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Infectious Disorders Drug Targets 2024Monkeypox is a viral disease; its outbreak was recently declared a global emergency by the World Health Organization. For the first time, a monkeypox virus... (Review)
Review
Monkeypox is a viral disease; its outbreak was recently declared a global emergency by the World Health Organization. For the first time, a monkeypox virus (MPXV)-infected patient was found in India. Various researchers back-to-back tried to find the solution to this health emergency just after COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the current outbreak status of India, its transmission, virulence factors, symptoms, treatment, and the preventive guidelines generated by the Indian Health Ministry. We found that monkeypox virus (MPXV) disease is different from smallpox, and the age group between 30-40 years old is more prone to MPXV disease. We also found that, besides homosexuals, gays, bisexuals, and non-vegetarians, it also affects normal straight men and women who have no history of travel. Close contact should be avoided from rats, monkeys and sick people who are affected by monkeypox. To date, there are no monkeypox drugs, but Tecovirimat is more effective than other drugs that are used for other viral diseases like smallpox. Therefore, we need to develop an effective antiviral agent against the virulence factor of MXPV.
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Male; Antiviral Agents; Benzamides; Disease Outbreaks; India; Isoindoles; Monkeypox virus; Mpox (monkeypox); Phthalimides; Virulence Factors; Adult
PubMed: 38243966
DOI: 10.2174/0118715265258451231214063506 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2024Molluscum contagiosum virus is a poxvirus belonging to the Poxviridae family, which includes Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Yantapoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, Smallpox... (Review)
Review
Molluscum contagiosum virus is a poxvirus belonging to the Poxviridae family, which includes Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Yantapoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, Smallpox virus, Cowpox virus and Monkeypox virus. MCV belongs to the genus Molluscipoxvirus and has a tropism for skin tissue. MCV infects keratinocytes and, after an incubation period of 2 weeks to 6 weeks, causes a breakdown of the skin barrier with the development of papules of variable size depending on the proper functioning of the immune response (both adaptive and acquired). MCV only infects humans and does not cause viraemia. MCV encodes for several inhibitory proteins responsible to circumvent the immune response through different signalling pathways. Individuals who can be infected with MCV are children, immunocompromised individuals such as organ transplant recipients and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Current treatments to manage MCV-induced lesions are different and include the use of immunomodulators, which, however, do not provide an effective response.
Topics: Humans; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Molluscum Contagiosum; Animals
PubMed: 38801577
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_10 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Dec 2023The 2022 mpox outbreak drew global attention to this neglected pathogen. While most of the world was taken by surprise, some countries have seen this pathogen emerge and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The 2022 mpox outbreak drew global attention to this neglected pathogen. While most of the world was taken by surprise, some countries have seen this pathogen emerge and become endemic several decades prior to this epidemic.
OBJECTIVES
This narrative review provides an overview of mpox epidemiology since its discovery through the 2022 global outbreak.
SOURCES
We searched PubMed for relevant literature about mpox epidemiology and transmission through 28 February 2023.
CONTENT
The emergence of human mpox is intertwined with the eradication of smallpox and the cessation of the global smallpox vaccination campaign. The first human clade I and II monkeypox virus (MPXV) infections were reported as zoonoses in Central and West Africa, respectively, around 1970 with sporadic infections reported throughout the rest of the decade. Over the next five decades, Clade I MPXV was more common and caused outbreaks of increasing size and frequency, mainly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Clade II MPXV was rarely observed, until its re-emergence and ongoing transmission in Nigeria, since 2017. Both clades showed a shift from zoonotic to human-to-human transmission, with potential transmission through sexual contact being observed in Nigeria. In 2022, clade II MPXV caused a large human outbreak which to date has caused over 86,000 cases in 110 countries, with strong evidence of transmission during sexual contact. By February 2023, the global epidemic has waned in most countries, but endemic regions continue to suffer from mpox.
IMPLICATIONS
The changing epidemiology of mpox demonstrates how neglected zoonosis turned into a global health threat within a few decades. Thus, mpox pathophysiology and transmission dynamics need to be further investigated, and preventive and therapeutic interventions need to be evaluated. Outbreak response systems need to be strengthened and sustained in endemic regions to reduce the global threat of mpox.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Smallpox; Mpox (monkeypox); Variola virus; Zoonoses; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 37574113
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.08.008 -
Current Problems in Cardiology Oct 2023Cardiovascular manifestations in human monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection has gained increasing recognition as significant complications with both social and clinical... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular manifestations in human monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection has gained increasing recognition as significant complications with both social and clinical implications. Myocarditis, viral pericarditis, heart failure, and arrhythmias can occur, leading to adverse effects on individuals' health and quality of life. Understanding the detailed pathophysiology of these cardiovascular manifestations is essential for improved diagnosis and management. The social implications of these cardiovascular complications are multifaceted, ranging from public health concerns and the impact on individuals' quality of life to psychological distress and social stigma. Clinically, diagnosing, and managing these complications present challenges, requiring a multidisciplinary approach and specialized care. The burden on healthcare resources necessitates preparedness and resource allocation to effectively address these complications. We delve into the pathophysiological mechanisms involved, including viral-induced cardiac damage, immune response, and inflammatory processes. Additionally, we explore the types of cardiovascular manifestations and their clinical presentations. Addressing cardiovascular manifestations' social and clinical implications in MPXV infection requires a comprehensive approach involving healthcare professionals, public health authorities, and communities. By prioritizing research, enhancing diagnosis and treatment strategies, and promoting preventive measures, we can mitigate the impact of these complications, improve patient care, and protect public health.
Topics: Humans; Monkeypox virus; Quality of Life; Mpox (monkeypox)
PubMed: 37302648
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101869 -
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy Sep 2023The ongoing pandemic caused by mpox virus (MPXV) has become an international public health emergency that poses a significant threat to global health. The vaccinia virus...
The ongoing pandemic caused by mpox virus (MPXV) has become an international public health emergency that poses a significant threat to global health. The vaccinia virus Tiantan strain (VTT) was used to vaccinate against smallpox in China 42 years ago. It is urgent to assess the level of immunity to smallpox in individuals vaccinated 43 or more years ago and evaluate their immunological susceptibility to MPXV. Here, we recruited 294 volunteers and detected the level of residual humoral immunity, including the vaccinia-specific IgG level and neutralizing antibody titer, and the cross-antibodies of MPXV A29L, B6R, A35R, and M1R. Our results showed that the humoral immunity from the smallpox vaccine in the population still remains, and VTT-specific NAb levels wane with age. The majority of the population pre-1981 who should be immunized with VTT still maintains certain levels of MPXV-specific antibodies, in particular, targeting A35R and B6R antigens. Furthermore, we separately analyzed the correlations between the OD450 values of VTT-specific IgG and A35R-specific IgG, B6R-specific IgG, and A29L-specific IgG with plasma samples diluted 1:40, showing a linear correlation (p < 0.0001). Our findings suggest that most Chinese populations still maintain VTT-specific IgG antibodies for 42 or more years after smallpox vaccination and could provide some level of protection against MPXV.
Topics: Humans; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Immunity, Humoral; Immunoglobulin G; Monkeypox virus; Smallpox; Vaccination; Smallpox Vaccine; Mpox (monkeypox)
PubMed: 37709783
DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01574-6 -
Lancet (London, England) Nov 2023
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Drug Resistance, Viral
PubMed: 37951686
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01673-2 -
Journal of Medical Virology Oct 2023In 2022 the World Health Organization declared a Public Health Emergency for an outbreak of mpox, the zoonotic Orthopoxvirus (OPV) affecting at least 104 nonendemic...
In 2022 the World Health Organization declared a Public Health Emergency for an outbreak of mpox, the zoonotic Orthopoxvirus (OPV) affecting at least 104 nonendemic locations worldwide. Serologic detection of mpox infection is problematic, however, due to considerable antigenic and serologic cross-reactivity among OPVs and smallpox-vaccinated individuals. In this report, we developed a high-throughput multiplex microsphere immunoassay using a combination of mpox-specific peptides and cross-reactive OPV proteins that results in the specific serologic detection of mpox infection with 93% sensitivity and 98% specificity. The New York State Non-Vaccinia Orthopoxvirus Microsphere Immunoassay is an important tool to detect subclinical mpox infection and understand the extent of mpox spread in the community through retrospective analysis.
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Retrospective Studies; Asymptomatic Infections; Biological Assay; Cross Reactions; Orthopoxvirus
PubMed: 37805977
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29134 -
Nature Communications Oct 2023The recent monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak was of global concern and has mainly affected gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). Here we assess...
The recent monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak was of global concern and has mainly affected gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM). Here we assess prevalence of MPXV in high-risk populations of GBMSM, trans women (TW) and non-binary people without symptoms or with unrecognized monkeypox (Mpox) symptoms, using a self-sampling strategy. Anal and pharyngeal swabs are tested by MPXV real-time PCR and positive samples are tested for cytopathic effect (CPE) in cell culture. 113 individuals participated in the study, 89 (78.76%) were cis men, 17 (15.04%) were TW. The median age was 35.0 years (IQR: 30.0-43.0), 96 (85.02%) individuals were gay or bisexual and 72 (63.72%) were migrants. Seven participants were MPXV positive (6.19% (95% CI: 1.75%-10.64%)). Five tested positive in pharyngeal swabs, one in anal swab and one in both. Six did not present symptoms recognized as MPXV infection. Three samples were positive for CPE, and showed anti-vaccinia pAb staining by FACS and confocal microscopy. This suggests that unrecognized Mpox cases can shed infectious virus. Restricting testing to individuals reporting Mpox symptoms may not be sufficient to contain outbreaks.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Adult; Spain; Homosexuality, Male; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Sexual and Gender Minorities
PubMed: 37783731
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40490-9 -
Journal of Microbiology and... Aug 2023Monkeypox (Mpox) virus, a member of the family, causes a severe illness similar to smallpox, which is characterized by symptoms such as high fever, rash, and pustules.... (Review)
Review
Monkeypox (Mpox) virus, a member of the family, causes a severe illness similar to smallpox, which is characterized by symptoms such as high fever, rash, and pustules. Human-to-human transmission cases have been reported but remained low since the first recorded case of human infection occurred in the Congo in 1970. Recently, Mpox has re-emerged, leading to an alarming surge in infections worldwide since 2022, originating in the United Kingdom. Consequently, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the '2022-23 Mpox outbreak'. Currently, no specific therapy or vaccine is available for Mpox. Therefore, patients infected with Mpox are treated using conventional therapies developed for smallpox. However, the vaccines developed for smallpox have demonstrated only partial efficacy against Mpox, allowing viral transmission among humans. In this review, we discuss the current epidemiology of the ongoing Mpox outbreak and provide an update on the progress made in diagnosis, treatment, and development of vaccines for Mpox.
Topics: Humans; Mpox (monkeypox); Smallpox; Monkeypox virus; Vaccines; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 37519276
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2306.06033 -
Viruses Jul 2023An enveloped double-stranded DNA monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a causative agent of the zoonotic viral disease, human monkeypox (HMPX). MPXV belongs to the genus... (Review)
Review
An enveloped double-stranded DNA monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a causative agent of the zoonotic viral disease, human monkeypox (HMPX). MPXV belongs to the genus Orthopoxviridae, a family of notorious smallpox viruses, and so it shares similar clinical pathophysiological features. The recent multicountry HMPX outbreak (May 2022 onwards) is recognized as an emerging global public health emergency by the World Health Organization, shunting its endemic status as opined over the past few decades. Re-emergence of HMPX raises concern to reassess the present clinical strategy and therapeutics as its outbreak evolves further. Keeping a check on these developments, here we provide insights into the HMPX epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical representation. Weighing on its early prevention, we reviewed the strategies that are being enrolled for HMPX diagnosis. In the line of expanded MPXV prevalence, we further reviewed its clinical management and the diverse employed preventive/therapeutic strategies, including vaccines (JYNNEOS, ACAM2000, VIGIV) and antiviral drugs/inhibitors (Tecovirimat, Cidofovir, Brincidofovir). Taken together, with a revised perspective of HMPX re-emergence, the present report summarizes new knowledge on its prevalence, pathology, and prevention strategies.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mpox (monkeypox); Monkeypox virus; Disease Outbreaks; Zoonoses
PubMed: 37515218
DOI: 10.3390/v15071533