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Acute and Critical Care May 2024Polymicrobial infections are the leading causes of complications incurred from injuries that burn patients develop. Such patients admitted to the hospital have a high...
Polymicrobial infections are the leading causes of complications incurred from injuries that burn patients develop. Such patients admitted to the hospital have a high risk of developing hospital-acquired infections, with longer patient stays leading to increased chances of acquiring such drug-resistant infections. Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis are the most common multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria identified in burn wound infections (BWIs). BWIs caused by viruses, like Herpes Simplex and Varicella Zoster, and fungi-like Candida spp. appear to occur occasionally. However, the preponderance of infection by opportunistic pathogens is very high in burn patients. Variations in the causative agents of BWIs are due to differences in geographic location and infection control measures. Overall, burn injuries are characterized by elevated serum cytokine levels, systemic immune response, and immunosuppression. Hence, early detection and treatment can accelerate the wound-healing process and reduce the risk of further infections at the site of injury. A multidisciplinary collaboration between burn surgeons and infectious disease specialists is also needed to properly monitor antibiotic resistance in BWI pathogens, help check the super-spread of MDR pathogens, and improve treatment outcomes as a result.
PubMed: 38863352
DOI: 10.4266/acc.2023.01571 -
Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences... Apr 2024<b>Background and Objective:</b> Urinary tract infections from the use of an indwelling urinary catheter are one of the most common infections caused by...
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Urinary tract infections from the use of an indwelling urinary catheter are one of the most common infections caused by <i>Proteus mirabilis</i>. Due to their biofilm-producing capacity and the increasing antimicrobial resistance in this microorganism, this study aimed to determine the prevalence, biofilm-producing capacity, antimicrobial resistance patterns, multidrug resistance and plasmid mediated resistance of the recovered isolates. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> A total of 50 urinary samples were collected from May to August, 2018 from patients on indwelling urinary catheters. Using routine microbiological and biochemical methods, 37 <i>P. mirabilis</i> were isolated. Biofilm forming capability was determined among the isolates using the tube method while antimicrobial susceptibility and plasmid curing were also performed. <b>Results:</b> All isolates were biofilm producers with 17(46%) being moderate producers while 20(54%) were strong biofilm formers. The study isolates exhibited a high resistance rate to empiric antibiotics, including ceftazidime (75.8%), cefuroxime (54.5%), ampicillin (69.7%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (51.5%). Low resistance was seen in the fluoroquinolones, gentamicin and nitrofurantoin. Plasmid curing experiment revealed that most isolates lost their resistance indicating that resistance was borne on plasmids. Plasmid carriage is likely the reason for the high MDR rate of 56.8% observed. <b>Conclusion:</b> These findings necessitate the provision of infection control programs which will guide and implement policies.
Topics: Biofilms; Proteus mirabilis; Catheters, Indwelling; Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Urinary Tract Infections; Plasmids; Urinary Catheters; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Proteus Infections; Catheter-Related Infections; Female; Male; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
PubMed: 38840467
DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2024.268.275 -
Revista Argentina de Microbiologia 2023Proteus mirabilis(P. mirabilis) is a common etiological agent of urinary tract infections, particularly those associated with catheterization. P. mirabilis efficiently...
Proteus mirabilis(P. mirabilis) is a common etiological agent of urinary tract infections, particularly those associated with catheterization. P. mirabilis efficiently forms biofilms on different surfaces and shows a multicellular behavior called 'swarming', mediated by flagella. To date, the role of flagella in P. mirabilis biofilm formation has been under debate. In this study, we assessed the role of P. mirabilis flagella in biofilm formation using an isogenic allelic replacement mutant unable to express flagellin. Different approaches were used, such as the evaluation of cell surface hydrophobicity, bacterial motility and migration across catheter sections, measurements of biofilm biomass and biofilm dynamics by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy in static and flow models. Our findings indicate that P. mirabilis flagella play a role in biofilm formation, although their lack does not completely avoid biofilm generation. Our data suggest that impairment of flagellar function can contribute to biofilm prevention in the context of strategies focused on particular bacterial targets.
Topics: Humans; Proteus mirabilis; Biofilms; Urinary Tract Infections; Flagella
PubMed: 37076397
DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2023.01.005 -
Biomolecules & Therapeutics Jul 2023Parkinson's disease (PD) which has various pathological mechanisms, recently, it is attracting attention to the mechanism via microbiome-gut-brain axis. 6-Shogaol, a...
Parkinson's disease (PD) which has various pathological mechanisms, recently, it is attracting attention to the mechanism via microbiome-gut-brain axis. 6-Shogaol, a representative compound of ginger, have been known for improving PD phenotypes by reducing neuroinflammatory responses. In the present study, we investigated whether 6-shogaol and ginger attenuate degeneration induced by () on the intestine and brain, simultaneously. C57BL/6J mice received for 5 days. Ginger (300 mg/kg) and 6-shogaol (10 mg/kg) were treated by gavage feeding for 22 days including the period of treatment. Results showed that 6-shogaol and ginger improved motor dysfunction and dopaminergic neuronal death induced by treatment. In addition, they suppressed -induced intestinal barrier disruption, pro-inflammatory signals such as toll-like receptor and TNF-α, and intestinal α-synuclein aggregation. Moreover, ginger and 6-shogaol significantly inhibited neuroinflammation and α-synuclein in the brain. Taken together, 6-shogaol and ginger have the potential to ameliorate PD-like motor behavior and degeneration of dopaminergic neurons induced by in mice. Here, these findings are meaningful in that they provide the first experimental evidence that 6-shogaol might attenuate PD via regulating gut-brain axis.
PubMed: 37337830
DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2023.098 -
Acta Veterinaria Hungarica Apr 2024Proteus mirabilis is a common enteric bacterium in livestock and humans. The increase and spread of the antimicrobial resistant P. mirabilis is considered alarming...
Proteus mirabilis is a common enteric bacterium in livestock and humans. The increase and spread of the antimicrobial resistant P. mirabilis is considered alarming worldwide. Transmission mainly occurs through consumption of contaminated poultry products. We investigated antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence markers in broiler chicken-originated P. mirabilis isolates from 380 fecal samples. Phenotypic AMR test was performed against seventeen different antimicrobials. Genotypic AMR test was performed to detect sixteen different AMR genes. The samples were also tested for the presence of eight different virulence genes and biofilm formation. P. mirabilis was isolated in 11% of the samples, with significantly high multidrug-resistant (MDR) prevalence (63%). All isolates were resistant to tetracycline (100%). The combined disc method indicated that all isolates were of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers, which was compatible with the high blaTEM prevalence (95%). This was associated with blaTEM being responsible for more than 80% of ampicillin resistance in enteric pathogens. The absence of phenotypically carbapenem-resistant isolates was compatible with the very low prevalences of blaOXA (2%) and blaNDM (0%). All isolates were positive for pmfA, atfA, hpmA, and zapA (100%) virulence genes, while biofilm formation rate (85%) indicated high adherence abilities of the isolates.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Virulence; Proteus mirabilis; Chickens; beta-Lactamases; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 38578700
DOI: 10.1556/004.2023.00990 -
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology,... Jun 2024Copper plays a role in urinary tract infection (UTI) and urinary copper content is increased during Proteus mirabilis UTI. We therefore investigated the effect of copper...
BACKGROUND
Copper plays a role in urinary tract infection (UTI) and urinary copper content is increased during Proteus mirabilis UTI. We therefore investigated the effect of copper on uropathogenic P. mirabilis and the underlying mechanisms, focusing on the virulence associated aspects.
METHODS
Mouse colonization, swarming/swimming assays, measurement of cell length, flagellin level and urease activity, adhesion/invasion assay, biofilm formation, killing by macrophages, oxidative stress susceptibility, OMPs analysis, determination of MICs and persister cell formation, RT-PCR and transcriptional reporter assay were performed.
RESULTS
We found that copper-supplemented mice were more resistant to be colonized in the urinary tract, together with decreased swarming/swimming, ureases activity, expression of type VI secretion system and adhesion/invasion to urothelial cells and increased killing by macrophages of P. mirabilis at a sublethal copper level. However, bacterial biofilm formation and resistance to oxidative stress were enhanced under the same copper level. Of note, the presence of copper led to increased ciprofloxacin MIC and more persister cell formation against ampicillin. In addition, the presence of copper altered the outer membrane protein profile and triggered expression of RcsB response regulator. For the first time, we unveiled the pleiotropic effects of copper on uropathogenic P. mirabilis, especially for induction of bacterial two-component signaling system regulating fitness and virulence.
CONCLUSION
The finding of copper-mediated virulence and fitness reinforced the importance of copper for prevention and therapeutic interventions against P. mirabilis infections. As such, this study could facilitate the copper-based strategies against UTI by P. mirabilis.
Topics: Proteus mirabilis; Animals; Urinary Tract Infections; Copper; Mice; Virulence; Biofilms; Proteus Infections; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Female; Phenotype; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Oxidative Stress; Macrophages; Bacterial Adhesion; Bacterial Proteins
PubMed: 38453541
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2024.02.007 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023is the one of most important pathogens of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) severely limits antibiotic...
OBJECTIVE
is the one of most important pathogens of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) severely limits antibiotic treatments, which poses a public health risk. This study aims to investigate the resistance characteristics and virulence potential for a collection of clinical isolates.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed fourteen MDR strains, which showed high resistance to most β-lactams and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and a lesser extent to quinolones. All the MDR strains were sensitive to carbapenems (except imipenem), ceftazidime, and amikacin, and most of them were also sensitive to aminoglycosides. The obtained MDR isolates were sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq. The core genome-based phylogenetic tree reveals the high genetic diversity of these MDR isolates and highlights the possibility of clonal spread of them across China. Mobile genetic elements SXT/R391 ICEs were commonly (10/14) detected in these MDR strains, whereas the presence of resistance island GRI1 and plasmid was sporadic. All ICEs except for ICEChn31006 carried abundant antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the HS4 region, including the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) gene . ICEChn31006 contained the sole ARG and was nearly identical to the global epidemic ICEPmiJpn1. The findings highlight the important roles of ICEs in mediating the spread of ARGs in strains. Additionally, these MDR strains have great virulence potential as they exhibited significant virulence-related phenotypes including strong crystalline biofilm, hemolysis, urease production, and robust swarming motility, and harbored abundant virulence genes.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the prevalence of MDR with high virulence potential poses an urgent threat to public health. Intensive monitoring is needed to reduce the incidence of infections by MDR .
Topics: Phylogeny; Proteus mirabilis; Virulence; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Amikacin; Caspase 1
PubMed: 37637463
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1229194 -
Molecular Microbiology Nov 2023FliL is an essential component of the flagellar machinery in some bacteria, but a conditional one in others. The conditional role is for optimal swarming in some...
FliL is an essential component of the flagellar machinery in some bacteria, but a conditional one in others. The conditional role is for optimal swarming in some bacteria. During swarming, physical forces associated with movement on a surface are expected to exert a higher load on the flagellum, requiring more motor torque to move. FliL was reported to enhance motor output in several bacteria and observed to assemble as a ring around ion-conducting stators that power the motor. In this study we identify a common new function for FliL in diverse bacteria-Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Proteus mirabilis. During swarming, all these bacteria show increased cell speed and a skewed motor bias that suppresses cell tumbling. We demonstrate that these altered motor parameters, or "motor remodeling," require FliL. Both swarming and motor remodeling can be restored in an E. coli fliL mutant by complementation with fliL genes from P. mirabilis and B. subtilis, showing conservation of a swarming-associated FliL function across phyla. In addition, we demonstrate that the strong interaction we reported earlier between FliL and the flagellar MS-ring protein FliF is confined to the RBM-3 domain of FliF that links the periplasmic rod to the cytoplasmic C-ring. This interaction may explain several phenotypes associated with the absence of FliL.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Membrane Proteins; Escherichia coli; Movement; Flagella
PubMed: 37675594
DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15148 -
Best Practice & Research. Clinical... Dec 2023Obesity is a major determinant of health outcomes and is on the increase in women worldwide. It predisposes to surgical site infection (SSI). Risk factors for the SSI... (Review)
Review
Obesity is a major determinant of health outcomes and is on the increase in women worldwide. It predisposes to surgical site infection (SSI). Risk factors for the SSI include extremes of age, smoking, comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes, inappropriate vertical abdominal and or uterine wall incisions, increased operating time, subcutaneous layer of 3 cm or more, and unnecessary use of subcutaneous drain. Most bacteria that cause SSIs are human commensals. Common organisms responsible for SSI include Staphylococcus aureus and coliforms such as Proteus mirabilis, and Escherichia coli. A surgeon's gloves post caesarean section in the obese has a preponderance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, which increases SSI risk. The interaction of skin commensals and vaginal microbiome at the surgical incision site increases the risk of SSI in the obese compared to non-obese. Minimizing the risk of SSI involves modification of risk factors, timely treatment of SSI to prevent sepsis and compliance with the recommended care bundles.
Topics: Humans; Female; Pregnancy; Surgical Wound Infection; Cesarean Section; Obesity; Risk Factors; Sepsis
PubMed: 37666023
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2023.102406 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Jul 2023FliL is an essential component of the flagellar machinery in some bacteria, but a conditional one in others. The conditional role is for optimal swarming in some...
FliL is an essential component of the flagellar machinery in some bacteria, but a conditional one in others. The conditional role is for optimal swarming in some bacteria. During swarming, physical forces associated with movement on a surface are expected to exert a higher load on the flagellum, requiring more motor torque to move. Bacterial physiology and morphology are also altered during swarming to cope with the challenges of surface navigation. FliL was reported to enhance motor output in several bacteria and observed to assemble as a ring around ion-conducting stators that power the motor. In this study we identify a common new function for FliL in diverse bacteria - and . During swarming, all these bacteria show increased cell speed and a skewed motor bias that suppresses cell tumbling. We demonstrate that these altered motor parameters, or 'motor remodeling', require FliL. Both swarming and motor remodeling can be restored in an mutant by complementation with genes from and , showing conservation of swarming-associated FliL function across phyla. In addition, we demonstrate that the strong interaction we reported earlier between FliL and the flagellar MS-ring protein FliF is confined to the RBM-3 domain of FliF that links the periplasmic rod to the cytoplasmic C-ring. This interaction may explain several phenotypes associated with the absence of FliL.
PubMed: 37503052
DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.14.549092