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Canadian Medical Education Journal Nov 2023
Topics: Emotions; Behavior, Addictive; Heart Rate
PubMed: 38045083
DOI: 10.36834/cmej.78130 -
Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice Nov 2023The physical examination is a key part of a continuum that extends from the history of the present illness to the therapeutic outcome. An understanding of the... (Review)
Review
The physical examination is a key part of a continuum that extends from the history of the present illness to the therapeutic outcome. An understanding of the pathophysiological mechanism behind a physical sign is essential for arriving at the correct diagnosis. Early detection of deteriorating physical/vital signs and their appropriate interpretation is thus the key to achieve correct and timely management. By definition, vital signs are "the signs of life that may be monitored or measured, namely pulse rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and blood pressure." Vital signs are the simplest, cheapest and probably the most inexpensive information gathered bedside in outpatient or hospitalized patients. The pulse oximeter was introduced in the 1980s. It is an accurate and non-invasive method for the measurement of arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2). Pulse oximetry-based arterial oxygen saturation can be effectively used bedside in in-hospital and ambulatory patients with diagnosed or suspected lung disease. The present pandemic of COVID-19 should be considered as a wake-up call. Articles related to arterial oxygen saturation and its importance as a vital sign in patient care were searched online especially in PubMed. Available studies were studied in full length and data was extracted. Discussion: A. Clinical Utility of Oxygen Saturation Monitoring: There are many studies reporting the clinical applicability and usefulness of pulse oximetry in the early detection of hypoxemic events during intraoperative and postoperative periods. B. Role of clinical expertise accompanied by knowledge of physiology: A diagnostic sign is useful only if it is interpreted accurately and applied appropriately while evaluating a patient. The World Health Organisation also appreciates these facts and published "The WHO Pulse Oximetry Training Manual." Understanding the physiology behind and overcoming limitations of the diagnostic sign by clinical expertise is important. While using pulse oximetry, a clinician needs to keep in mind the sigmoidal nature of the oxygen-Hb dissociation curve. Considering these benefits of SaO2 measurement, there have been several references in the past to consider oxygen saturation as the fifth vital sign. In the present pandemic oxygen saturation i.e., SpO2 (arterial oxygen saturation) measured by pulse oxymeter, has been the single most important warning and prognostic sign be it for households, offices, street vendors, hospitals or governments. Measurement of trends of SaO2 added with respiratory rate will provide clinicians with a holistic overview of respiratory functions and multidimensional conditions associated with hypoxemia.
Topics: Humans; Heart Rate; Hypoxia; Oximetry; Oxygen; Oxygen Saturation
PubMed: 38044759
DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_2026_21 -
Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2023The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend the use of face masks in public. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of face...
OBJECTIVE
The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend the use of face masks in public. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of face masks on pulse rate and partial blood oxygen saturation in patients without cardiorespiratory disorders.
METHODS
A total of 150 volunteers of both sexes were divided into three groups (n=50) according to age (children, young adults, and older adults). The partial blood oxygen saturation and pulse rate were measured for each volunteer using a digital oximeter while wearing a facial mask and remaining at rest. The masks were removed for two minutes, and partial blood oxygen saturation and pulse rate were remeasured. The materials and types of masks used were recorded. The t -test for paired samples was used to compare the mean values obtained before and after removing the masks.
RESULTS
The most frequently used mask was a two-layered cloth (64.7%). A decrease in pulse rate was observed after removing the face mask in males, particularly in children (p=0.006) and young adults (p=0.034). Partial blood oxygen saturation levels increased in young adult males after mask removal (p=0.01).
CONCLUSION
The two-layer cotton tissue face masks are associated with a higher pulse rate and reduced arterial blood oxygen saturation without associated clinical disorders, mainly in adult men with a lower tolerance to breathing and ear discomfort.
Topics: Male; Child; Female; Young Adult; Humans; Aged; Masks; Heart Rate; Lung; Oxygen
PubMed: 37970950
DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2023AO0349 -
Studies in Health Technology and... Nov 2023Extracorporeal pacemaker is cardiac rhythm management device with non-implantable pulse generator and is widely used medical institutions. Parameters such as pulse...
Extracorporeal pacemaker is cardiac rhythm management device with non-implantable pulse generator and is widely used medical institutions. Parameters such as pulse duration, pulse amplitude, pulse rate, sensibility, and PVARP can directly decide the metrological performance of the instrument. However, at present, there is no relevant calibration specification for extracorporeal pacemaker in China to calibrate the important parameters. This article presents a novel calibration method for extracorporeal pacemaker by determining corresponding environmental conditions, calibration standards, and calculation equations. The calibration results of the important parameters can meet the requirements of GB 16174.2-2015 Implants for surgery - Active implantable medical devices - Part 2 Cardiac pacemakers, which shows that the calibration method is scientific and practical for metrological performance evaluation of extracorporeal pacemaker.
Topics: Calibration; Pacemaker, Artificial; Prostheses and Implants; Heart Rate; China
PubMed: 38007769
DOI: 10.3233/SHTI230869 -
Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No... Nov 2023This paper reviews patterns of heart rate variability and mechanisms of allostasis. The paper focuses on traditional autonomic nervous system and brain-heart axis... (Review)
Review
This paper reviews patterns of heart rate variability and mechanisms of allostasis. The paper focuses on traditional autonomic nervous system and brain-heart axis research, recent biological measurements, and ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) big data analysis. The importance of biological measurement of daily activities and the results of data-driven research that analyzes ECG big data will provide new insights into the use of bio-signals.
Topics: Humans; Heart Rate; Allostasis; Autonomic Nervous System; Brain
PubMed: 37936429
DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202510 -
Progress in Neurobiology Oct 2023The relevance of interactions between autonomic and central nervous systems remains unclear for human brain function and health, particularly when both systems are...
The relevance of interactions between autonomic and central nervous systems remains unclear for human brain function and health, particularly when both systems are challenged under sleep deprivation (SD). We measured brain activity (with fMRI), pulse and respiratory signals, and baseline brain amyloid beta burden (with PET) in healthy participants. We found that SD relative to rested wakefulness (RW) resulted in a significant increase in synchronized low frequency (LF, < 0.1 Hz) activity in an autonomically-related network (AN), including dorsal attention, visual, and sensorimotor regions, which we previously found to have consistent temporal coupling with LF pulse signal changes (regulated by sympathetic tone). SD resulted in a significant phase coherence between the LF component of the pulse signal and a medial network with peak effects in the midbrain reticular formation, and between LF component of the respiratory variations (regulated by respiratory motor output) and a cerebellar network. The LF power of AN during SD was significantly and independently correlated with pulse-medial network and respiratory-cerebellar network phase coherences (total adjusted R = 0.78). Higher LF power of AN during SD (but not RW) was associated with lower amyloid beta burden (Cohen's d = 0.8). In sum, SD triggered an autonomic mode of synchronized brain activity that was associated with distinct autonomic-central interactions. Findings highlight the direct relevance of global cortical synchronization to brain clearance mechanisms.
Topics: Humans; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Autonomic Nervous System; Brain; Heart Rate; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 37516341
DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102510 -
Annual International Conference of the... Jul 2023The worldwide adoption of telehealth services may benefit people who otherwise would not be able to access mental health support. In this paper, we present a novel...
The worldwide adoption of telehealth services may benefit people who otherwise would not be able to access mental health support. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm to obtain reliable pulse and respiration signals from non-contact facial image sequence analysis. The proposed algorithm involved a skin pixel extraction method in the image processing part and signal reconstruction using the spectral information of RGB signal in the signal processing part. The algorithm was tested on 15 healthy subjects in a laboratory setting. The results show that the proposed algorithm can accurately monitor respiration rate (RR), pulse rate (PR), and pulse rate variability (PRV) in rest conditions.Clinical Relevance- The main achievement of this study is enabling non-contact PR and RR signal extraction from facial image sequences, which has potential for future use and support for psychiatrists in telepsychiatry.
Topics: Humans; Heart Rate; Pulse; Photoplethysmography; Psychiatry; Telemedicine
PubMed: 38083147
DOI: 10.1109/EMBC40787.2023.10340913 -
Clinical and Experimental Hypertension... Dec 2023Hypoxia is a physiological state characterized by reduced oxygen levels in organs and tissues. It is a common clinicopathological process and a major cause of health... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Hypoxia is a physiological state characterized by reduced oxygen levels in organs and tissues. It is a common clinicopathological process and a major cause of health problems in highland areas. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the balance in autonomic innervation to the heart. It provides valuable information on the regulation of the cardiovascular system by neurohumoral factors, and changes in HRV reflect the complex interactions between multiple systems. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the relationship between high-altitude hypoxia and HRV. We summarize the different mechanisms of diseases caused by hypoxia and explore the changes in HRV across various systems. Additionally, we discuss relevant pharmaceutical interventions. Overall, this review aims to provide research ideas and assistance for in-depth studies on HRV. By understanding the intricate relationship between high-altitude hypoxia and HRV, we can gain insights into the underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic approaches to mitigate the effects of hypoxia on cardiovascular and other systems.
METHODS
The relevant literature was collected systematically from scientific database, including PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Baidu Scholar, as well as other literature sources, such as classic books of hypoxia.
RESULTS
There is a close relationship between heart rate variability and high-altitude hypoxia. Heart rate variability is an indicator that evaluates the impact of hypoxia on the cardiovascular system and other related systems. By improving the observation of HRV, we can estimate the progress of cardiovascular diseases and predict the impact on other systems related to cardiovascular health. At the same time, changes in heart rate variability can be used to observe the efficacy of preventive drugs for altitude related diseases.
CONCLUSIONS
HRV can be used to assess autonomic nervous function under various systemic conditions, and can be used to predict and monitor diseases caused by hypoxia at high altitude. Investigating the correlation between high altitude hypoxia and heart rate variability can help make HRV more rapid, accurate, and effective for the diagnosis of plateau-related diseases.
Topics: Humans; Altitude Sickness; Altitude; Heart Rate; Hypoxia; Oxygen
PubMed: 37552638
DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2023.2238923 -
Psychosomatic Medicine Sep 2023Heart rate is a transdiagnostic correlate of affective states and the stress diathesis model of health. Although most psychophysiological research has been conducted in...
OBJECTIVE
Heart rate is a transdiagnostic correlate of affective states and the stress diathesis model of health. Although most psychophysiological research has been conducted in laboratory environments, recent technological advances have provided the opportunity to index pulse rate dynamics in real-world environments with commercially available mobile health and wearable photoplethysmography (PPG) sensors that allow for improved ecologically validity of psychophysiological research. Unfortunately, adoption of wearable devices is unevenly distributed across important demographic characteristics, including socioeconomic status, education, and age, making it difficult to collect pulse rate dynamics in diverse populations. Therefore, there is a need to democratize mobile health PPG research by harnessing more widely adopted smartphone-based PPG to both promote inclusivity and examine whether smartphone-based PPG can predict concurrent affective states.
METHODS
In the current preregistered study with open data and code, we examined the covariation of smartphone-based PPG and self-reported stress and anxiety during an online variant of the Trier Social Stress Test, as well as prospective relationships between PPG and future perceptions of stress and anxiety in a sample of 102 university students.
RESULTS
Smartphone-based PPG significantly covaries with self-reported stress and anxiety during acute digital social stressors. PPG pulse rate was significantly associated with concurrent self-reported stress and anxiety ( b = 0.44, p = .018) as well as prospective stress and anxiety at the subsequent time points, although the strength of this association diminished the farther away pulse rate got from self-reported stress and anxiety (lag 1 model: b = 0.42, p = .024; lag 2 model: b = 0.38, p = .044).
CONCLUSIONS
These findings indicate that PPG provides a proximal measure of the physiological correlates of stress and anxiety. Smartphone-based PPG can be used as an inclusive method for diverse populations to index pulse rate in remote digital study designs.
Topics: Humans; Heart Rate; Photoplethysmography; Smartphone; Prospective Studies; Anxiety
PubMed: 37409791
DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000001178 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Aug 2023Although reduced heart rate variability (HRV) has been observed in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD), the correlation between HRV and MDD in children and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Although reduced heart rate variability (HRV) has been observed in adults with major depressive disorder (MDD), the correlation between HRV and MDD in children and adolescents remains uncertain and requires to be systematically reviewed. Our meta-analysis included ten articles comprising 410 MDD patients and 409 healthy controls. Adolescents with MDD showed significant reductions in most HRV measures, such as HF-HRV, RMSSD, and PNN50, and depressive symptom severity was statistically associated with RMSSD, HF-HRV, and LF/HF ratio. A large heterogeneity across studies was detected. Sensitivity analysis revealed that removal of a specific study would significantly decline the heterogeneity for measures of HF-HRV, LF-HRV, and SDNN, and meta-regression analysis found that sample size and year of publication substantially moderated the differences between depressed samples and controls in RMSSD. Compared with adults, depression-induced autonomic dysfunction was more detectable in children and adolescents with substantial effects. Moreover, excluded studies which reported both HRV and MDD or depression symptoms were summarized based on objectives. Findings indicate that it is promising for HRV to be an appropriate and objective candidate biomarker for clinically depressed children and adolescents.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Adolescent; Child; Depressive Disorder, Major; Heart Rate; Regression Analysis
PubMed: 37178829
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.022