (RTI) by affecting pneumococcal-viral interactions.
METHODS
We performed a systematic review of interventional and observational studies published during 2000-2022 on vaccine efficacy/adjusted effectiveness (VE) and overall effect of PCV7, PCV9, PCV10, or PCV13 against viral RTI.
RESULTS
Sixteen of 1671 records identified were included. Thirteen publications described effects of PCVs against viral RTIs in children. VE against influenza ranged between 41-86% (n=4), except for the 2010-2011 influenza season. In a randomized controlled trial, PCV9 displayed efficacy against any viral RTI, human seasonal coronavirus, parainfluenza, and human metapneumovirus. Data in adults were limited (n=3). PCV13 VE ranged between 4-25% against viral lower RTI, 32-35% against COVID-19 outcomes, 24-51% against human seasonal coronavirus, and 13-36% against influenza A lower RTI, with some 95%CI spanning zero. No protection was found against adenovirus or rhinovirus in children or adults.
CONCLUSIONS
PCVs were associated with protection against some viral RTI, with the strongest evidence for influenza in children. Limited evidence for adults was generally consistent with pediatric data. Restricting public health evaluations to confirmed pneumococcal outcomes may underestimate the full impact of PCVs.
PubMed: 38462672
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae125 -
Vaccine Aug 2023Development of a vaccine drug product requires formulation optimization to ensure that the vaccine's effectiveness is preserved upon storage throughout the shelf-life of...
Development of a vaccine drug product requires formulation optimization to ensure that the vaccine's effectiveness is preserved upon storage throughout the shelf-life of the product. Although aluminum adjuvants have been widely used in vaccine formulations to safely and effectively potentiate an immune response, careful attention must be directed towards ensuring that the type of aluminum adjuvant does not impact the stability of the antigenic composition. PCV15 is a polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine comprising the pneumococcal polysaccharide (PnPs) serotypes (1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, 22F, 23F and 33F), each individually conjugated to the protein carrier CRM197. PCV15 was formulated with either amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate adjuvant (AAHS) or aluminum phosphate adjuvant (AP) and examined for both stability and immunogenicity. Using a collection of methods to evaluate vaccine stability, it was discovered that certain PCV15 serotypes (e.g., 6A, 19A, 19F) formulated with AAHS resulted in a reduction of immunogenicity in vivo and a reduction in recoverable dose as tested by an in vitro potency assay. The same polysaccharide-protein conjugates formulated with AP were stable regarding all measures tested. Moreover, the reduction in potency of certain serotypes correlated with chemical degradation of the polysaccharide antigen caused by the aluminum adjuvant as measured by reducing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), High-Pressure Size Exclusion Chromatography coupled with UV detection (HPSEC-UV) and ELISA immunoassay. This study suggests a formulation, which includes AAHS, may negatively impact the stability of a pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine that contains phosphodiester groups. This decrease in stability would likely result in a decrease in the "active" concentration of antigen dose, and herein, it is shown that such instability directly compromised vaccine immunogenicity in an animal model. The results presented in this study help to explain critical degradation mechanisms of pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines.
Topics: Animals; Vaccines, Conjugate; Aluminum; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Serogroup; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Pneumococcal Infections; Antibodies, Bacterial
PubMed: 37321893
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.05.059 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Aug 2023Pneumococcal serogroups consist of structurally related serotypes, and serotype-specific antibodies can cross-react against other serotypes within the same serogroup....
Pneumococcal serogroups consist of structurally related serotypes, and serotype-specific antibodies can cross-react against other serotypes within the same serogroup. Cross-reactivity of vaccine-induced serotype 6A antibodies, and, to a lesser extent, serotype 6B antibodies, to serotype 6C has been demonstrated following receipt of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), which contains serotypes 6A and 6B. V114 is a 15-valent PCV containing the 13 PCV13 serotypes plus two additional serotypes, 22F and 33F. This study assessed cross-reactivity to serotype 6C in recipients of V114 and PCV13 as well as specificity of opsonophagocytic activity (OPA) responses in serogroup 6. Following receipt of V114 or PCV13, the observed OPA geometric mean titers to serotypes 6A, 6B, and 6C were comparable across both vaccination groups (post-single dose in adults ≥50 years of age [ = 250] and from pre- to post-dose 4 in pediatric participants 12-15 months of age [ = 150]). Based on OPA inhibition studies, V114 induced cross-reactive antibodies to serotype 6C in adult and pediatric populations that were specific and comparable to those induced by PCV13. Based on experience with PCV13, V114 may also provide comparable protection against pneumococcal disease caused by serotype 6C; however, this will have to be evaluated in real-world studies.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Child; Serogroup; Vaccines, Conjugate; Antibodies, Bacterial; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Pneumococcal Infections
PubMed: 37529944
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2235238 -
Vaccines Jul 2023In Italy, a sequential pneumococcal vaccination with conjugate vaccine (PCV) and polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) is recommended for individuals aged ≥ 65 years and...
In Italy, a sequential pneumococcal vaccination with conjugate vaccine (PCV) and polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) is recommended for individuals aged ≥ 65 years and those at risk for pneumococcal disease (PD) aged ≥ 6 years. The aim of this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of the new vaccines, i.e., approved 15-valent and 20-valent PCVs. A published Markov model was adapted to evaluate the lifetime cost-effectiveness of vaccination with PCV15 + PPSV23 versus PCV13 + PPSV23, PCV20 alone, PCV20 + PPSV23, and No Vaccination. Simulated cohorts representing the Italian population, including individuals aged ≥ 65 years, those at risk aged 50-100 years, and those deemed high risk aged 18-100 years were assessed. Outcomes were accrued in terms of incremental PD cases, costs, quality-adjusted life years, life years, and the cost-utility ratio relative to PCV13 + PPSV23. The conservative base case analysis, including vaccine efficacy based on PCV13 data, showed that sequential vaccination with PCV15 or PCV20 in combination with PPSV23 is preferred over sequential vaccination with PCV13 + PPSV23. Especially in the high-risk group, PCV15 + PPSV23 sequential vaccination was dominant over No Vaccination and resulted in an ICUR of €3605 per QALY gained. Including PCV20 + PPSV23 into the comparison resulted in the domination of the PCV15 + PPSV23 and No Vaccination strategies. Additionally, explorative analysis, including the geometric mean titer (GMT) informed vaccine effectiveness (VE) was performed. In the low-risk and high-risk groups, the results of the GMT scenarios showed PCV15 + PPSV23 to be dominant over the other sequential vaccines. These findings suggest that if real-world studies would confirm a difference in vaccine effectiveness of PCV15 and PCV20 versus PCV13 based on GMT ratios, PCV15 + PPSV23 could prove a highly immunogenic and effective vaccination regime for the Italian adult population.
PubMed: 37515068
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071253 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023is an important human pathogen that may cause severe invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs) in young children and the elderly. A comprehensive comparative whole-genome...
INTRODUCTION
is an important human pathogen that may cause severe invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPDs) in young children and the elderly. A comprehensive comparative whole-genome analysis of invasive and non-invasive serotype strains offers great insights that are applicable to vaccine development and disease control.
METHODS
In this study, 58 invasive (strains isolated from sterile sites) and 71 non-invasive (serotypes that have not been identified as invasive in our study) pneumococcal isolates were identified among the 756 pneumococcal isolates obtained from seven hospitals in Zhejiang, China (2010-2022). Serotyping, antimicrobial resistance tests, and genomic analyses were conducted to characterize these strains.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The three most invasive serotypes were 23F, 14, and 6B. The invasive pneumococcal isolates' respective resistance rates against penicillin, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, and erythromycin were 34.5%, 15.5%, 98.3%, and 94.7%. Whole-genome sequencing indicated that the predominant invasive clonal complexes were CC271, CC876, and CC81. The high rate of penicillin non-susceptible (PNSP) is related to the clonal distribution of resistance-conferring penicillin-binding proteins (PBP). Interestingly, we found a negative correlation between invasiveness and resistance in the invasive pneumococcal serotype strains, which might be due to the proclivity of certain serotypes to retain their β-lactam resistance. Moreover, the mutually exclusive nature of and suggests their intricate and potentially redundant roles in promoting the development of IPD. These findings reveal significant implications for pneumococcal vaccine development in China, potentially informing treatment strategies and measures to mitigate disease transmission.
Topics: Child; Humans; Child, Preschool; Aged; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Virulence; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Vaccines; Genomics
PubMed: 37928186
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1238693 -
Pediatrics Jun 2024The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, a group of medical and public health experts that provides advice to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,...
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, a group of medical and public health experts that provides advice to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, normally meets 3 times per year to develop US vaccine recommendations. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices met February 28 to 29, 2024, to discuss coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines, chikungunya vaccines, diphtheria-tetanus vaccine, influenza vaccines, polio vaccines, respiratory syncytial virus vaccines, meningococcal vaccines, pneumococcal vaccines, and Vaxelis (Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis, Inactivated Poliovirus, Haemophilus influenzae b Conjugate, and Hepatitis B Vaccine). This update summarizes the proceedings of these meetings, with an emphasis on topics that are most relevant to the pediatric population. Major updates for pediatric clinicians include information about changes on influenza vaccine composition, meningococcal vaccination considerations, updated guidance for children with a contraindication to pertussis-containing vaccines, and recommendations of the world's first chikungunya vaccine for certain populations.
Topics: Humans; Child; Advisory Committees; COVID-19 Vaccines; Meningococcal Vaccines; United States; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S.; COVID-19
PubMed: 38548682
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2024-066653 -
PloS One 2023Pneumococcal disease is a major cause of clinical and economic burden worldwide. This study investigated the burden of pneumococcal disease in Swedish adults. A...
Pneumococcal disease is a major cause of clinical and economic burden worldwide. This study investigated the burden of pneumococcal disease in Swedish adults. A retrospective population-based study was conducted using Swedish national registers, including all adults aged ≥18 years with a diagnosis of pneumococcal disease (defined as pneumococcal pneumonia, meningitis, or septicemia) in inpatient or outpatient specialist care between 2015-2019. Incidence and 30-day case fatality rates, healthcare resource utilization, and costs were estimated. Results were stratified by age (18-64, 65-74, and ≥75 years) and the presence of medical risk factors. A total of 10,391 infections among 9,619 adults were identified. Medical factors associated with higher risk for pneumococcal disease were present in 53% of patients. These factors were associated with increased pneumococcal disease incidence in the youngest cohort. In the cohort aged 65-74 years, having a very high risk for pneumococcal disease was not associated with an increased incidence. Pneumococcal disease incidence was estimated at 12.3 (18-64), 52.1 (64-74), and 85.3 (≥75) per 100,000 population. The 30-day case fatality rate increased with age (18-64: 2.2%, 65-74: 5.4%, ≥75: 11.7%), and was highest among septicemia patients aged ≥75 (21.4%). The 30-day average number of hospitalizations was 1.13 (18-64), 1.24 (64-74) and 1.31 (≥75). The average 30-day cost/infection was estimated at €4,467 (18-64), €5,278 (65-74), and €5,898 (≥75). The 30-day total direct cost of pneumococcal disease between 2015-2019 was €54.2 million, with 95% of costs from hospitalizations. The clinical and economic burden of pneumococcal disease in adults was found to increase with age, with nearly all costs associated with pneumococcal disease from hospitalizations. The 30-day case fatality rate was highest in the oldest age group, though not negligible in the younger age groups. The findings of this study can inform the prioritization of pneumococcal disease prevention in adult and elderly populations.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Adult; Adolescent; Sweden; Retrospective Studies; Financial Stress; Pneumococcal Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal; Sepsis; Pneumococcal Vaccines
PubMed: 37418396
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287581