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Advanced Biology Dec 2023Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease in middle and old-aged women with a dry mucosal surface, which is caused by the dysfunction of secretory glands, such as the... (Review)
Review
Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease in middle and old-aged women with a dry mucosal surface, which is caused by the dysfunction of secretory glands, such as the oral cavity, eyeballs, and pharynx. Pathologically, Sjogren's syndrome are characterized by lymphocyte infiltration into the exocrine glands and epithelial cell destruction caused by autoantibodies Ro/SSA and La/SSB. At present, the exact pathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome is unclear. Evidence suggests epithelial cell death and the subsequent dysfunction of salivary glands as the main causes of xerostomia. This review summarizes the modes of salivary gland epithelial cell death and their role in Sjogren's syndrome progression. The molecular mechanisms involved in salivary gland epithelial cell death during Sjogren's syndrome as potential leads to treating the disease are also discussed.
Topics: Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Aged; Sjogren's Syndrome; Salivary Glands; Autoantibodies; Xerostomia; Epithelial Cells
PubMed: 37409392
DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300173 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Sep 2023The World Health Organization classification of tumors of the breast recognizes several special type carcinomas and benign lesions with features comparable to those of... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
The World Health Organization classification of tumors of the breast recognizes several special type carcinomas and benign lesions with features comparable to those of salivary gland tumors.
OBJECTIVE
To discuss the histologic, immunophenotypic, molecular, and clinical features of salivary gland-like carcinomas of the breast. These breast tumors are often negative for hormone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), that is, triple-negative, but they generally have a much better prognosis than triple-negative breast carcinomas of no special type. We compare the immunophenotypic, molecular, and clinical features of these breast tumors with their salivary gland counterparts, highlighting similarities and differences. We also discuss benign salivary gland-like breast tumors. Finally, we highlight recent developments in understanding the molecular pathogenesis of these breast tumors and novel ancillary studies that can be used to support their diagnosis.
DATA SOURCES
A literature review was conducted, and papers were selected for further analysis and discussion by the authors of this review based on their novelty, applicability, and impact in the field.
CONCLUSIONS
Breast tumors that exhibit morphologic overlap with salivary gland tumors have been recognized by pathologists for decades, but the similarities and differences in their molecular pathogenesis have not been understood until more recently. These developments have led to novel diagnostic tools and further knowledge of these rare breast lesions.
Topics: Humans; Breast; Salivary Glands; Carcinoma; Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms; Immunophenotyping
PubMed: 37651394
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2023-0038-RA -
American Journal of Otolaryngology 2023To characterize the presentation and treatment of children presenting with primary salivary gland neoplasms. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
To characterize the presentation and treatment of children presenting with primary salivary gland neoplasms.
METHODS
A retrospective review of primary salivary tumor patients presenting to Children's Hospital Colorado between January 2000 and August 2020.
RESULTS
Fifty children were identified with primary salivary gland tumors, comprising of 39 (78 %) benign and 11 (22 %) malignant lesions. Pleomorphic adenoma was the most common benign tumor (36/39, 92 %), while acinic cell carcinoma was the most common malignancy (7/11, 64 %). The parotid gland was the most common site, followed by the submandibular gland (66 % vs. 34 %). No tumors were found in the sublingual glands. Benign neoplasms accounted for 70 % of parotid lesions and 94 % of submandibular tumors. No significant differences in age (13.6 years, SD 4 vs. 13.0 years, SD 4.3) were noted between patients with benign and malignant disease, but tumors in females were more frequently malignant (M:F 1:1.3 vs. 1:2.7 for benign and malignant tumors, respectively). Neck dissection and/or facial nerve sacrifice were required in 27 % (3/11) and 9.1 % (1/11) of malignancies, respectively. Local recurrence was observed in 7.7 % (3/39) of benign cases and 9.1 % (1/11) of malignant cases. No salivary malignancies required chemotherapy, though one patient with neurofibromatosis received imatinib prior to resection. Two patients with locoregional malignancy received adjunctive radiation. The average duration of follow up for benign and malignant disease were 12.6 ± 25 and 45.1 ± 32 months, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
This study presents one of the larger single institutional experiences of pediatric primary salivary neoplasms in the past 20 years, identifying pleomorphic adenoma and acinic cell carcinoma as the most common benign and malignant etiologies, respectively. While this review found most neoplasms presented as a localized mass effectively managed with conservative surgical resection, aggressive tumors required multidisciplinary care.
Topics: Female; Humans; Child; Adolescent; Adenoma, Pleomorphic; Carcinoma, Acinar Cell; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Parotid Gland; Submandibular Gland; Retrospective Studies; Parotid Neoplasms
PubMed: 37352681
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2023.103948 -
Journal of Oral Biosciences Mar 2024The Journal of Oral Biosciences is dedicated to advancing and disseminating fundamental knowledge with regard to every aspect of oral biosciences. This review features...
BACKGROUND
The Journal of Oral Biosciences is dedicated to advancing and disseminating fundamental knowledge with regard to every aspect of oral biosciences. This review features review articles in the fields of "bone regeneration," "periodontitis," "periodontal diseases," "salivary glands," "sleep bruxism," and "Sjögren's syndrome."
HIGHLIGHT
This review focuses on human demineralized dentin and cementum matrices for bone regeneration, oxidized low-density lipoprotein in periodontal disease and systemic conditions, the relationship between inflammatory mediators in migraine and periodontitis, phosphoinositide signaling molecules in the salivary glands, and the pathophysiologies of sleep bruxism and Sjögren's syndrome.
CONCLUSION
The review articles featured in the Journal of Oral Biosciences have broadened the knowledge of readers regarding various aspects of oral biosciences. The current editorial review discusses the findings and significance of these review articles.
Topics: Humans; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis; Salivary Glands; Sjogren's Syndrome; Sleep Bruxism; Review Literature as Topic
PubMed: 38309695
DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.01.011 -
Journal of Dental Research Mar 2024The oral cavity is an epidemiologically relevant route of viral transmission due to the shedding of viruses in saliva. With advancements in salivary diagnostics, an... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity is an epidemiologically relevant route of viral transmission due to the shedding of viruses in saliva. With advancements in salivary diagnostics, an increasing number of viruses have been detected. However, the anatomic source of virus in saliva is still largely unknown. Some viruses have a well-established tropism for the salivary glands (SGs), and recent studies have emphasized the importance of the glands as potential reservoirs for infectious viruses. Viral infections of the SGs have been linked to acute and chronic SG pathology and may be associated with SG dysfunction, with phenotypes similar to those seen in SjÖgren's disease (SjD), an autoimmune condition that affects the salivary and lacrimal glands. Understanding the breadth of viruses that infect the SG and the conserved or distinct host responses to these infections may provide insights into the pathogenesis of virus-mediated SG diseases. There is a need for further research to fully understand the molecular mechanisms by which viruses enter and replicate in the glands, their physiologic impact on SG function, and whether the SGs can serve as a long-term reservoir for infectious viral particles. The purpose of this review is to highlight a group of viruses that infect the salivary gland: hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, enteric viruses, human T-cell leukemia virus type I, human immunodeficiency virus, human cytomegalovirus, and BK polyomavirus. We focus on the effects of viral infection on salivary gland (SG) inflammation, function, and its association with SjD.
Topics: Humans; Salivary Glands; Sjogren's Syndrome; Saliva; Inflammation
PubMed: 38344753
DOI: 10.1177/00220345231222871 -
Journal of Prosthodontics : Official... Dec 2023To provide a detailed overview of the fundamentals of saliva constituents and production. The review outlines the clinical manifestations as a consequence of salivary... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To provide a detailed overview of the fundamentals of saliva constituents and production. The review outlines the clinical manifestations as a consequence of salivary gland dysfunction and management strategies for patients with salivary gland dysfunction. Prosthodontic implications of saliva and salivary gland dysfunction are presented.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
English-language literature relating to saliva constituents, physiologic saliva production, clinical manifestations secondary to salivary gland dysfunction, salivary biomarkers, and management strategies were retrieved via electronic search. Relevant articles were summarized for this manuscript with a view toward providing pragmatic information.
RESULTS
Saliva is produced by three pairs of major and minor salivary glands. The major salivary glands, namely, the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands, contribute approximately 90% of saliva production. Saliva contains serous and mucinous secretions produced by different types of cells within salivary glands. Parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers innervate the major salivary glands, and upon stimulation, the parasympathetic innervation increases serous secretions, while the sympathetic innervation increases protein secretion. Stimulated saliva is mainly derived from the parotid glands which are composed of serous acini, while unstimulated saliva is mainly derived from the submandibular glands which are composed of mixed seromucous acini. As major salivary glands contribute the most to salivary flow, local or systemic factors influencing those glands can disrupt saliva production resulting in clinically significant oral manifestations.
CONCLUSION
This review provides a fundamental overview of saliva production. In addition, the review highlights the various clinical manifestations secondary to salivary gland dysfunction, explores salivary biomarkers for screening of systemic diseases, discusses management strategies for patients with salivary gland dysfunction, and outlines the prosthodontic implications of saliva and salivary gland dysfunction.
Topics: Humans; Saliva; Prosthodontics; Salivary Glands; Parotid Gland; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37302138
DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13725 -
European Archives of... Nov 2023The correct classification of salivary gland pathologies is crucial for choosing a treatment method and determining the prognosis. Better outcomes are now achievable... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
The correct classification of salivary gland pathologies is crucial for choosing a treatment method and determining the prognosis. Better outcomes are now achievable thanks to the introduction of new therapy approaches, such as targeted therapies for malignant salivary gland tumors. To apply these in clinical routine, a clear classification of the lesions is required.
METHODS
The following review examines all changes from the first World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of salivary gland pathologies from 1972 to fifth edition from 2022. Possible developments in the diagnosis and classification of salivary gland pathology are also presented.
RESULTS
The current WHO classification is the fifth edition. With the development of new diagnostic methods, based on genetic alterations, it provides insight into the molecular basis of lesions. This has resulted in the evolution of classification, introduction of new entities and reclassification of existing ones.
CONCLUSIONS
Genetic alterations will become increasingly more significant in the identification of salivary gland pathologies in the future. These alterations will be helpful as prognostic and predictive biomarkers, and may also serve as targets for anti-cancer therapies.
Topics: Humans; Salivary Glands; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Prognosis; Mutation; World Health Organization
PubMed: 37439929
DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08110-w -
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics... Aug 2023Infectious and inflammatory disorders are the commonest pathologies to affect the major salivary glands however frequently overlap in clinical presentation. Imaging... (Review)
Review
Infectious and inflammatory disorders are the commonest pathologies to affect the major salivary glands however frequently overlap in clinical presentation. Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis, usually initially performed by CT or ultrasound. MRI, with its superior soft-tissue characterization compared with CT, provides a better evaluation of tumors and tumor-like conditions. Imaging features may suggest that a mass is more likely to be benign versus malignant, however, biopsy is often needed to establish a definitive histopathologic diagnosis. Imaging plays a key role in the staging of neoplastic disease.
Topics: Humans; Salivary Glands; Diagnostic Imaging; Diagnosis, Differential; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Salivary Gland Diseases
PubMed: 37032181
DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2023.02.007 -
Journal of Pineal Research Sep 2023Salivary gland damage caused by ionizing radiation (IR) severely affects the patient quality of life and influences the efficacy of radiotherapy. Most current treatment...
Salivary gland damage caused by ionizing radiation (IR) severely affects the patient quality of life and influences the efficacy of radiotherapy. Most current treatment modalities are palliative, so effective prevention of damage caused by IR is essential. Melatonin (MLT) is an antioxidant that has been reported to prevent IR-induced damage in a range of systems, including the hematopoietic system and gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we explored the effects of MLT on whole-neck irradiation (WNI)-induced salivary gland damage in mice. The results revealed that by protecting the channel protein AQP-5, MLT not only alleviates salivary gland dysfunction and maintains salivary flow rate, but also protects salivary gland structure and inhibits the WNI-induced reduction in mucin production and degree of fibrosis. Compared with WNI-treated mice, in those receiving MLT, we observed a modulation of oxidative stress in salivary glands via its effects on 8-OHdG and SOD2, as well as an inhibition of DNA damage and apoptosis. With respect to its radioprotective mechanism, we found that MLT may alleviate WNI-induced xerostomia partly by regulating RPL18A. In vitro, we demonstrated that MLT has radioprotective effects on salivary gland stem cells (SGSCs). In conclusion, our data this study indicate that MLT can effectively alleviate radiation-induced damage in salivary glands, thereby providing a new candidate for the prevention of WNI-induced xerostomia.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Melatonin; Quality of Life; Salivary Glands; Xerostomia; Radiation, Ionizing
PubMed: 37391878
DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12897 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Aug 2023Salivary gland adenocarcinoma, of major or minor salivary gland origin, is an uncommon tumor in cats. This article describes the clinical features, morbidity and... (Review)
Review
CASE SERIES SUMMARY
Salivary gland adenocarcinoma, of major or minor salivary gland origin, is an uncommon tumor in cats. This article describes the clinical features, morbidity and survival rates of four cats with salivary gland adenocarcinoma arising from minor salivary gland tissue. Medical records from a private multicenter dentistry and oral surgery practice were reviewed for the period between 2007 and 2021. Four cats were included in this retrospective case series study, with oral masses on either the right or left caudal mandibular labial buccal mucosa. The inclusion criteria included a diagnosis of salivary gland adenocarcinoma in an anatomical location with lack of involvement of a major salivary gland, complete medical history and a follow-up of at least 6 months. The age range of the cats was 9-15 years; three of the cats were castrated males and one was a spayed female. Curative intent surgery was performed in three cats, whereas palliative surgery (debulking) owing to extensive soft tissue invasion was performed in one cat. Survival times were in the range of 210-1730 (mean 787) days. All four cats were euthanized owing to local recurrence and decreased quality of life, regardless of treatment modality.
RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION
There are limited documented studies reporting the prevalence of salivary gland neoplasia affecting minor disseminated glands in the oral cavity of feline patients. Salivary gland adenocarcinoma should be a differential in cats presenting with caudal labial masses. Surgical resection has been the recommended treatment for salivary gland neoplasia of major salivary gland origin. According to this current case series, we propose that early aggressive surgical treatment with wide surgical margins should be performed for cats with salivary gland adenocarcinoma of minor salivary gland origin. Surgery increased the quality and duration of life; however, each patient was euthanized owing to local recurrence and morbidity.
Topics: Female; Male; Cats; Animals; Quality of Life; Retrospective Studies; Salivary Glands, Minor; Salivary Gland Neoplasms; Adenocarcinoma; Cat Diseases; Multicenter Studies as Topic
PubMed: 37606891
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X231189973