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Veterinary Microbiology Mar 2024Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that is widespread in swine populations. The control of S. suis infection and its associated diseases is a daunting... (Review)
Review
Streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that is widespread in swine populations. The control of S. suis infection and its associated diseases is a daunting challenge worldwide. Biofilm formation appears to be the main reason for the persistence of S. suis. In this review we gather existing knowledge on S. suis biofilm, describing the role of biofilm formation in S. suis virulence and drug resistance, the regulatory factors of S. suis biofilm formation, and the research progress of inhibiting S. suis biofilm formation, with the aim of providing guidance for future studies related to the field of S. suis biofilms.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Streptococcus suis; Virulence; Biofilms; Streptococcal Infections; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 38280304
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110005 -
Veterinary World Feb 2024Among serotypes, serotype 2 is the most significant serotype that causes serious diseases in pigs and humans worldwide. The present study aimed to estimate the global...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Among serotypes, serotype 2 is the most significant serotype that causes serious diseases in pigs and humans worldwide. The present study aimed to estimate the global prevalence of serotype 2 isolated from pigs, determine its trend, and explore the factors associated with this serotype.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We retrieved relevant published studies from PubMed, Scopus, and the Web of Science. The retrieved citations were screened for possible inclusion. Relevant data were then extracted from the included studies. The random-effects model was used for all meta-analyses. A subgroup meta-analysis was used to assess the heterogeneity of the prevalence for four characteristics (continents, sampling organs, reporting unit, and pig's health status). A cumulative meta-analysis was performed to determine the cumulative prevalence over time. Meta-regression analysis was used to determine the trend of pooled prevalence of serotype 2 over time.
RESULTS
Of 600 articles retrieved, 36 studies comprising a total sample size of 6939 isolates or samples from 16 countries of four continents were included for meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of serotype 2 isolated from pigs was 13.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.7%-17.1%), with high heterogeneity among the included studies (Cochran's Q, 431.6; p < 0.001; I = 91.9%; Table-1). No statistical significance was observed among subgroups of the four characteristics examined. However, the pooled prevalence of serotype 2 was as high as 16.0% (95% CI, 12.5%-20.3%; n = 16) in diseased pigs compared with 9.9% (95% CI, 5.6%-17.0%; n = 15) in healthy pigs. The pooled prevalence of serotype 2 isolated from pigs did not significantly decrease over time [regression coefficient = -0.020 (95% CI, 0.046-0.006, p = 0.139)]. The pooled prevalence of serotype 2 isolated from pigs fluctuated slightly between 13.2% and 17.8% from 2007 to 2023, although the pooled prevalence gradually decreased from 30.6% in 1987 to over 20% in 2003.
CONCLUSION
The global prevalence of serotype 2 isolated from pigs was estimated to be 13.6% (approximately 10% in healthy pigs and around 16% in diseased pigs). serotype 2 isolated from pigs did not change significantly over time. These results indicate that serotype 2 remains a problem for the pig industry and poses a threat to human health.
PubMed: 38595647
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.233-244 -
Acta Oto-laryngologica Feb 2024Hearing loss is a common sequala of () meningitis, but few have addressed cochlear implantation (CI) candidates with meningitis.
BACKGROUND
Hearing loss is a common sequala of () meningitis, but few have addressed cochlear implantation (CI) candidates with meningitis.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the clinical characteristics and CI postoperative outcomes in meningitis patients.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Eight meningitis patients underwent CI at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital between 2020 and 2023. Control groups included (1) non-Suis meningitis patients ( = 12) and (2) non-meningitis patients ( = 35). Electrode impedances and neural response telemetry (NRT) thresholds were recorded at one month after surgery. The auditory performance-II (CAP) and speech intelligibility rating (SIR) were recorded at the last visit.
RESULTS
CAP scores of meningitis patients were significantly lower than those of non-Suis meningitis and non-meningitis patients ( = .019; <.001). And NRT thresholds of meningitis patients were higher than those of non-Suis meningitis and non-meningitis patients ( = .006; = .027).
CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE
It is recommended for meningitis CI candidates to undergo CI promptly after controlling infection, preferably within four to six weeks. CI users with meningitis tend to exhibit suboptimal hearing rehabilitation outcomes, possibly associated with the more severe damage on spiral ganglion cells after meningitis.
Topics: Humans; Cochlear Implantation; Male; Streptococcus suis; Female; Meningitis, Bacterial; Adult; Middle Aged; Streptococcal Infections; Aged; Young Adult
PubMed: 38651889
DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2024.2323650 -
Veterinary Research Aug 2023Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) is an important zoonotic pathogen with the characteristics of high mortality and morbidity, which brings great challenges to prevent...
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) is an important zoonotic pathogen with the characteristics of high mortality and morbidity, which brings great challenges to prevent and control epidemic disease in the swine industry. Cathelicidins (CATH) are antimicrobial peptides with antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. In this study, bactericidal and anti-inflammatory effects of chicken cathelicidin-1 (CATH-1) were investigated in vitro and in vivo against SS2 infection. The results show that CATH-1 exhibited a better bactericidal effect compared to other species' cathelicidins including chickens (CATH-2, -3, and -B1), mice (CRAMP) and pigs (PMAP-36 and PR-39), which rapidly killed bacteria in 20 min by a time-killing curve assay. Furthermore, CATH-1 destroyed the bacterial morphology and affected bacterial ultrastructure as observed under electron microscopy. Moreover, CATH-1 antibacterial activity in vivo shows that CATH-1 increased survival rate of SS2-infected mice by 60% and significantly reduced the bacterial load in the lungs, liver, spleen, blood, and peritoneal lavage as well as the release of SS2-induced inflammatory cytokines including IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-12, and IL-18. Importantly, CATH-1 did not show severe histopathological changes in mice. Further studies on the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity show that CATH-1 not only reduced the inflammatory response through direct neutralization, but also by regulating the TLR2/4/NF-κB/ERK pathway. This study provides a scientific basis for the research and development of antimicrobial peptides as new antimicrobial agents.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Swine; Streptococcus suis; Cathelicidins; Chickens; Serogroup; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimicrobial Peptides
PubMed: 37605242
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01199-1 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2024Streptococcus suis is an important zoonotic pathogen causing severe infections in pigs and humans. Serotyping of S. suis strains is crucial for epidemiological...
Streptococcus suis is an important zoonotic pathogen causing severe infections in pigs and humans. Serotyping of S. suis strains is crucial for epidemiological surveillance, outbreak investigations, and understanding the pathogenesis of this bacterium. Here, we describe a step-by-step approach that enhances a previously developed pipeline by utilizing a computational script for efficient and accurate typing of S. suis strains. The pipeline is implemented in Perl programming language and leverages the Short Read Sequence Typing for Bacterial Pathogens (SRST2) tool. It integrates various bioinformatics techniques and utilizes multiple databases, including a serotype database, cpsH confirmation database, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) database, recN species-specific gene database, and virulence gene database. These databases contain comprehensive information on S. suis serotypes, genetic markers, and virulence factors. The script can utilize paired-end or single-end fastq files as input and first confirms the species by sequence read data aligning to the recN gene, ensuring the accurate identification of S. suis strains. The pipeline next performs MLST typing and virulence factor identification using SRST2 while in a parallel processes it performs in silico serotyping of the strains. The pipeline offers a streamlined and semiautomated approach to serotyping S. suis strains, facilitating large-scale studies and reducing the manual effort required for data analysis.
Topics: Streptococcus suis; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Computational Biology; Animals; Software; Virulence Factors; Humans; Swine; Serotyping; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Computer Simulation; Databases, Genetic; Streptococcal Infections
PubMed: 38884907
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3898-9_2 -
The Veterinary Record Sep 2023Streptococcus suis can cause meningitis, polyarthritis and acute death in piglets. However, the risk factors associated with S. suis infection remain incompletely...
BACKGROUND
Streptococcus suis can cause meningitis, polyarthritis and acute death in piglets. However, the risk factors associated with S. suis infection remain incompletely understood. Therefore, a longitudinal study was carried out, in which six batches from two Spanish pig farms with S. suis problems were repeatedly examined to determine possible risk factors.
METHODS
A prospective case-control study was conducted, and potential risk factors were evaluated using mixed-effects logistic regression models. The explanatory variables included: (a) concomitant pathogens; (b) biomarkers associated with stress, inflammation and oxidative status; (c) farm environmental factors; and (d) parity and S. suis presence in sows. Three models were built to study the effect of these variables, including two to assess the risk factors involved in the subsequent development of disease.
RESULTS
Risk factors for S. suis-associated disease included porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus co-infection at weaning (odds ratio [OR] = 6.69), sow parity (OR = 0.71), haptoglobin level before weaning (OR = 1.01), relative humidity (OR = 1.11) and temperature (OR = 0.13).
LIMITATIONS
Laboratory diagnosis was done at the batch level, with individual diagnosis based on clinical signs only.
CONCLUSIONS
This study confirms the multifactorial nature of S. suis-associated disease, with both environmental factors and factors related to the host involved in disease development. Controlling these factors may, therefore, help prevent the appearance of disease.
Topics: Pregnancy; Animals; Swine; Female; Swine Diseases; Streptococcus suis; Farms; Spain; Longitudinal Studies; Case-Control Studies; Risk Factors; Streptococcal Infections
PubMed: 37269537
DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3056 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2024This chapter addresses the cultivation, identification, and characterization of Streptococcus suis. Here, we describe in detail the most used methodologies and expected...
This chapter addresses the cultivation, identification, and characterization of Streptococcus suis. Here, we describe in detail the most used methodologies and expected results.
Topics: Streptococcus suis; Humans; Streptococcal Infections; Bacteriological Techniques; Animals
PubMed: 38884906
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3898-9_1 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) has been a major animal health, welfare, and economic problem in Hungary; therefore, great emphasis should be put on both the...
Porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC) has been a major animal health, welfare, and economic problem in Hungary; therefore, great emphasis should be put on both the prevention and control of this complex disease. As antibacterial agents are effective tools for control, antibiotic susceptibility testing is indispensable for the proper implementation of antibacterial therapy and to prevent the spread of resistance. The best method for this is to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by the broth microdilution method. In our study, we measured the MIC values of 164 , 65 , and 118 isolates isolated from clinical cases against the following antibacterial agents: amoxicillin, ceftiofur, cefquinome, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, tylosin, tilmicosin, tylvalosin, tulathromycin, lincomycin, tiamulin, florfenicol, colistin, enrofloxacin, and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Outstanding efficacy against isolates was observed with ceftiofur (100%) and tulathromycin (100%), while high levels of resistance were observed against cefquinome (92.7%) and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (90.8%). Ceftiofur (98.4%), enrofloxacin (100%), florfenicol (100%), and tulathromycin (100%) were found to be highly effective against isolates, while 100% resistance was detected against the sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim combination. For the isolates, only ceftiofur (100%) was not found to be resistant, while the highest rate of resistance was observed against the sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim combination (94.3%). An increasing number of studies report multi-resistant strains of all three pathogens, making their monitoring a high priority for animal and public health.
PubMed: 37627719
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12081298 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2024is one of the porcine pathogens that have recently emerged as a pathogen capable of causing zoonoses in some humans. Patients infected with can present with sepsis,...
INTRODUCTION
is one of the porcine pathogens that have recently emerged as a pathogen capable of causing zoonoses in some humans. Patients infected with can present with sepsis, meningitis, or arthritis. Compared to common pathogens, such as , , and , infections in humans have been reported only rarely.
METHODS
This case report described a 57-year-old man who presented with impaired consciousness and fever following several days of backache. He was a butcher who worked in an abattoir and had wounded his hands 2 weeks prior. The patient was dependent on alcohol for almost 40 years. was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid by metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Although he received adequate meropenem and low-dose steroid therapy, the patient suffered from bilateral sudden deafness after 5 days of the infection. The final diagnosis was meningitis and sepsis.
RESULTS
The patient survived with hearing loss in both ears and dizziness at the 60-day follow-up.
DISCUSSION
We reported a case of infection manifested as purulent meningitis and sepsis. Based on literature published worldwide, human meningitis shows an acute onset and rapid progression in the nervous system. Similar to bacterial meningitis, effective antibiotics, and low-dose steroids play important roles in the treatment of human meningitis.
Topics: Humans; Streptococcus suis; Male; Middle Aged; Streptococcal Infections; China; Meningitis, Bacterial; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Sepsis; Hearing Loss, Sudden
PubMed: 38808002
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1369703 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2023Highly virulent () infections can cause Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS) in pigs and humans, in which an excessive inflammatory response causes severe...
Highly virulent () infections can cause Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS) in pigs and humans, in which an excessive inflammatory response causes severe damage. Hemolysin (SLY) is a major virulence factor of serotype 2 that produces pores in the target cell membrane, leading to cytoplasmic K efflux and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, ultimately causing STSLS. The critical aspect of hemolysin in the pathogenesis of type 2 makes it an attractive target for the development of innovative anti-virulence drugs. Here, we use the toxin protein (SLY) as a target for virtual screening. A compound called canagliflozin, a hypoglycemic agent, was identified through screening. Canagliflozin significantly inhibits the hemolytic activity of hemolysin. The results combined with molecular dynamics simulation, surface plasmon resonance, and nano differential scanning fluorimetry show that canagliflozin inhibits the hemolytic activity of SLY by binding to SLY. In addition, canagliflozin markedly reduced the release of SC19-induced inflammatory factors at the cellular level and in mice. Importantly, the combination of canagliflozin and ampicillin had a 90% success rate in mice, significantly greater than the therapeutic effect of ampicillin. The findings suggest that canagliflozin may be a promising new drug candidate for infections.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Swine; Hemolysin Proteins; Canagliflozin; Streptococcus suis; Ampicillin; Biological Transport; Streptococcal Infections
PubMed: 37685881
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713074