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Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery Aug 2023
Topics: Humans; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); Mutation
PubMed: 37414888
DOI: 10.1038/d41573-023-00115-8 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2023Important advances in diabetic retinopathy (DR) research and management have occurred in the last few years. Neurodegenerative changes before the onset of microvascular... (Review)
Review
Important advances in diabetic retinopathy (DR) research and management have occurred in the last few years. Neurodegenerative changes before the onset of microvascular alterations have been well established. So, new strategies are required for earlier and more effective treatment of DR, which still is the first cause of blindness in working age. We describe herein gene regulation through Lnc-RNAs as an interesting subject related to DR. Long non-coding RNAs (Lnc-RNAs) are non-protein-coding transcripts larger than 200 nucleotides. Lnc-RNAs regulate gene expression and protein formation at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational levels and can impact cell proliferation, apoptosis, immune response, and oxidative stress. These changes are known to take part in the mechanism of DR. Recent investigations pointed out that Lnc-RNAs might play a role in retinopathy development as Metastasis-Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript (Lnc-MALAT1), Maternally expressed gene 3 (Lnc-MEG3), myocardial-infarction-associated transcript (Lnc-MIAT), Lnc-RNA H19, Lnc-RNA HOTAIR, Lnc-RNA ANRIL B-Raf proto-oncogene (Lnc-RNA BANCR), small nucleolar RNA host gene 16 (Lnc-RNA SNHG16) and others. Several molecular pathways are impacted. Some of them play a role in DR pathophysiology, including the PI3K-Akt signaling axis, NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (Sirti1), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (P38/mapk), transforming growth factor beta signaling (TGF-β) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The way Lnc-RNAs affect diabetic retinopathy is a question of great relevance. Performing a more in-depth analysis seems to be crucial for researchers if they want to target Lnc-RNAs. New knowledge on gene regulation and biomarkers will enable investigators to develop more specialized therapies for diabetic retinopathy, particularly in the current growing context of precision medicine.
Topics: Humans; Diabetic Retinopathy; RNA, Long Noncoding; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Retinal Diseases; Proto-Oncogenes; Diabetes Mellitus
PubMed: 37762249
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813947 -
Cancer Diagnosis & Prognosis 2023In normal epithelia, proto-oncogenes regulate critical intra- or intercellular functions, including cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis, and signaling transduction... (Review)
Review
In normal epithelia, proto-oncogenes regulate critical intra- or intercellular functions, including cell growth and proliferation, apoptosis, and signaling transduction from the cell periphery (extracellular space) to the nucleus mediated by different pathways. Oncogenes are the mutated or amplified forms of the corresponding proto-oncogenes that are crucially involved in cell neoplastic and malignant transformation during carcinogenesis. Salivary gland carcinomas (SGCs) demonstrate a variety of histogenetic types. They are characterized by a broad spectrum of chromosomal and gene alterations. In particular, amplifications in specific genes [human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), human epidermal growth factor receptor 4 (HER4), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), Mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2), androgen receptor (AR), programmed death (ligand 1 (PD-L1), neurogenic differentiation factor 2 (NEUROD2), phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent RAC exchanger 1 protein (PREX1), cyclin-dependent kinase4/6 (CDK4/6), proline-rich acidic protein 1 (PRAP1), kell antigen system (KEL), glutamate receptor subunit epsilon 2 (GRIN2D), Ewing sarcoma RNA-binding protein 1 (EWSR1), MYC proto-oncogene (MYC)] combined or not with chromosomal numerical imbalances (aneuploidy/ polysomy/monosomy) form different genetic signatures affecting the response to monoclonal antibody-based, oncologicaly targeted regimens. Different SGC histotypes demonstrate specific combinations of mutated/amplified genes that modify their clinicohistological features. In the current molecular review, we present the most important amplified oncogenes and their impact on the biological behavior of SGCS.
PubMed: 37671310
DOI: 10.21873/cdp.10250 -
Science Immunology Oct 2023Sun provide comprehensive evidence that the transcription factor BCL6 functions as a gatekeeper for CD8 progenitor cell function in tumors and prevents their excessive... (Review)
Review
Sun provide comprehensive evidence that the transcription factor BCL6 functions as a gatekeeper for CD8 progenitor cell function in tumors and prevents their excessive terminal differentiation, thereby preserving this stem-like population for long-term tumor control.
Topics: Humans; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-6; Transcription Factors; Gene Expression Regulation; Neoplasms
PubMed: 37862430
DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adj6724 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Nov 2023
Topics: Humans; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Lung Neoplasms; Protein Kinase Inhibitors; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret
PubMed: 37966290
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMe2311295 -
The FEBS Journal Oct 2023The MYC proto-oncogene and BRD4, a BET family protein, are two cardinal proteins that have a broad influence in cell biology and disease. Both proteins are expressed... (Review)
Review
The MYC proto-oncogene and BRD4, a BET family protein, are two cardinal proteins that have a broad influence in cell biology and disease. Both proteins are expressed ubiquitously in mammalian cells and play central roles in controlling growth, development, stress responses and metabolic function. As chromatin and transcriptional regulators, they play a critical role in regulating the expression of a burgeoning array of genes, maintaining chromatin architecture and genome stability. Consequently, impairment of their function or regulation leads to many diseases, with cancer being the most predominant. Interestingly, accumulating evidence indicates that regulation of the expression and functions of MYC are tightly intertwined with BRD4 at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Here, we review the mechanisms by which MYC and BRD4 are regulated, their functions in governing various molecular mechanisms and the consequences of their dysregulation that lead to disease. We present a perspective of how the regulatory mechanisms for the two proteins could be entwined at multiple points in a BRD4-MYC nexus that leads to the modulation of their functions and disease upon dysregulation.
Topics: Animals; Nuclear Proteins; Transcription Factors; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; Cell Cycle Proteins; Chromatin; Cell Line, Tumor; Mammals
PubMed: 35866356
DOI: 10.1111/febs.16580 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); Combined Modality Therapy; Colorectal Neoplasms
PubMed: 38055257
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMe2311611 -
Translational Lung Cancer Research Jul 2023
PubMed: 37577325
DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-23-284 -
Endocrine Aug 2023Thyroid carcinoma (TC) is a rare neoplasia of the endocrine system and account for about 2-3% of all human tumors. According to their cell origin and histological... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Thyroid carcinoma (TC) is a rare neoplasia of the endocrine system and account for about 2-3% of all human tumors. According to their cell origin and histological features, different histotypes of thyroid carcinoma are described. Genetic alterations involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer have been described and it has been shown that alterations of the RET gene are common events in all TC hystotypes. Aim of this review is to give an overview of the relevance of RET alterations in TC and to provide indications, timing and methodologies, for RET genetic analysis.
METHODS
A revision of the literature has been performed and indications for the experimental approach for the RET analysis have been reported.
CONCLUSIONS
The analysis of RET mutations in TC has a very important clinical relevance for the early diagnosis of the hereditary forms of MTC, for the follow-up of TC patients and for the identification of those cases that can benefit from a specific treatment able to inhibit the effect of mutated RET.
Topics: Humans; Carcinoma, Medullary; Clinical Relevance; Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; Proto-Oncogene Mas; Thyroid Neoplasms; Mutation
PubMed: 37195581
DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03368-w -
Future Oncology (London, England) Aug 2023
Topics: Humans; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); Colonic Neoplasms; Mutation; Rectal Neoplasms
PubMed: 37602398
DOI: 10.2217/fon-2023-0223