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Acta Physiologica (Oxford, England) Oct 2023Heavy-load free-flow resistance exercise (HL-FFRE) is a widely used training modality. Recently, low-load blood-flow restricted resistance exercise (LL-BFRRE) has gained... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Heavy-load free-flow resistance exercise (HL-FFRE) is a widely used training modality. Recently, low-load blood-flow restricted resistance exercise (LL-BFRRE) has gained attention in both athletic and clinical settings as an alternative when conventional HL-FFRE is contraindicated or not tolerated. LL-BFRRE has been shown to result in physiological adaptations in muscle and connective tissue that are comparable to those induced by HL-FFRE. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear; however, evidence suggests that LL-BFRRE involves elevated metabolic stress compared to conventional free-flow resistance exercise (FFRE).
AIM
The aim was to evaluate the initial (<10 min post-exercise), intermediate (10-20 min), and late (>30 min) hormonal, immune, and oxidative stress responses observed following acute sessions of LL-BFRRE compared to FFRE in healthy adults.
METHODS
A systematic literature search of randomized and non-randomized studies was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus. The Cochrane Risk of Bias (RoB2, ROBINS-1) and TESTEX were used to evaluate risk of bias and study quality. Data extractions were based on mean change within groups.
RESULTS
A total of 12525 hits were identified, of which 29 articles were included. LL-BFRRE demonstrated greater acute increases in growth hormone responses when compared to overall FFRE at intermediate (SMD 2.04; 95% CI 0.87, 3.22) and late (SMD 2.64; 95% CI 1.13, 4.16) post-exercise phases. LL-BFRRE also demonstrated greater increase in testosterone responses compared to late LL-FFRE.
CONCLUSION
These results indicate that LL-BFRRE can induce increased or similar hormone and immune responses compared to LL-FFRE and HL-FFRE along with attenuated oxidative stress responses compared to HL-FFRE.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Regional Blood Flow; Hemodynamics; Exercise; Oxidative Stress; Resistance Training; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 37732509
DOI: 10.1111/apha.14030 -
Journal of Strength and Conditioning... Jul 2024Pryor, JL, Sweet, D, Rosbrook, P, Qiao, J, Hess, HW, and Looney, DP. Resistance training in the heat: Mechanisms of hypertrophy and performance enhancement. J Strength... (Review)
Review
Pryor, JL, Sweet, D, Rosbrook, P, Qiao, J, Hess, HW, and Looney, DP. Resistance training in the heat: Mechanisms of hypertrophy and performance enhancement. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): 1350-1357, 2024-The addition of heat stress to resistance exercise or heated resistance exercise (HRE) is growing in popularity as emerging evidence indicates altered neuromuscular function and an amplification of several mechanistic targets of protein synthesis. Studies demonstrating increased protein synthesis activity have shown temperature-dependent mammalian target of rapamycin phosphorylation, supplemental calcium release, augmented heat shock protein expression, and altered immune and hormone activity. These intriguing observations have largely stemmed from myotube, isolated muscle fiber, or rodent models using passive heating alone or in combination with immobilization or injury models. A growing number of translational studies in humans show comparable results employing local tissue or whole-body heat with and without resistance exercise. While few, these translational studies are immensely valuable as they are most applicable to sport and exercise. As such, this brief narrative review aims to discuss evidence primarily from human HRE studies detailing the neuromuscular, hormonal, and molecular responses to HRE and subsequent strength and hypertrophy adaptations. Much remains unknown in this exciting new area of inquiry from both a mechanistic and functional perspective warranting continued research.
Topics: Resistance Training; Humans; Hot Temperature; Muscle, Skeletal; Hypertrophy; Muscle Strength; Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Athletic Performance
PubMed: 38775794
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004815 -
Journal of Strength and Conditioning... Nov 2023MacLennan, M, Ramirez-Campillo, R, and Byrne, PJ. Self-massage techniques for the management of pain and mobility with application to resistance training: a brief... (Review)
Review
MacLennan, M, Ramirez-Campillo, R, and Byrne, PJ. Self-massage techniques for the management of pain and mobility with application to resistance training: a brief review. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2314-2323, 2023-Fascial restrictions that occur in response to myofascial trigger points (MTrP), exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), and delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) cause soft tissue to lose extensibility, which contributes to abnormal muscle mechanics, reduced muscle length, and decrements in joint range of motion (ROM) and actively contributes to musculoskeletal pain. Resistance training and in particular, weightlifting movements have unique mobility requirements imperative for movement efficacy and safety with ROM restrictions resulting in ineffective volume and intensity tolerance and dampened force output and power, which may lead to a failed lift or injury. Self-massage (SM) provides an expedient method to promote movement efficiency and reduce injury risk by improving ROM, muscular function, and reducing pain and allows athletes to continue to train at their desired frequency with minimal disruption from MTrPs-associated adverse effects. Thus, the aim of this review was to determine the efficacy of various self-massage tools in managing pain and mobility and to explore the potential benefits of SM on resistance training performance. Many SM devices are available for athletes to manage ROM restrictions and pain, including differing densities of foam rollers, roller massagers, tennis balls, and vibrating devices. To attenuate adverse training effects, a 10-to-20-minute bout consisting of 2-minute bouts of SM on the affected area may be beneficial. When selecting a SM device, athletes should note that foam rollers appear to be more effective than roller massagers, with vibrating foam rollers eliciting an increased reduction to pain perception, and tennis balls and soft massage balls were shown to be efficacious in targeting smaller affected areas.
Topics: Humans; Resistance Training; Range of Motion, Articular; Massage; Myalgia; Sports; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 37883406
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004575 -
Journal of Strength and Conditioning... Apr 2024Molinari, T, Radaelli, R, Rech, A, Brusco, CM, Markarian, AM, and Lopez, P. Moderators of resistance training effects in healthy young women: A systematic review and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Molinari, T, Radaelli, R, Rech, A, Brusco, CM, Markarian, AM, and Lopez, P. Moderators of resistance training effects in healthy young women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): 804-814, 2024-To systematically review and analyze the effects of resistance-based exercise programs and potential moderators of change in body fat percentage, whole-body fat and lean mass, muscle hypertrophy, muscle strength, and muscle power/rapid force in healthy young women (between 18 and 35 years). A systematic search was undertaken in 7 databases from inception to May 2022. Eligible randomized controlled trials examined the effects of resistance-based exercise programs on outcomes of interest in healthy young women. Meta-analysis was undertaken with a 3-level mixed-effects model. Associations between standardized mean difference (SMD) and potential moderators (number of sessions, weekly volume, and intensity) were tested by meta-regression models. Statistical significance was set at an α level of 0.05, whereas an α level of 0.05-0.10 was also considered for potential moderators of resistance training effects. Forty articles ( n = 1,312) were included. Resistance-based exercise programs resulted in a significant improvement of 0.4 SMD (95% confidence intervals [95% CI]: 0.2 to 0.5, p < 0.001) in lean mass/muscle hypertrophy and 1.2 SMD (95% CI: 0.9 to 1.5, p < 0.001) in muscle strength. A higher number of sessions was associated with changes in lean mass/muscle hypertrophy ( β = 0.01 ± 0.00, p = 0.009), whereas a higher weekly volume approached statistical significance to moderate changes in muscle strength ( β = 0.01 ± 0.01, p = 0.053). Body fat percentage (-0.4 SMD, 95% CI: -0.6 to -0.1, p = 0.006) and muscle power/rapid force (0.6 SMD, 95% CI: 0.2 to 1.1, p = 0.011) were significantly improved. In conclusion, a higher resistance training volume was associated with greater improvements in lean mass/muscle hypertrophy, muscle strength, and body fat percentage, whereas muscle power/rapid force improvements were observed irrespective of prescription characteristics. These findings may help in designing resistance training programs for muscle hypertrophy, strength and power, and body fat percentage in healthy women.
Topics: Humans; Female; Resistance Training; Health Status; Exercise; Muscle Strength; Hypertrophy
PubMed: 38090747
DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004666 -
Journal of Physiotherapy Jul 2023What is the effect of high-velocity power training (HVPT) compared with traditional resistance training (TRT) on functional performance in older adults? What is the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
QUESTIONS
What is the effect of high-velocity power training (HVPT) compared with traditional resistance training (TRT) on functional performance in older adults? What is the quality of intervention reporting for the relevant literature?
DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
PARTICIPANTS
Older adults (aged > 60 years), regardless of health status, baseline functional capacity or residential status.
INTERVENTIONS
High-velocity power training with the intent to perform the concentric phase as quickly as possible compared with traditional moderate-velocity resistance training performed with a concentric phase of ≥ 2 seconds.
OUTCOME MEASURES
Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Timed Up and Go test (TUG), five times sit-to-stand test (5-STS), 30-second sit-to-stand test (30-STS), gait speed tests, static or dynamic balance tests, stair climb tests and walking tests for distance. The quality of intervention reporting was assessed with the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT) score.
RESULTS
Nineteen trials with 1,055 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with TRT, HVPT had a weak-to-moderate effect on change from baseline scores for the SPPB (SMD 0.27, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.53; low-quality evidence) and TUG (SMD 0.35, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.63; low-quality evidence). The effect of HVPT relative to TRT for other outcomes remained very uncertain. The average CERT score across all trials was 53%, with two trials rated high quality and four rated moderate quality.
CONCLUSION
HVPT had similar effects to TRT for functional performance in older adults, but there is considerable uncertainty in most estimates. HVPT had better effects on the SPPB and TUG, but it is unclear whether the benefit is large enough to be clinically worthwhile.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Exercise; Physical Functional Performance; Postural Balance; Resistance Training; Time and Motion Studies; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 37328359
DOI: 10.1016/j.jphys.2023.05.018 -
Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences Nov 2023Physical exercise is a well-established method for managing blood pressure (BP). The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of aerobic, resistance, and a... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Physical exercise is a well-established method for managing blood pressure (BP). The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of aerobic, resistance, and a combination of both aerobic plus resistance training on BP, body composition (BC), and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) among hypertensive patients.
METHODS
The total population was sixty hypertensive patients; of these, forty-eight male adults (45.28 ± 7.44, years); with a sedentary lifestyle were randomized to one of the three exercise interventions or a control group. Subjects in all three exercise groups had an equal total exercise time (60 minutes), which included 10-15 minutes of warming up and dynamic stretching, 10-15 minutes of cooling down and static stretching and 30- 40 minutes for the main workout. Data were presented as mean (standard deviation, SD) or mean change with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
RESULTS
All three-intervention trainings showed improvement in BP, CRF, and BC. However, the most effective intervention training was combined training. Combined training resulted in significant reductions in body composition, resting heart rate (RHR) and, BP: body weight -7.92 kg, BML -5.96 kg/m2, SBP -17.75mmHg, DBP -12.5 mmHg, RHR -8.17 bpm, and percent body fat (%BF) -6.49%. The aerobic training group only increased VO2max 12.44 ml/kg/m.
CONCLUSION
Compared to aerobic or resistance training alone, a 12-week of combination exercise may offer more comprehensive advantages for those at a higher risk for hypertension.
Topics: Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Hypertension; Resistance Training; Adult; Body Composition; Cardiorespiratory Fitness; Blood Pressure; Exercise; Exercise Therapy; Heart Rate; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 38784482
DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v33i6.17 -
Ageing Research Reviews Nov 2023This systematic review with meta-analyses investigates the impact of resistance training (RT), using meta-regressions, on functional performance in frail and pre-frail... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Are dose-response relationships of resistance training reliable to improve functional performance in frail and pre-frail older adults? A systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials.
This systematic review with meta-analyses investigates the impact of resistance training (RT), using meta-regressions, on functional performance in frail and pre-frail adults aged ≥ 65 years to determine the key variables of RT. Ten randomized controlled trials involving 1303 participants were analyzed. Five studies assessed habitual walking speed (HWS), three studies evaluated performance in the timed-up-and-go test (TUG), three studies evaluated performance in the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and three studies assessed performance in the sit-to-stand test (STS). RT alone improved STS time and SPPB scores in frail and pre-frail older adults. RT improved STS performance (Effect Size (ES):- 0.536; 95% CI - 0.874 to - 0.199; p = .002) and led to a 2.261-point increase in SPPB performance (ES:1.682; 95% CI 0.579-2.786; p = .003). At least two weekly training sessions are required to increase SPPB scores, and three sessions seem to optimize the improvements. Higher training volume per exercise and volume per session reduce the gains in SPPB performance. We did not observe any association between different doses of RT and STS time improvements. RT alone positively influenced TUG performance only in community-dwelling older frail and pre-frail adults but not in institutionalized older individuals. RT alone did not improve the HWS compared to the non-active control group.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Frail Elderly; Resistance Training; Postural Balance; Time and Motion Studies; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Physical Functional Performance
PubMed: 37774931
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102079 -
Physical Therapy in Sport : Official... Nov 2023Proprioceptive training and resistance training are physiotherapy treatment methods for Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Efficacy of resistance training with elastic bands compared to proprioceptive training on balance and self-report measures in patients with chronic ankle instability: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND
Proprioceptive training and resistance training are physiotherapy treatment methods for Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI).
OBJECTIVE
To compare the efficacy of proprioceptive training to resistance training with elastic bands for treating CAI as measured by the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM), and the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT).
METHOD
Our systematic study and meta-analysis was based on the PICOS and PRISMA protocols. The PubMed, PEDro, and ScienceDirect databases were searched for randomized clinical trials on proprioceptive and resistance training. Risk of bias was assessed according to Cochrane guidelines and quality of evidence was reported using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach (GRADE).
RESULTS
Five studies involving 259 patients were included in the review. According to the findings of the meta-analysis, proprioceptive training was similarly effective with resistance training in SEBT and FAAM measures. Compared with resistance exercise, proprioceptive training demonstrated some benefits in CAIT scores (weighted mean difference [WMD] = -2.21, 95% CI = -4.05-0.36), but these intervention results were not clinically significant (MDC, MCID score >3 points).
CONCLUSION
Low-quality evidence from studies showed that neither of the interventions was superior on the SEBT or the FAAM scores in individuals with CAI because no clinically significant differences were found. More high-quality studies comparing the two interventions are needed to draw firm conclusions.
Topics: Humans; Resistance Training; Self Report; Ankle; Ankle Joint; Postural Balance; Joint Instability; Chronic Disease
PubMed: 37801793
DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.09.009 -
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders Oct 2023Fibromyalgia guidelines indicate that exercise is critical in the management of fibromyalgia, and there is evidence that patients with fibromyalgia can perform...
BACKGROUND
Fibromyalgia guidelines indicate that exercise is critical in the management of fibromyalgia, and there is evidence that patients with fibromyalgia can perform resistance training at moderate and high intensities. However, despite the biological plausibility that progression of intensity provides greater benefit to individuals, no studies have compared different intensities (progressive versus constant intensities) of the same exercise in this population.
OBJECTIVE
To compare the effect of 24 sessions of resistance training (progressive vs. constant intensity) on impact of fibromyalgia, sleep quality, anxiety, depression, pain, walking ability, and musculoskeletal capacity.
METHODS
A protocol for a blinded randomized controlled trial. The sample will be randomized into three groups: group 1 (progressive intensity, experimental), group 2 (constant intensity, control A), and group 3 (walking, control B). Group 1 will perform resistance training at moderate intensity (50% of maximum dynamic strength), previously determined by the 1 repetition maximum (1-RM) test in the proposed exercises. The strength of each individual will be reassessed every 4 weeks (by 1-RM) and the intensity of each exercise will be positively adjusted by 20% of the value observed in kg (i.e., first month 50%; second month 70%; third month 90% of the maximum dynamic strength). Group 2 will perform the same procedure, but the intensity will be maintained at 50% of the maximum dynamic strength throughout the treatment (i.e., constant intensity from the first to the third month). Group 3 will perform a 40-minute treadmill walk at low intensity, defined by a walking speed corresponding to 60-70% of the maximum heart rate, which we will control with a heart rate monitor. All groups will receive a 45-minute pain education session prior to the exercise program, covering the pathophysiologic mechanisms of chronic pain, strategies for coping with pain, avoiding hypervigilance, and deconstructing beliefs and myths about chronic pain.
DISCUSSION
The results of the present study may help health care professionals adjust the intensity of resistance training and thus plan the most effective intervention (progressive or constant intensity) to reduce the impact of fibromyalgia on patients' lives.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC) ID: RBR-9pbq9fg, date of registration: October 06, 2022.
Topics: Humans; Fibromyalgia; Resistance Training; Chronic Pain; Quality of Life; Exercise Therapy; Treatment Outcome; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 37838712
DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06952-3 -
Ageing Research Reviews Nov 2023The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine if there are sex-based differences in adaptations to resistance exercise training in healthy... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Evaluation of sex-based differences in resistance exercise training-induced changes in muscle mass, strength, and physical performance in healthy older (≥60 y) adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine if there are sex-based differences in adaptations to resistance exercise training in healthy older adults. Following the screening process, data from 36 studies comparing older males and females (602 males; 703 females; ≥60 years of age) for changes in skeletal muscle size, muscle strength, and/or physical performance following the same resistance exercise training intervention were extracted. Mean study quality was 16/29 (modified Downs and Black checklist), considered moderate quality. Changes in absolute upper-body (Effect Size [ES] = 0.81 [95% CI 0.54, 1.09], P < 0.001), and lower-body (ES = 0.40 [95% CI 0.24, 0.56], P < 0.001) strength were greater in older males than females. Alternatively, changes in relative upper-body (ES = -0.46 [95% CI -0.77, -0.14], P < 0.01), and lower-body (ES = -0.24 [95% CI -0.42, -0.06], P < 0.01) strength were greater in older females than males. Changes in absolute, but not relative, whole-body fat-free mass (ES = 0.18 [95% CI 0.04, 0.33], P < 0.05) were greater in older males than females. There were no sex-based differences for absolute or relative changes in limb muscle size, muscle fiber size, or physical performance.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Aged; Resistance Training; Exercise; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscle Strength; Physical Functional Performance
PubMed: 37507092
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102023