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Viruses Jul 2023Rabies kills approximately 60,000 humans each year, with deaths mostly occurring in developing countries, where rabies lyssavirus (RABV) variants are maintained in dog...
Rabies kills approximately 60,000 humans each year, with deaths mostly occurring in developing countries, where rabies lyssavirus (RABV) variants are maintained in dog populations [...].
Topics: Humans; Animals; Dogs; Rabies; Lyssavirus; Rabies virus; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 37515243
DOI: 10.3390/v15071557 -
The Indian Journal of Medical Research Jan 2024Rabies is a lethal viral disease transmitted through the bite of rabid animals. India has a high burden of rabies, contributing to a significant proportion of the global... (Review)
Review
Rabies is a lethal viral disease transmitted through the bite of rabid animals. India has a high burden of rabies, contributing to a significant proportion of the global deaths. However, under-reporting of the disease is prevalent due to lack of laboratory confirmation. Laboratory diagnosis of rabies plays a crucial role in differentiating the disease from clinical mimics, initiation of appropriate care, implementing infection control measures and informing disease surveillance. This review provides an overview of the recent advancements in laboratory diagnosis of rabies, aimed at updating physicians involved in diagnosis and management of rabies cases in India.
Topics: Animals; Rabies; Rabies virus; Laboratories; India; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Bites and Stings
PubMed: 38376376
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_131_23 -
International Immunopharmacology Nov 2023Human inactivated rabies virus (RABV) vaccines have been widely used worldwide over 30 years. The mechanisms of humoral immunity elicited by previously reported rabies...
Human inactivated rabies virus (RABV) vaccines have been widely used worldwide over 30 years. The mechanisms of humoral immunity elicited by previously reported rabies candidate vaccines have been fully investigated, but little is known about the cellular immunity profiles. Herein, the recombinant RABV rLBNSE-IL-33 overexpressing the mouse interleukin-33 (IL-33) proliferated well in Neuro-2a cells and had no effects with the parent virus on growth kinetic in vitro and viral pathogenicity in mice. The rLBNSE-IL-33 experienced more antigen presentations by MHC-II on DCs and activated more CD4 T cells which helped recruit more CD19CD40 B cells in blood and promote rapid and robust IgG1 antibodies responses at initial infection stage compared with the parent rLBNSE strain. Simultaneously, the rLBNSE-IL-33 were also presented by MHC-I to CD8 T cells which contributed to produce high levels of IgG2a. The rLBNSE-IL-33 elicited significantly high levels of RABV-specific IFN-γ secreting memory CD4 T cells, more RABV-specific IL-4 and IFN-γ secreting memory CD8 T cells in spleens at early infection stage in mice. Altogether, overexpression of IL-33 in rLBNSE-IL-33 enhanced early antigen presentation, markedly promote CD4, memory CD4 and CD8 T cells-mediated responses and provided a 100 % protection from lethal RABV challenge in mice. These findings provided an alternative novel therapy and vaccine strategy in future.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Rabies virus; Rabies; Interleukin-33; Antigen Presentation; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Antibodies, Viral; Rabies Vaccines; Antigens, Viral; Immunity, Cellular
PubMed: 37804656
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111005 -
Vaccines Nov 2023Nipah virus (NiV) causes severe, lethal encephalitis in humans and pigs. However, there is no licensed vaccine available to prevent NiV infection. In this study, we used...
Nipah virus (NiV) causes severe, lethal encephalitis in humans and pigs. However, there is no licensed vaccine available to prevent NiV infection. In this study, we used the reverse genetic system based on the attenuated rabies virus strain SRV9 to construct two recombinant viruses, rSRV9-NiV-F and rSRV9-NiV-G, which displayed the NiV envelope glycoproteins F and G, respectively. Following three immunizations in BALB/c mice, the inactivated rSRV9-NiV-F and rSRV9-NiV-G alone or in combination, mixed with the adjuvants ISA 201 VG and poly (I:C), were able to induce the antigen-specific cellular and Th1-biased humoral immune responses. The specific antibodies against rSRV9-NiV-F and rSRV9-NiV-G had reactivity with two constructed bacterial-like particles displaying the F and G antigens of NiV. These data demonstrate that rSRV9-NiV-F or rSRV9-NiV-G has the potential to be developed into a promising vaccine candidate against NiV infection.
PubMed: 38140162
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121758 -
Neural Regeneration Research Aug 2023Analyzing the structure and function of the brain's neural network is critical for identifying the working principles of the brain and the mechanisms of brain diseases....
Analyzing the structure and function of the brain's neural network is critical for identifying the working principles of the brain and the mechanisms of brain diseases. Recombinant rabies viral vectors allow for the retrograde labeling of projection neurons and cell type-specific trans-monosynaptic tracing, making these vectors powerful candidates for the dissection of synaptic inputs. Although several attenuated rabies viral vectors have been developed, their application in studies of functional networks is hindered by the long preparation cycle and low yield of these vectors. To overcome these limitations, we developed an improved production system for the rapid rescue and preparation of a high-titer CVS-N2c-ΔG virus. Our results showed that the new CVS-N2c-ΔG-based toolkit performed remarkably: (1) N2cG-coated CVS-N2c-ΔG allowed for efficient retrograde access to projection neurons that were unaddressed by rAAV9-Retro, and the efficiency was six times higher than that of rAAV9-Retro; (2) the trans-monosynaptic efficiency of oG-mediated CVS-N2c-ΔG was 2-3 times higher than that of oG-mediated SAD-B19-ΔG; (3) CVS-N2c-ΔG could delivery modified genes for neural activity monitoring, and the time window during which this was maintained was 3 weeks; and (4) CVS-N2c-ΔG could express sufficient recombinases for efficient transgene recombination. These findings demonstrate that new CVS-N2c-ΔG-based toolkit may serve as a versatile tool for structural and functional studies of neural circuits.
PubMed: 36751812
DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.358618 -
Veterinary World Dec 2023Some Indonesian islands, including Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Java, and East Nusa Tenggara, have endemic rabies. Rabies outbreaks in Bali began from 2008 to 2011 and...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Some Indonesian islands, including Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Java, and East Nusa Tenggara, have endemic rabies. Rabies outbreaks in Bali began from 2008 to 2011 and continue to occur sporadically. This study aimed to study the molecular analysis and geographical distribution of Indonesian rabies virus (RABV) from 2016 to 2021 and compare to previous periods.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Virus isolates from 2016 to 2021 were extracted from dog brains and sequenced at the nucleoprotein gene locus. They were compared with data sequences available in the GenBank database. Indonesian RABV from the previous three periods (before 1989, 1997-2003, and 2008-2010) was extracted from the GenBank database. The genetic diversity in this study was based on the N gene of Indonesian RABV.
RESULTS
Asian RABV, which is genetically close to the Indonesian virus, is a virus from China (ASIA-3 cluster) and from the Southeast Asia region, namely, virus isolates from Sarawak and Malaysia and some Cambodian isolates. Rabies virus, which was isolated from the Bali islands, was the new cluster first detected and published in Bali, Indonesia, in 2008, while RABV from West Sumatra Province, which was isolated from 2016 to 2021, was also considered a new cluster that is genetically distant from other clusters in Indonesia.
CONCLUSION
The RABV in Indonesia is divided into five clusters. The isolates from West Sumatra Province from 2016 to 2021 were a new cluster genetically distant from other Indonesian viruses.
PubMed: 38328351
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2479-2487 -
Current Biology : CB Sep 2023Remote memories play an important role in how we perceive the world, and they are rooted throughout the brain in "engrams": ensembles of cells that are formed during...
Remote memories play an important role in how we perceive the world, and they are rooted throughout the brain in "engrams": ensembles of cells that are formed during acquisition. Upon their reactivation, a specific memory can be recalled. Many studies have focused on the ensembles in CA1 of the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). However, the evolution of these components during systems' consolidation has not yet been comprehensively addressed. By applying transgenic approaches for ensemble identification, CLARITY, retro-AAV, and pseudo-rabies virus for circuit mapping, and chemogenetics for functional interrogation, we addressed the dynamics of recent and remote CA1 ensembles. We expected both stability (as they represent the same memory) and maturation (over time). Indeed, we found that CA1 engrams remain stable between recent and remote recalls, and the inhibition of engrams for recent recall during remote recall functionally impairs memory. We also found that new cells in the remote recall engram in the CA1 are not added randomly during maturation but differ according to their connections. First, we show in two ways that the anterograde CA1 → ACC engram cell projection grows larger. Finally, in the retrograde projections, the ACC reduces input to CA1 engram cells, whereas input from the entorhinal cortex and paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus increases. Our results shine fresh light on systems' consolidation by providing a deeper understanding of engram stability and maturation in the transition from recent to remote memory.
Topics: Hippocampus; Memory, Long-Term; Mental Recall; Entorhinal Cortex; Gyrus Cinguli
PubMed: 37586373
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.042 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2024Intracellular pathogens comprise a diverse group of pathogens that all share a required location in a host cell to infect, survive, and replicate. Intracellular location... (Review)
Review
Intracellular pathogens comprise a diverse group of pathogens that all share a required location in a host cell to infect, survive, and replicate. Intracellular location allows pathogens to hide from host immune responses, avoid competition with other pathogens, mediate host cellular functions, replicate safely, and cause infection that is difficult to target with therapeutics. All intracellular pathogens have varying routes of infiltration into host cells and different host cell preferences. For example, bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis chooses to invade antigen-presenting cells, which allows them to moderate host antigen presentation to memory cells, whereas rabies virus prefers to invade neurons because they have pre-existing innate immunity protection systems. Regardless of the pathway that each intracellular pathogen follows, all share the capacity to cause disease if they succeed in entering host cells. Here, we give an overview of selected intracellular pathogens and infections they cause, immune responses they induce, and intervention strategies used to treat and control them.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Immunity, Innate; Rabies virus
PubMed: 38888767
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3890-3_1 -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... Dec 2023This report by the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of the zoonoses monitoring and...
This report by the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of the zoonoses monitoring and surveillance activities carried out in 2022 in 27 Member States (MSs), the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) and 11 non-MSs. Key statistics on zoonoses and zoonotic agents in humans, food, animals and feed are provided and interpreted historically. In 2022, the first and second most reported zoonoses in humans were campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis, respectively. The number of cases of campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis remained stable in comparison with 2021. Nineteen MSs and the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) achieved all the established targets in poultry populations for the reduction of prevalence for the relevant serovars. samples from carcases of various animal species, and samples for quantification from broiler carcases, were more frequently positive when performed by the competent authorities than when own checks were conducted. Yersiniosis was the third most reported zoonosis in humans, followed by Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) and infections. and West Nile virus infections were the most severe zoonotic diseases, with the most hospitalisations and highest case fatality rates. In 2022, reporting showed an increase of more than 600% compared with 2021 in locally acquired cases of human West Nile virus infection, which is a mosquito-borne disease. In the EU, the number of reported foodborne outbreaks and cases, hospitalisations and deaths was higher in 2022 than in 2021. The number of deaths from outbreaks was the highest ever reported in the EU in the last 10 years, mainly caused by and to a lesser degree by . and in particular Enteritidis remained the most frequently reported causative agent for foodborne outbreaks. Norovirus (and other calicivirus) was the agent associated with the highest number of outbreak human cases. This report also provides updates on brucellosis, (Q fever), echinococcosis, rabies, toxoplasmosis, trichinellosis, infection with complex (focusing on and ) and tularaemia.
PubMed: 38089471
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8442 -
Microorganisms Mar 2024Viruses are minuscule infectious agents that reproduce exclusively within the living cells of an organism and are present in almost every ecosystem. Their continuous... (Review)
Review
Viruses are minuscule infectious agents that reproduce exclusively within the living cells of an organism and are present in almost every ecosystem. Their continuous interaction with humans poses a significant threat to the survival and well-being of everyone. Apart from the common cold or seasonal influenza, viruses are also responsible for several important diseases such as polio, rabies, smallpox, and most recently COVID-19. Besides the loss of life and long-term health-related issues, clinical viral infections have significant economic and social impacts. Viral enzymes, especially proteases which are essential for viral multiplication, represent attractive drug targets. As a result, screening of viral protease inhibitors has gained a lot of interest in the development of anti-viral drugs. Despite the availability of anti-viral therapeutics, there is a clear need to develop novel curative agents that can be used against a given virus or group of related viruses. This review highlights the importance of yeasts as an in vivo model for screening viral enzyme inhibitors. We also discuss the advantages of yeast-based screening platforms over traditional assays. Therefore, in the present article, we discuss why yeast is emerging as a model of choice for in vivo screening of anti-viral molecules and why yeast-based screening will become more relevant in the future for screening anti-viral and other molecules of clinical importance.
PubMed: 38543629
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12030578