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Medicine and Science in Sports and... Sep 2023The optimal intensity of resistance training (RT) to improve muscular, physical performance, and metabolic adaptations still needs to be well established for older... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
The optimal intensity of resistance training (RT) to improve muscular, physical performance, and metabolic adaptations still needs to be well established for older adults. Based on current position statements, we compared the effects of two different RT loads on muscular strength, functional performance, skeletal muscle mass, hydration status, and metabolic biomarkers in older women.
METHODS
One hundred one older women were randomly allocated to perform a 12-wk whole-body RT program (eight exercises, three sets, three nonconsecutive days a week) into two groups: 8-12 repetitions maximum (RM) and 10-15RM. Muscular strength (1RM tests), physical performance (motor tests), skeletal muscle mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), hydration status (bioelectrical impedance), and metabolic biomarkers (glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-c, HDL-c, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein) were measured at baseline and posttraining.
RESULTS
Regarding muscular strength, 8-12RM promoted higher 1RM increases in chest press (+23.2% vs +10.7%, P < 0.01) and preacher curl (+15.7% vs +7.4%, P < 0.01), but not in leg extension (+14.9% vs +12.3%, P > 0.05). Both groups improved functional performance ( P < 0.05) in gait speed (4.6%-5.6%), 30 s chair stand (4.6%-5.9%), and 6 min walking (6.7%-7.0%) tests, with no between-group differences ( P > 0.05). The 10-15RM group elicited superior improves in the hydration status (total body water, intracellular and extracellular water; P < 0.01), and higher gains of skeletal muscle mass (2.5% vs 6.3%, P < 0.01), upper (3.9% vs 9.0%, P < 0.01) and lower limbs lean soft tissue (2.1% vs 5.4%, P < 0.01). Both groups improved their metabolic profile. However, 10-15RM elicited greater glucose reductions (-0.2% vs -4.9%, P < 0.05) and greater HDL-c increases (-0.2% vs +4.7%, P < 0.01), with no between-group differences for the other metabolic biomarkers ( P > 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that 8-2RM seems more effective than 10-15RM for increasing upper limbs' muscular strength, whereas the adaptative responses for lower limbs and functional performance appear similar in older women. In contrast, 10-15RM seems more effective for skeletal muscle mass gains, and increased intracellular hydration and improvements in metabolic profile may accompany this adaptation.
Topics: Humans; Female; Aged; Resistance Training; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscle Strength; Glucose; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37005493
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003179 -
Journal of Nephrology Sep 2023This umbrella review aimed to review the effects of resistance training on patients with end-stage renal disease and assess the methodological quality of the available... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVES
This umbrella review aimed to review the effects of resistance training on patients with end-stage renal disease and assess the methodological quality of the available literature.
METHODS
An umbrella review and meta-meta-analysis was performed. A systematic search was conducted until May 2022. Article selection, quality assessment, and risk of bias assessment were performed by two independent reviewers. The meta-meta-analyses were performed with a random-effects model and the summary statistics were presented in the form of a forest plot with a weighted compilation of all standardized mean differences and corresponding 95% confidence interval. Twenty-four reviews were eventually included. The protocol was registered in the international registry PROSPERO (CRD42022321702).
RESULTS
Resistance training showed positive effects on functional capacity (g = 0.614), aerobic capacity (g = 0.587), health-related quality of life (g = 0.429), and peak force (g = 0.621). Fifteen of the included studies (63%) presented low risk of bias, and the remaining studies (37%) showed unclear risk of bias.
CONCLUSION
Resistance training in patients undergoing hemodialysis is an intervention that shows positive results regarding physical and functional outcomes. The quality level of the literature is inconclusive, but the included studies present low risk of bias.
Topics: Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Quality of Life; Resistance Training; Systematic Reviews as Topic
PubMed: 37318646
DOI: 10.1007/s40620-023-01635-7 -
Journal of Applied Biomechanics Aug 2023The upper body and trunk muscles are crucial to perform soccer kicks. Resistance training targeting these muscles may modify the pattern adopted during kicking. This... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The upper body and trunk muscles are crucial to perform soccer kicks. Resistance training targeting these muscles may modify the pattern adopted during kicking. This study aimed to investigate the effect of resistance training of the arm and anterior trunk muscles on instep kicking kinematics. Twenty-six male participants were randomly allocated into a training group or control group. The training group underwent resistance training of arm and trunk muscles and practiced the instep kick for 8 weeks. The control group only practiced kicking during the same period. The trunk, hip, and knee kinematics were assessed during the instep kick before and after the intervention. Kinematics were analyzed according to their data distribution with statistical parametric or nonparametric mapping. The effect of the training on the 1-repetition maximum test was analyzed using a repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance. The training group showed greater hip extension after the training during the backswing phase (Hedge g effect size of 0.316-0.321) and increased 1-repetition maximum for all exercises. There were no other differences. The present study documented the nonlocal effect of strengthening training in which arm and trunk muscle training resulted in changes in hip kinematics during the backswing phase of the instep kick.
Topics: Humans; Male; Soccer; Biomechanical Phenomena; Resistance Training; Muscle, Skeletal; Upper Extremity
PubMed: 37487581
DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0323 -
Psychology, Health & Medicine Dec 2023Worldwide, physical inactivity is a major public health concern. Both aerobic physical activity (PA) and resistance training (RT) are forms of exercise that provide...
Worldwide, physical inactivity is a major public health concern. Both aerobic physical activity (PA) and resistance training (RT) are forms of exercise that provide numerous health benefits. The present systematic review aimed to examine the evidence among studies that have formally compared the correlates of both aerobic PA and RT in the same sample. Literature searchers were concluded in April 2022 using four common databases. Eligible studies were selected from English language peer-reviewed journals which reported at least a bivariate correlation between the correlate and aerobic PA and RT. Findings were grouped by the correlate in accordance with the capability, opportunity, motivation, behavior (COM-B) model. The analysis identified 18 studies with 16 independent samples. Overall, evidence suggest that there are many similarities between aerobic PA and RT participation. There were positive associations for both aerobic PA and RT for physical and psychological capabilities, reflective and reflexive motivation. There were mixed associations for environmental opportunities, and social opportunities had no association for aerobic PA but mixed evidence for RT. The analyses emphasized that comparative research is lacking in certain areas, principally for environmental opportunity and reflexive motivation.
Topics: Humans; Resistance Training; Exercise; Motivation
PubMed: 36373398
DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2022.2142617 -
Gut and Liver Jul 2023
Topics: Humans; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Resistance Training; Exercise; Liver; Insulin Resistance
PubMed: 37449428
DOI: 10.5009/gnl230236 -
Heart Failure Reviews Sep 2023Exercise performance is an essential tool for managing heart failure. Although the benefits of exercise are well documented for people with chronic and stable heart... (Review)
Review
Exercise performance is an essential tool for managing heart failure. Although the benefits of exercise are well documented for people with chronic and stable heart failure, there is still no consensus on their prescription in patients hospitalized with acute heart failure undergoing clinical stabilization. The aim of this study is to identify the literature on exercise programs encompassing the components of aerobic and resistance training for hospitalized patients admitted for acute heart failure. A scoping review was conducted according to the proposed methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute. Studies with adults over 18 years old, hospitalized, and diagnosed with acute heart failure who participated in aerobic and resistance exercise training programs during their hospital stay were included. Three studies met the inclusion criteria. One was a retrospective, observational analytical cohort study, in which the main outcome of the exercise program was improvement in the previous disabilities of the participants. The other two were multicenter randomized controlled studies that showed greater improvement in physical function, functional capacity, depression, quality of life, and frailty status in the intervention groups. The exercise prescriptions differed according to the principles of the exercise prescription-frequency of exercise, intensity of exercise, exercise time (duration), type (mode), exercise volume, and progression. It is too early to make recommendations based on evidence of the type structure of an exercise program with aerobic and strength-training components in this population. However, in the exercise programs of the reviewed studies, the predominance of light to moderate intensity and the importance of progressively increase the frequency and duration of the training sessions were demonstrated, with bicycle ergometers and walking being the most common types of aerobic exercises. It is recommended that investment and research in this area should continue with more methodologically robust studies.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Adolescent; Resistance Training; Quality of Life; Inpatients; Cohort Studies; Retrospective Studies; Exercise; Exercise Therapy; Heart Failure; Multicenter Studies as Topic
PubMed: 37046104
DOI: 10.1007/s10741-023-10311-8 -
Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Sep 2023Resistance training (RT) consists of planned exercise programs to increase muscle strength capacity through neural and structural adaptations, such as changes in the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Resistance training (RT) consists of planned exercise programs to increase muscle strength capacity through neural and structural adaptations, such as changes in the geometric arrangement of muscle fibers. This study aimed to analyze the influence of RT on muscle architecture in older people.
METHODS
This PROSPERO-registered systematic review and meta-analysis (identification number CRD42022340477) followed the PRISMA guidelines. Four electronic databases were searched for eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that observed older individuals submitted to RT programs that reported muscle architecture outcomes.
RESULTS
Seventeen RCTs met the eligibility criteria with a total of 488 participants. The main results of the meta-analysis showed that RT interventions had a significant effect on the thickness of the medial gastrocnemius (SMD = 0.12; 95% CI: - 0.07 to 0.17; p < 0.00001; I = 0%).
CONCLUSION
Based on available evidence, studies included in this review showed improvement in maximum isometric force, pennation angle, fascicle length, thickness, and muscle activation after RT interventions. In turn, the meta-analysis suggested a potential for improving the thickness of the medial gastrocnemius after the intervention. However, any clinical implications drawn from the analyses should be interpreted with caution, as these findings are substantially limited due to a low number of included studies and a potential heterogeneity between studies.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Resistance Training; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Exercise; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscle Strength
PubMed: 37043838
DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2023.105020 -
International Journal of Sport... Mar 2024Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) forms the cornerstone in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. However, by suppressing testosterone ADT results in a decrease of... (Review)
Review
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) forms the cornerstone in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. However, by suppressing testosterone ADT results in a decrease of skeletal muscle mass. In this narrative review, we explore the magnitude and mechanisms of ADT-induced muscle mass loss and the consequences for muscle strength and physical performance. Subsequently, we elucidate the effectiveness of supervised resistance exercise training as a means to mitigate these adverse effects. Literature shows that resistance exercise training can effectively counteract ADT-induced loss of appendicular lean body mass and decline in muscle strength, while the effect on physical performances is inconclusive. As resistance exercise training is feasible and can be safely implemented during ADT (with special attention for patients with bone metastases), it should be incorporated in standard clinical care for prostate cancer patients (starting) with ADT.
Topics: Male; Humans; Prostatic Neoplasms; Resistance Training; Androgen Antagonists; Androgens; Muscle Strength; Body Composition; Muscles
PubMed: 38048764
DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0075 -
Perceptual and Motor Skills Aug 2023We compared the effects of resistance training (ResisT) to pyramidal and traditional weightlifting sets on men's psychophysiological responses. In a randomized crossover...
We compared the effects of resistance training (ResisT) to pyramidal and traditional weightlifting sets on men's psychophysiological responses. In a randomized crossover design, 24 resistance-trained males performed drop-set, descending pyramid, and traditional ResisT in the barbell back squat, 45° leg press, and seated knee extension. We assessed participants' rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and feelings of pleasure/displeasure (FPD) at the end of each set and at 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes post-session. No differences were detected across ResisT Methods in total training volume ( = 0.180). Post hoc comparisons revealed that drop-set training elicited higher RPE ( 8.8 0.7 arbitrary units) and lower FPD ( -1.4 1.5 arbitrary units) values compared to descending pyramid ( Set RPE 8.0 0.9 arbitrary units and Set FPD 0.4 1.6 arbitrary units) and traditional set ( Set RPE 7.5 1.1 arbitrary units and Set FPD 1.3 1.2 arbitrary units) schemes ( < 0.05). In addition, drop-set training elicited higher session RPE ( 8.1 0.8 arbitrary units) and lower session FPD ( 0.2 1.4 arbitrary units) values than descending pyramid and traditional ResisT ( < 0.001). Similarly, descending pyramid training elicited higher session RPE ( 6.6 0.9 arbitrary units) and lower session FPD ( 1.2 1.4 arbitrary units) than traditional set ( Session RPE 5.9 0.8 arbitrary units and Session FPD 1.5 1.2 arbitrary units) training ( = 0.015). No differences were found in the temporality of post-session metrics, suggesting that testing 10 and 15 minutes post-ResisT was sufficient to assess session RPE ( = 0.480) and session FPD ( = 0.855), respectively. In conclusion, even with similar total training volume, drop-set training elicited more pronounced psychophysiological responses than either pyramidal or traditional ResisT in resistance-trained males.
Topics: Male; Humans; Physical Exertion; Resistance Training; Exercise; Weight Lifting; Pleasure
PubMed: 37197987
DOI: 10.1177/00315125231176729 -
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) Feb 2024Many sports require maximal strength and endurance performance. Concurrent strength and endurance training can lead to suboptimal training adaptations. However, how... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Many sports require maximal strength and endurance performance. Concurrent strength and endurance training can lead to suboptimal training adaptations. However, how adaptations differ between males and females is currently unknown. Additionally, current training status may affect training adaptations.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to assess sex-specific differences in adaptations in strength, power, muscle hypertrophy, and maximal oxygen consumption ( O) to concurrent strength and endurance training in healthy adults. Second, we investigated how training adaptations are influenced by strength and endurance training status.
METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines, and a Cochrane risk of bias was evaluated. ISI Web of science, PubMed/MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched using the following inclusion criteria: healthy adults aged 18-50 years, intervention period of ≥ 4 weeks, and outcome measures were defined as upper- and lower-body strength, power, hypertrophy, and/or O. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model and reported in standardized mean differences.
RESULTS
In total, 59 studies with 1346 participants were included. Concurrent training showed blunted lower-body strength adaptations in males, but not in females (male: - 0.43, 95% confidence interval [- 0.64 to - 0.22], female: 0.08 [- 0.34 to 0.49], group difference: P = 0.03). No sex differences were observed for changes in upper-body strength (P = 0.67), power (P = 0.37), or O (P = 0.13). Data on muscle hypertrophy were insufficient to draw any conclusions. For training status, untrained but not trained or highly trained endurance athletes displayed lower O gains with concurrent training (P = 0.04). For other outcomes, no differences were found between untrained and trained individuals, both for strength and endurance training status.
CONCLUSIONS
Concurrent training results in small interference for lower-body strength adaptations in males, but not in females. Untrained, but not trained or highly trained endurance athletes demonstrated impaired improvements in O following concurrent training. More studies on females and highly strength-trained and endurance-trained athletes are warranted.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
PROSPERO: CRD42022370894.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Male; Female; Endurance Training; Physical Endurance; Athletes; Sports; Hypertrophy; Muscle Strength; Resistance Training
PubMed: 37847373
DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01943-9