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European Urology Oct 2023In this editorial, we discuss the relationship between meat consumption and many major urological conditions (eg, prostate cancer, kidney stones, urinary tract...
In this editorial, we discuss the relationship between meat consumption and many major urological conditions (eg, prostate cancer, kidney stones, urinary tract infections) and how dietary choices could simultaneously benefit genitourinary health and the environment, which in turn will have downstream impacts on public health.
Topics: Male; Humans; Diet; Prostatic Neoplasms; Urinary Tract Infections
PubMed: 37451898
DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2023.06.020 -
Clinical Imaging Dec 2023Various infectious and inflammatory diseases affect the genitourinary system. This paper provides a review of multiple common and uncommon infectious and inflammatory... (Review)
Review
Various infectious and inflammatory diseases affect the genitourinary system. This paper provides a review of multiple common and uncommon infectious and inflammatory conditions affecting the genitourinary system and some associated complications. These include acute infectious cystitis, emphysematous cystitis, acute pyelonephritis, emphysematous pyelonephritis, renal and perinephric abscesses, pyonephrosis, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, epididymo-orchitis, vasitis, prostatitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, renal hydatid infection, renal tuberculosis, actinomycosis, Erdheim-Chester Disease, IgG4-Related Kidney Disease, urethritis and urethral strictures, ureteritis cystica, and genitourinary fistulas. Radiologists should be aware of these diseases' complications and management. Uncommon conditions must be considered when evaluating the genitourinary system.
Topics: Male; Humans; Inflammation; Urogenital System; Pyelonephritis; Urinary Tract Infections; Kidney Diseases; Cystitis
PubMed: 37918136
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2023.110013 -
The Journal of the American Academy of... Apr 2024Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is an indicated treatment of several medical conditions including late-onset hypogonadism, congenital syndromes, and gender... (Review)
Review
Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is an indicated treatment of several medical conditions including late-onset hypogonadism, congenital syndromes, and gender affirmation hormonal therapy. Increasing population age, medical benefits, and public awareness of TRT have resulted in increased prevalence of its utilization. However, TRT is not without concern for adverse risks including venous thromboembolic complications, cardiovascular events, and prostate issues. In the field of orthopaedic surgery, research is beginning to delineate the complex relationship between TRT and the development of orthopaedic conditions and potential effects on surgical interventions and outcomes. In this review, we discuss current literature surrounding TRT and subsequent development of osteoarthritis, incidence of total joint arthroplasty, musculotendinous pathology, postoperative infection risk, improvements in postoperative rehabilitation metrics, enhancement of osseous healing, and increased bone-implant integration. The authors suggest future areas of investigation that may provide guidance on how surgeons can mitigate adverse risks while optimizing benefits of TRT in the orthopaedic patient.
Topics: Male; Humans; Testosterone; Orthopedics; Hypogonadism; Orthopedic Procedures; Hormone Replacement Therapy
PubMed: 38412226
DOI: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-23-00348 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023Recent researches have shown a correlation between the gut microbiota (GM) and various diseases. However, it remains uncertain whether the relationship between GM and...
BACKGROUND
Recent researches have shown a correlation between the gut microbiota (GM) and various diseases. However, it remains uncertain whether the relationship between GM and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is causal.
METHODS
We carried out a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, utilizing data from the most extensive GM-focused genome-wide association study by the MiBioGen consortium, with a sample size of 13,266. Data for BPH, encompassing 26,358 cases and 110,070 controls, were obtained from the R8 release of the FinnGen consortium. We employed multiple techniques, such as inverse variance weighted (IVW), constrained maximum likelihood and model averaging methods, maximum likelihood, MR-Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier (MRPRESSO),MR-Egger, and weighted median methods, to investigate the causal relationship between GM and BPH. To evaluate the heterogeneity among the instrumental variables, Cochran's Q statistics were employed. Additionally, the presence of horizontal pleiotropy was assessed through the application of both MR-Egger and MR-PRESSO tests. The direction of causality was scrutinized for robustness using the MR-Steiger directionality test. A reverse MR analysis examined the GM previously linked to BPH through a causal relationship in the forward MR assessment.
RESULTS
According to the analysis conducted using IVW,Eisenbergiella (odds ratio [OR]=0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.85-0.99,P=0.022) and Ruminococcaceae (UCG009) (OR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.79-0.99, P=0.027) were found to reduce the risk of BPH, while Escherichia shigella (OR=1.19, 95% CI: 1.05-1.36, P=0.0082) appeared to increase it. The subsequent reverse MR analysis revealed that the three GM were not significantly influenced by BPH, and there was no noticeable heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy among the instrumental variables.Conclusion: These results indicated a causal relationship between Eisenbergiella, Ruminococcaceae (UCG009), and Escherichia shigella and BPH. Further randomized controlled trials are needed to explore more comprehensively the roles and operational mechanisms of these GM in relation to BPH.
Topics: Male; Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Genome-Wide Association Study; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Clostridiales
PubMed: 37799337
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1248381 -
Chinese Medical Journal Jun 2024Given the recent updates in cancer burden estimates by GLOBOCAN 2022, this study was undertaken to provide pertinent perspectives within the context of the Human...
BACKGROUND
Given the recent updates in cancer burden estimates by GLOBOCAN 2022, this study was undertaken to provide pertinent perspectives within the context of the Human Development Index (HDI) and major world economies.
METHODS
Datasets sourced from GLOBOCAN encompassed cancer cases and deaths across all cancer types in 2022, alongside projections up to 2050. Cancer incidences and deaths of the top 10 cancers within China and four distinct HDI-classified regions were compared using descriptive analyses. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) and mortality rates (ASMRs) worldwide for the most prevalent cancers in 2022 across ten largest economies and four-tier HDIs were examined. The top five cancer types concerning both incidence and mortality in China were delineated by sex and age group.
RESULTS
In males, prostate cancer predominated in countries with low, high (except China), and very high HDI. Prostate and liver cancers were prominent causes of death in countries with low HDI. In females, breast and cervical cancers predominated in countries with low-to-medium HDI. Lung and colorectal cancer incidence and deaths increased with high HDI for both sexes. ASIRs and ASMRs for breast, prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers in the top 10 economies were higher than the global average. However, liver, stomach, and cervical cancers in most Western countries exhibited lower rates. In China, hematologic malignancies (43%) were prevalent among children aged 0-14 years, whereas thyroid cancer led among adolescents and young adults aged 15-39 years. Regarding incidence and mortality, lung cancer predominated for individuals over 40 years, except for females aged 40-59 years, in whom breast cancer predominated. Projected trends indicated substantial increases in new cancer cases (76.6%) and deaths (89.7%) over the next three decades.
CONCLUSIONS
Infection- and poverty-related cancer burdens are offset by increased prostate, breast, colorectal, and lung cancer incidence associated with rapid societal and economic transitions. Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in China feature characteristics of developed and developing countries, necessitating tailored, evidence-based, and comprehensive strategies for effective cancer prevention and control.
Topics: Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Female; Incidence; China; Socioeconomic Factors; Adult; Middle Aged
PubMed: 38616547
DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000003140 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Jul 2023Protein copy numbers constrain systems-level properties of regulatory networks, but absolute proteomic data remain scarce compared to transcriptomics obtained by RNA...
Protein copy numbers constrain systems-level properties of regulatory networks, but absolute proteomic data remain scarce compared to transcriptomics obtained by RNA sequencing. We addressed this persistent gap by relating mRNA to protein statistically using best-available data from quantitative proteomics-transcriptomics for 4366 genes in 369 cell lines. The approach starts with a central estimate of protein copy number and hierarchically appends mRNA-protein and mRNA-mRNA dependencies to define an optimal gene-specific model that links mRNAs to protein. For dozens of independent cell lines and primary prostate samples, these protein inferences from mRNA outmatch stringent null models, a count-based protein-abundance repository, and empirical protein-to-mRNA ratios. The optimal mRNA-to-protein relationships capture biological processes along with hundreds of known protein-protein interaction complexes, suggesting mechanistic relationships are embedded. We use the method to estimate viral-receptor abundances of CD55-CXADR from human heart transcriptomes and build 1489 systems-biology models of coxsackievirus B3 infection susceptibility. When applied to 796 RNA sequencing profiles of breast cancer from The Cancer Genome Atlas, inferred copy-number estimates collectively reclassify 26% of Luminal A and 29% of Luminal B tumors. Protein-based reassignments strongly involve a pharmacologic target for luminal breast cancer (CDK4) and an α-catenin that is often undetectable at the mRNA level (CTTNA2). Thus, by adopting a gene-centered perspective of mRNA-protein covariation across different biological contexts, we achieve accuracies comparable to the technical reproducibility limits of contemporary proteomics. The collection of gene-specific models is assembled as a web tool for users seeking mRNA-guided predictions of absolute protein abundance (http://janeslab.shinyapps.io/Pinferna).
PubMed: 37503057
DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.10.548432 -
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Dec 2023This review aims to discuss the current state of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) evidence for surgical site infection prevention. Despite decades of research,... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review aims to discuss the current state of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) evidence for surgical site infection prevention. Despite decades of research, knowledge gaps persist in identifying optimal SAP regimens.
RECENT FINDINGS
Recent randomised controlled trials highlight ongoing heterogeneity in study design. Key new findings support the use of oral preoperative SAP for colorectal surgery and advise against the use of SAP for transperineal prostate biopsy. There is growing evidence for culture-based SAP over empiric use for transrectal prostate biopsy.Contentious issues remain regarding topical antimicrobials for cardiac procedures involving sternotomy, the necessity of SAP for wire lumpectomy and laparoscopic cholecystectomy for both mild or moderate acute cholecystitis. Procedures where SAP is not indicated, yet research is still being conducted on this topic include dental implants and clean orthopaedic procedures.
SUMMARY
Research efforts continue with numerous trials published and registered to determine optimal SAP regimens. However, many efforts are suboptimal due to poor statistical design and redundant questions already answered by existing literature. To improve practice and influence surgeons prescribing behaviour future RCTs should be well powered, with large sample sizes across multiple sites, focusing on clinically relevant questions.
Topics: Male; Humans; Surgical Wound Infection; Antibiotic Prophylaxis; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 37755394
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000970 -
Journal of Endocrinological... Aug 2023The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic-caused by a new type of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-has posed severe impacts on public health... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic-caused by a new type of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-has posed severe impacts on public health worldwide and has resulted in a total of > 6 million deaths. Notably, male patients developed more complications and had mortality rates ~ 77% higher than those of female patients. The extensive expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor and related proteins in the male reproductive tract and the association of serum testosterone levels with viral entry and infection have brought attention to COVID-19's effects on male fertility.
METHODS
The peer-reviewed articles and reviews were obtained by searching for the keywords SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, endocrine, spermatogenesis, epididymis, prostate, and vaccine in the databases of PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar from 2020-2022.
RESULTS
This review summarizes the effects of COVID-19 on the male reproductive system and investigates the impact of various types of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines on male reproductive health. We also present the underlying mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 affects male reproduction and discuss the potentially harmful effects of asymptomatic infections, as well as the long-term impact of COVID-19 on male reproductive health.
CONCLUSION
COVID-19 disrupted the HPG axis, which had negative impacts on spermatogenesis and the epididymis, albeit further investigations need to be performed. The development of vaccines against various SARS-CoV-2 variations is important to lower infection rates and long-term COVID risks.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Infertility, Male; Spermatogenesis
PubMed: 36917421
DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02055-x -
Journal, Genetic Engineering &... Nov 2023The relationship between nutrition and genes has long been hinted at and sometimes plainly associated with certain diseases. Now, after many years of research and... (Review)
Review
The relationship between nutrition and genes has long been hinted at and sometimes plainly associated with certain diseases. Now, after many years of research and coincidental findings, it is believed that this relationship, termed "Nutrigenomics," is certainly a factor of major importance in various conditions. In this review article, we discuss nutrigenomics, starting with basics definitions and enzymatic functions and ending with its palpable association with cancer. Now, diet is basically what we eat on a daily basis. Everything that enters through our alimentary tract ends up broken down to minute molecules and amino acids. These molecules interact with our microbiome and genome in discreet ways. For instance, we demonstrate how proper intake of probiotics enhances beneficial bacteria and may alleviate IBS and prevent colorectal cancer on the long term. We also show how a diet rich in folic acid is essential for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) function, which lowers risk of colorectal cancer. Also, we discuss how certain diets were associated with development of certain cancers. For example, red and processed meat are highly associated with colorectal and prostate cancer, salty diets with stomach cancer, and obesity with breast cancer. The modification of these diets significantly lowered the risk and improved prognosis of these cancers among many others. We also examined how micronutrients had a role in cancer prevention, as vitamin A and C exert anti-carcinogenic effects through their function as antioxidants. In addition, we show how folic acid prevent DNA mutations by enhancing protein methylation processes. Finally, after a systematic review of myriad articles on the etiology and prevention of cancer, we think that diet should be a crucial feature in cancer prevention and treatment programs. In the future, healthy diets and micronutrients may even be able to successively alter the liability to genetic mutations that result in cancer. It also will play a role in boosting treatment and improving prognosis of diagnosed cancers.
PubMed: 37993702
DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00599-2 -
ACS Nano Jul 2023Malaria infected erythrocytes utilize the parasite protein VAR2CSA to bind to a unique presentation of chondroitin sulfate (CS) for their placenta specific tropism....
Malaria infected erythrocytes utilize the parasite protein VAR2CSA to bind to a unique presentation of chondroitin sulfate (CS) for their placenta specific tropism. Interestingly, many cancers express a similar form of CS, thereby termed oncofetal CS (ofCS). The distinctive tropism of malaria infected erythrocytes and the identification of oncofetal CS, therefore, represent potentially potent tools for cancer targeting. Here we describe an intriguing drug delivery platform that effectively mimics infected erythrocytes and their specificity for ofCS. We used a lipid catcher-tag conjugation system for the functionalization of erythrocyte membrane-coated drug carriers with recombinant VAR2CSA (rVAR2). We show that these malaria mimicking erythrocyte nanoparticles (MMENPs) loaded with docetaxel (DTX) specifically target and kill melanoma cells . We further demonstrate effective targeting and therapeutic efficacy in a xenografted melanoma model. These data thus provide a proof of concept for the use of a malaria biomimetic for tumor targeted drug delivery. Given the broad presentation of ofCS found across various types of malignancies, this biomimetic may therefore show potential as a broadly targeted cancer therapy against multiple tumor indications.
Topics: Humans; Antigens, Protozoan; Biomimetics; Chondroitin Sulfates; Erythrocytes; Malaria; Malaria, Falciparum; Melanoma; Plasmodium falciparum
PubMed: 37435892
DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01910