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Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2024This chapter provides a methodology for evaluating plant health and leaf characteristics using spectral reflectance. It provides a step-by-step guide to using...
This chapter provides a methodology for evaluating plant health and leaf characteristics using spectral reflectance. It provides a step-by-step guide to using spectrometers for high-resolution point measurements of leaf spectral reflectance and multispectral imaging for capturing spatial data, emphasizing the importance of consistent measurement conditions. The chapter further explores the intricacies of multispectral imaging, including calibration, data collection, and image processing. Finally, this chapter delves into the application of various spectral indices for the quantification of key traits such as pigment content, the status of the xanthophyll cycle, water content, and how to identify spectral regions of interest for further research and development. Serving as a guide for researchers and practitioners in plant science, this chapter provides a straightforward framework for plant health assessment using spectral reflectance.
Topics: Plant Leaves; Spectrum Analysis; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Water; Calibration; Plants; Xanthophylls
PubMed: 38649579
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3790-6_17 -
PloS One 2023We report a waveguide-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (WERS) platform with alignment-tolerant under-chip grating input coupling. The demonstration is based on a 100-nm thick...
We report a waveguide-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (WERS) platform with alignment-tolerant under-chip grating input coupling. The demonstration is based on a 100-nm thick planar (slab) tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) waveguide and the use of benzyl alcohol (BnOH) and its deuterated form (d7- BnOH) as reference analytes. The use of grating couplers simplifies the WERS system by providing improved translational alignment tolerance, important for disposable chips, as well as contributing to improved Raman conversion efficiency. The use of non-volatile, non-toxic BnOH and d7-BnOH as chemical analytes results in easily observable shifts in the Raman vibration lines between the two forms, making them good candidates for calibrating Raman systems. The design and fabrication of the waveguide and grating couplers are described, and a discussion of further potential improvements in performance is presented.
Topics: Benzyl Alcohol; Spectrum Analysis, Raman
PubMed: 37561713
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284058 -
Journal of Pharmaceutical and... Nov 2023The detection and identification of clinical biomarkers with related sensitivity have become a source of considerable concern for biomedical analysis. There have been... (Review)
Review
The detection and identification of clinical biomarkers with related sensitivity have become a source of considerable concern for biomedical analysis. There have been increasing efforts toward the development of single-molecule analytical platforms to overcome this concern. The latest developments in plasmonic nanomaterials include fascinating advances in energy, catalyst chemistry, optics, biotechnology, and medicine. Nanomaterials can be successfully applied to biomolecule and drug detection in plasmonic nanosensors for pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. Plasmonic-based sensing technology exhibits high sensitivity and selectivity depending on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomena. In this critical paper, we offer an overview of the methodology of the SPR, LSPR, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA), surface-enhanced fluorescence (SEF), and plasmonic nanoplatforms advanced for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. First of all, we present here a brief discussion of the above trends. We have devoted the last section to the explanation of SPR, LSPR, SERS, SEIRA, and SEF platforms, which have found a wide range of applications, and reviewed recent advances for biomedical and pharmaceutical analysis.
Topics: Metal Nanoparticles; Surface Plasmon Resonance; Nanostructures; Nanotechnology; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Pharmaceutical Preparations
PubMed: 37659267
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115671 -
Small Methods Jan 2024Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), well acknowledged as a fingerprinting and sensitive analytical technique, has exerted high applicational value in a broad... (Review)
Review
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), well acknowledged as a fingerprinting and sensitive analytical technique, has exerted high applicational value in a broad range of fields including biomedicine, environmental protection, food safety among the others. In the endless pursuit of ever-sensitive, robust, and comprehensive sensing and imaging, advancements keep emerging in the whole pipeline of SERS, from the design of SERS substrates and reporter molecules, synthetic route planning, instrument refinement, to data preprocessing and analysis methods. Artificial intelligence (AI), which is created to imitate and eventually exceed human behaviors, has exhibited its power in learning high-level representations and recognizing complicated patterns with exceptional automaticity. Therefore, facing up with the intertwining influential factors and explosive data size, AI has been increasingly leveraged in all the above-mentioned aspects in SERS, presenting elite efficiency in accelerating systematic optimization and deepening understanding about the fundamental physics and spectral data, which far transcends human labors and conventional computations. In this review, the recent progresses in SERS are summarized through the integration of AI, and new insights of the challenges and perspectives are provided in aim to better gear SERS toward the fast track.
Topics: Humans; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Artificial Intelligence; Food Safety; Explosive Agents
PubMed: 37888799
DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301243 -
Nature Communications Feb 2024Lipids play crucial roles in many biological processes. Mapping spatial distributions and examining the metabolic dynamics of different lipid subtypes in cells and...
Lipids play crucial roles in many biological processes. Mapping spatial distributions and examining the metabolic dynamics of different lipid subtypes in cells and tissues are critical to better understanding their roles in aging and diseases. Commonly used imaging methods (such as mass spectrometry-based, fluorescence labeling, conventional optical imaging) can disrupt the native environment of cells/tissues, have limited spatial or spectral resolution, or cannot distinguish different lipid subtypes. Here we present a hyperspectral imaging platform that integrates a Penalized Reference Matching algorithm with Stimulated Raman Scattering (PRM-SRS) microscopy. Using this platform, we visualize and identify high density lipoprotein particles in human kidney, a high cholesterol to phosphatidylethanolamine ratio inside granule cells of mouse hippocampus, and subcellular distributions of sphingosine and cardiolipin in human brain. Our PRM-SRS displays unique advantages of enhanced chemical specificity, subcellular resolution, and fast data processing in distinguishing lipid subtypes in different organs and species.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Humans; Microscopy; Nonlinear Optical Microscopy; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Lipids
PubMed: 38383552
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45576-6 -
Geobiology Jul 2023Non-crystalline silica mineraloids are essential to life on Earth as they provide architectural structure to dominant primary producers, such as plants and...
Non-crystalline silica mineraloids are essential to life on Earth as they provide architectural structure to dominant primary producers, such as plants and phytoplankton, as well as to protists and sponges. Due to the difficulty in characterizing and quantifying the structure of highly disordered X-ray amorphous silica, relatively little has been done to understand the mineralogy of biogenic silica and how this may impact the material properties of biogenic silica, such as hardness and strength, or how biosilica might be identified and differentiated from its inorganic geological counterparts. Typically, geologically formed opal-A and hyalite opal-A are regarded as analogs to biogenic silica, however, some spectroscopic and imaging studies suggest that this might not be a reasonable assumption. In this study, we use a variety of techniques (X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy) to compare differences in structural disorder and bonding environments of geologically formed hydrous silicas (Opal-A, hyalite, geyserite) and silica glass versus biogenic silicas from an array of organisms. Our results indicate differences in the levels of structural disorder and the Raman-observed bonding environments of the SiO network modes (D mode) and the Q-species modes (~1015 cm ) between varieties of biogenic silicas and geologically formed silicas, which aligns with previous studies that suggest fundamental differences between biogenic and geologically formed silica. Biosilicas also differ structurally from one another by species of organism. Our mineralogical approach to characterizing biosilicas and differentiating them from other silicas may be expanded to future diagenesis studies, and potentially applied to astrobiology studies of Earth and other planets.
Topics: Silicon Dioxide; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Plants; X-Ray Diffraction
PubMed: 36849877
DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12553 -
The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B Jul 2023Cellular membranes are essential components of all living organisms. They are composed of a complex mixture of lipids with diverse chemical structures and crucial... (Review)
Review
Cellular membranes are essential components of all living organisms. They are composed of a complex mixture of lipids with diverse chemical structures and crucial biological functions. The dynamic and heterogeneous nature of cellular membranes presents a challenge for studying their biophysical properties and organization in vivo. Raman imaging, particularly coherent Raman scattering techniques such as stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy, have emerged as powerful tools for studying cellular membranes with high spatial and temporal resolution and minimal perturbation. In this Review, we discuss the scientific importance and technical challenges of characterizing membrane composition in cellular contexts and how the advances of Raman imaging can provide unique insights into membrane phase behavior and organization. We also highlight recent applications of Raman imaging in studying cellular membranes and implications in diseases. In particular, the discovery of phase separation and a solid-phase intracellular membrane on endoplasmic reticulum is reviewed in detail, shedding light on the biology of lipotoxicity.
Topics: Microscopy; Cell Membrane; Membranes; Intracellular Membranes; Spectrum Analysis, Raman
PubMed: 37431772
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c03125 -
Journal of the Science of Food and... Aug 2023Fruit aroma is produced by volatile compounds, which can significantly enhance fruit flavor. These compounds are highly complex and have remarkable pharmacological... (Review)
Review
Fruit aroma is produced by volatile compounds, which can significantly enhance fruit flavor. These compounds are highly complex and have remarkable pharmacological effects. The synthesis, concentration, type, and quantity of fruit aroma substances are affected by various factors, both abiotic and biotic. To fully understand the aroma substances of various fruits and their influencing factors, detection technology can be used. Many methods exist for detecting aroma compounds, and approaches combining multiple instruments are widely used. This review describes and compares each detection technology and discusses the potential use of combined technologies to provide a comprehensive understanding of fruit aroma compounds and the factors influencing their synthesis. These results can inform the development and utilization of fruit aroma substances. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Fruit; Odorants; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Volatile Organic Compounds; Spectrum Analysis; Solid Phase Microextraction
PubMed: 36782102
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12498 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2023Raman spectroscopy is a widely developing approach for noninvasive analysis that can provide information on chemical composition and molecular structure. High chemical... (Review)
Review
Raman spectroscopy is a widely developing approach for noninvasive analysis that can provide information on chemical composition and molecular structure. High chemical specificity calls for developing different medical diagnostic applications based on Raman spectroscopy. This review focuses on the Raman-based techniques used in medical diagnostics and provides an overview of such techniques, possible areas of their application, and current limitations. We have reviewed recent studies proposing conventional Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for rapid measuring of specific biomarkers of such diseases as cardiovascular disease, cancer, neurogenerative disease, and coronavirus disease (COVID-19). As a result, we have discovered several most promising Raman-based applications to identify affected persons by detecting some significant spectral features. We have analyzed these approaches in terms of their potentially diagnostic power and highlighted the remaining challenges and limitations preventing their translation into clinical settings.
Topics: Humans; Biomarkers; Neoplasms; Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Cardiovascular Diseases
PubMed: 37958586
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115605 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2023Raman spectroscopy shows great potential for practical clinical applications. By analyzing the structure and composition of molecules through real-time, non-destructive... (Review)
Review
Raman spectroscopy shows great potential for practical clinical applications. By analyzing the structure and composition of molecules through real-time, non-destructive measurements of the scattered light from living cells and tissues, it offers valuable insights. The Raman spectral data directly link to the molecular composition of the cells and tissues and provides a "molecular fingerprint" for various disease states. This review focuses on the practical and clinical applications of Raman spectroscopy, especially in the early detection of human diseases. Identifying predisease, which marks the transition from a healthy to a disease state, is crucial for effective interventions to prevent disease onset. Raman spectroscopy can reveal biological processes occurring during the transition states and may eventually detect the molecular dynamics in predisease conditions.
Topics: Spectrum Analysis, Raman; Humans; Early Diagnosis; Cells
PubMed: 37569541
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512170