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The Veterinary Clinics of North... Jul 2023This review covers the treatment options for pregnancy toxemia in small ruminants. Clinical assessment and detection of underlying metabolic and electrolyte derangements... (Review)
Review
This review covers the treatment options for pregnancy toxemia in small ruminants. Clinical assessment and detection of underlying metabolic and electrolyte derangements direct resuscitation efforts and provide prognostic indications. Treatment programs are dependent on producer goals and case specifics. Options include oral glucogenic precursors (eg, propylene glycol, glycerol), intravenous glucose solutions, insulin, and other supportive care measures. Induction of parturition or C-section is often carried out to minimize ongoing energy deficits, with variable survival rates. Prolonging gestation to maximize fetal viability often requires intensive care in a hospital setting and carries significant risk to both dam and offspring.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Animals; Pre-Eclampsia; Parturition; Insulin; Ruminants; Propylene Glycol
PubMed: 37032296
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.02.003 -
EMBO Molecular Medicine Dec 2023Viruses are vulnerable as they transmit between hosts, and we aimed to exploit this critical window. We found that the ubiquitous, safe, inexpensive and biodegradable...
Viruses are vulnerable as they transmit between hosts, and we aimed to exploit this critical window. We found that the ubiquitous, safe, inexpensive and biodegradable small molecule propylene glycol (PG) has robust virucidal activity. Propylene glycol rapidly inactivates a broad range of viruses including influenza A, SARS-CoV-2 and rotavirus and reduces disease burden in mice when administered intranasally at concentrations commonly found in nasal sprays. Most critically, vaporised PG efficiently abolishes influenza A virus and SARS-CoV-2 infectivity within airborne droplets, potently preventing infection at levels well below those tolerated by mammals. We present PG vapour as a first-in-class non-toxic airborne virucide that can prevent transmission of existing and emergent viral pathogens, with clear and immediate implications for public health.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Humans; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets; Influenza, Human; Influenza A virus; COVID-19; Propylene Glycols; Mammals
PubMed: 37970627
DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202317932 -
Blood Reviews Mar 2024Melphalan, has been a major component of myeloma therapy since the 1950s. In the context of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), high dose melphalan (HDM) is the... (Review)
Review
Melphalan, has been a major component of myeloma therapy since the 1950s. In the context of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), high dose melphalan (HDM) is the most common conditioning regimen used due to its potent anti-myeloma effects and manageable toxicities. Common toxicities associated with HDM include myelosuppression, gastrointestinal issues, and mucositis. Established approaches to reduce these toxicities encompass dose modification, nausea prophylaxis with 5HT3 receptor antagonists, cryotherapy, amifostine use, and growth factors. Optimization of melphalan exposure through personalized dosing and its combination with other agents like busulfan, or bendamustine show promise. Propylene glycol-free melphalan (Evomela) represents a novel formulation aiming to enhance drug stability and reduce adverse effects. This review explores strategies to enhance the efficacy and mitigate the toxicity of HDM in multiple myeloma. Future directions involve exploring these strategies in clinical trials to improve the safety and efficacy of HDM, thereby enhancing outcomes for multiple myeloma patients undergoing autologous HCT.
Topics: Humans; Melphalan; Multiple Myeloma; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Busulfan; Bendamustine Hydrochloride; Transplantation, Autologous; Transplantation Conditioning
PubMed: 38097487
DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2023.101162 -
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science Sep 2023Because particle-stabilised foams are extremely stable and have a yield stress, a particle-stabilised aqueous foam and a particle-stabilised oil foam can be mixed...
HYPOTHESIS
Because particle-stabilised foams are extremely stable and have a yield stress, a particle-stabilised aqueous foam and a particle-stabilised oil foam can be mixed together to give a stable composite foam which brings together two immiscible liquids.
EXPERIMENTS
We have developed a mixed foam system comprised of an olive oil foam with bubbles stabilised using partially fluorinated particles and an aqueous foam with bubbles stabilised using hydrophobic silica particles. The aqueous phase is a mixture of water and propylene glycol. We have studied this system using bulk observations, confocal microscopy and rheology as we vary the proportions of the two foams, the silica particles and the propylene glycol, and the sample age.
FINDINGS
The composite foam resembles an emulsion of one foam within another and is stable for a week or more. The structure and flow properties depend on the proportions of the two phases and the quantities of both silica particles and propylene glycol. Inversion between water-in-oil and oil-in-water is observed, where both phases are foams, driven both by silica wettability and by adding increasing quantities of the dispersed foam. Composites formed at the inversion point are the least stable, showing significant phase separation in less than one week.
PubMed: 37224681
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.05.068 -
Dermatitis : Contact, Atopic,... 2024Propylene glycol (PG) and butylene glycol (BG) are not known to be cross-reactors. However, no large-scale studies have assessed the cross-reactivity rate (CRR) between...
Propylene glycol (PG) and butylene glycol (BG) are not known to be cross-reactors. However, no large-scale studies have assessed the cross-reactivity rate (CRR) between these 2 structurally and functionally similar compounds. The aim of this study was to determine whether PG and BG demonstrate cross-reactivity. This is a retrospective chart review of 893 patients who underwent patch testing for both PG and BG from 2020 to 2022. The frequencies of positive reactions and concomitant reaction rates were calculated. In our cohort, 53 (5.94%) patients reacted to PG and 13 patients (1.46%) reacted to BG. Of the patients who reacted to PG, 6 reacted to BG representing a CRR of 11.3%, whereas the CRR to PG in BG-allergic patients was 46.2%. For those allergic to BG, PG should be considered a cross-reactor. This relationship is somewhat unidirectional, as patients allergic to PG demonstrated a CRR to BG of only 11.3%, significantly lower than the 46.2% CRR to PG among BG-allergic patients.
Topics: Humans; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Retrospective Studies; Propylene Glycol; Patch Tests; Butylene Glycols
PubMed: 37590467
DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0143 -
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and... Mar 2024Glycols stand out as one of the most commonly employed safe and effective excipients for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products. Their widespread adoption can be... (Review)
Review
Glycols stand out as one of the most commonly employed safe and effective excipients for pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products. Their widespread adoption can be attributed to their exceptional solvency characteristics and their ability to interact effectively with skin lipids and keratin for permeation enhancement. Notably, propylene glycol enjoys significant popularity in this regard. Ongoing research endeavours have been dedicated to scrutinising the impact of glycols on dermal drug delivery and shedding light on the intricate mechanisms by which glycols enhance skin permeation. This review aims to mitigate the discordance within the existing literature, assemble a holistic understanding of the impact of glycols on the percutaneous absorption of active compounds and furnish the reader with a profound comprehension of the foundational facets pertaining to their skin permeation enhancement mechanisms, while simultaneously delving deeper into the intricacies of these processes.
Topics: Solvents; Administration, Cutaneous; Glycols; Skin; Skin Absorption; Propylene Glycol; Propylene Glycols
PubMed: 38224756
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114182 -
Life (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2023This study aimed to explore the effects of raloxifene (Rx) and estradiol (E) on prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (APTT), coagulation factors (VII, X,...
This study aimed to explore the effects of raloxifene (Rx) and estradiol (E) on prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (APTT), coagulation factors (VII, X, XI), and fibrinogen concentrations in rats. Female rats were ovariectomized 11 days prior to starting the treatment. Afterward, they received Rx or E (1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg/kg) or propylene glycol (0.3 mL; vehicle, V) subcutaneously for 3 consecutive days. Plasma was collected to measure the hemostatic parameters. Rx significantly increased PT (8%, at 1000 µg/kg; < 0.05) and APTT at all doses evaluated (32, 70, 67, 30%; < 0.05, respectively). Rx (1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg/kg) decreased the activity of factor VII by -20, -40, -37, and -17% ( < 0.05), respectively, and E increased it by 9, 34, 52, and 29%. Rx reduced factor X activity at 10 and 100 µg/kg doses (-30, and -30% < 0.05), and E showed an increment of 24% with 1000 µg/kg dose only. Additionally, Rx (1, 10, 100 µg/kg) diminished FXI activity (-71, -62, -66; < 0.05), E (1 and 10 µg/kg) in -60 and -38, respectively ( < 0.05), and Rx (1000 µg/kg) produced an increment of 29% ( < 0.05) in fibrinogen concentration, but not E. Our findings suggest that raloxifene has a protective effect on hemostasis in rats.
PubMed: 37511987
DOI: 10.3390/life13071612 -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2023Propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate (PSS) is a heparinoid polysaccharide drug used in clinic for >30 years in China. But its allergy events happened from time to...
Propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfate (PSS) is a heparinoid polysaccharide drug used in clinic for >30 years in China. But its allergy events happened from time to time and should not be ignored. Here, ammonium salt in PSS (PSS-NH), PSS fractions with high Mw (PSS-H-Mw) and low mannuronic acid (M) to guluronic acid (G) ratio (PSS-L-M/G) were found to induce allergic response by the structure-activity and impurity-activity relationships in vitro. Furthermore, we confirmed the reason and elucidated the mechanism accounted for allergic side effect of PSS in vivo. It was found that high IgE levels in PSS-NH and PSS-H-Mw groups upregulate the cascade expression of Lyn-Syk-Akt or Erk and second messenger Ca, which accelerated mast cells (MCs) degranulation to release histamine, LTB4, TPS, and finally induced lung tissue injury. PSS-L-M/G caused a mild allergic symptom because it only enhanced the expression of p-Lyn and histamine release. In brief, PSS-NH and PSS-H-Mw were main reasons to result in allergic response. Our results suggested that it is very necessary to control the range of Mw and the content of impurities (< 1 % ammonium salt) of PSS to guarantee its safety and effectiveness in clinical treatment.
Topics: Humans; Alginates; Polysaccharides; Hypersensitivity; Ammonium Compounds; Mast Cells
PubMed: 37119889
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124638 -
International Dental Journal Apr 2024Mouthwashes, a cornerstone of oral and dental hygiene, play a pivotal role in combating the formation of dental plaque, a leading cause of periodontal disease and dental... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Mouthwashes, a cornerstone of oral and dental hygiene, play a pivotal role in combating the formation of dental plaque, a leading cause of periodontal disease and dental caries. This study aimed to review the composition of mouthwashes found on retail shelves in Turkey and evaluate their prevalence and side effects, if any.
METHODS
The mouthwashes examined were sourced from the 5 largest chain stores in each district of Istanbul. A comprehensive list of the constituents was meticulously recorded. The research was supported by an extensive compilation of references from scholarly databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. Through rigorous analysis, the relative proportions of mouthwash ingredients and components were determined.
RESULTS
A total of 45 distinctive variations of mouthwashes, representing 17 prominent brands, were identified. Amongst the 116 ingredients discovered, 70 were evaluated for potential adverse effects and undesirable side effects. The aroma of the mouthwash (n = 45; 100%), as welll as their sodium fluoride (n = 28; 62.22%), sodium saccharin (n = 29; 64.44%), sorbitol (n = 21; 46.6%), and propylene glycol (n = 28; 62.22%) content were the main undesireable features.
CONCLUSIONS
The limited array of mouthwashes found on store shelves poses a concern for both oral and public health. Furthermore, the intricate composition of these products, consisting of numerous ingredients with the potential for adverse effects, warrants serious attention. Both clinicians and patients should acknowledge the importance and unwarranted side effects of the compnents of the mouthwashes.
Topics: Humans; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Mouthwashes; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 37709645
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.08.004