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Veterinary Sciences Jan 2024Locomotor and central nervous system disorders occur during pig rearing, but there is no systematic recording of the different causative agents in Germany. Joint and...
Locomotor and central nervous system disorders occur during pig rearing, but there is no systematic recording of the different causative agents in Germany. Joint and meningeal swabs, kidneys, lungs, and eight different lymph nodes per pig were cultured, and isolated pathogens were identified using polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). The and pathotype of () isolates were determined using multiplex-PCR. was the most important pathogen in the infected joints (70.8%) and meningeal swabs (85.4%) and was most frequently detected in both sites in suckling and weaning piglets. To elucidate the possible portal of entry of , eight different lymph nodes from 201 pigs were examined in a prospective study. was detected in all examined lymph nodes ( = 1569), including the mesenteric lymph nodes (15.8%; = 121/765), with 9 (37.2%; = 147) and 2 (24.3%; = 96) being the most dominating types. In piglets with a systemic infection, different lymph nodes are frequently infected with the invasive strain, which does not help clarify the portal of entry for .
PubMed: 38250923
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010017 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... May 2024is a major agent of disease in modern swine operations, linked to increased mortality, treatment costs, and secondary infections. Although it is ubiquitous in swine,...
OBJECTIVE
is a major agent of disease in modern swine operations, linked to increased mortality, treatment costs, and secondary infections. Although it is ubiquitous in swine, only a fraction of pigs develop clinical disease. The goals of this study were to profile isolates obtained from diseased pigs in western Canada and to investigate potential associations with disease severity.
PROCEDURE
Isolates of ( = 128) from 75 diagnostic submission and 63 premises were paired with epidemiological surveys completed by submitting practitioners ( = 22). Whole-genome sequencing was used to type isolates.
RESULTS
The most prevalent serotypes identified were 1/2 (7.8%, 10/128), 2 (9.3%, 12/128), 3 (9.3%, 12/128), and 7 (7.8%, 10/128); and sequence types 28 (17%, 23/128) and 839 (14%, 19/128). There was no association between serotype or sequence type and organ source or barn location. Approximately 74% (14/19) of the premises had diseased animals colonized by > 1 serotype, but only 1 pig was simultaneously infected with multiple serotypes and sequence types. Serotype distribution from diseased pigs in western Canada differed from that of those in other geographic regions.
CONCLUSION
Infection of diseased pigs by multiple serotypes should be considered when disease control strategies are implemented. No association between type and isolation organ was identified.
Topics: Animals; Streptococcus suis; Swine; Swine Diseases; Streptococcal Infections; Serogroup; Canada
PubMed: 38694742
DOI: No ID Found -
Retinal Cases & Brief Reports Sep 2023Streptococcus suis is a major porcine pathogen that can cause severe systemic infection in humans. The common clinical features include meningitis, septicemia, purulent...
BACKGROUND
Streptococcus suis is a major porcine pathogen that can cause severe systemic infection in humans. The common clinical features include meningitis, septicemia, purulent arthritis, and oftentimes deafness. However, ocular inflammation is very rare.
METHODS
We report the case of endogenous endophthalmitis, meningitis, and septicemia caused by S. suis. The patient received 2 months of systemic antibiotics therapy, intravitreal vancomycin, and vitrectomy combining phacoemulsification with intraocular lens without silicone oil-filled.
RESULTS
The result with the best-corrected visual acuity was 20/40 on the left eye and 20/25 on the right eye.
CONCLUSION
This case illustrates the rare presentation of endogenous endophthalmitis in a patient with meningitis due to S. suis. In patients presenting with endophthalmitis and meningitis, S. suis should be considered, especially if prominent and early visual acuity impairment is present.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Swine; Streptococcus suis; Endophthalmitis; Meningitis; Eye; Sepsis; Vision, Low
PubMed: 37643035
DOI: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000001261 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Mar 2024Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is a zoonotic agent that causes substantial economic losses to the swine industry and threatens human public health. Factors that...
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 is a zoonotic agent that causes substantial economic losses to the swine industry and threatens human public health. Factors that contribute to its ability to cause disease are not yet fully understood. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is an enzyme found in living cells and plays vital roles in cellular metabolism. It has also been shown to affect pathogenic potential of certain bacteria. In this study, we constructed a S. suis serotype 2 GDH mutant (Δgdh) by insertional inactivation mediated by a homologous recombination event and confirmed loss of expression of GDH in the mutant by immunoblot and enzyme activity staining assays. Compared with the wild type (WT) strain, Δgdh displayed a different phenotype. It exhibited impaired growth in all conditions evaluated (solid and broth media, increased temperature, varying pH, and salinity) and formed cells of reduced size. Using a swine infection model, pigs inoculated with the WT strain exhibited fever, specific signs of disease, and lesions, and the strain could be re-isolated from the brain, lung, joint fluid, and blood samples collected from the infected pigs. Pigs inoculated with the Δgdh strain did not exhibit any clinical signs of disease nor histologic lesions, and the strain could not be re-isolated from any of the tissues nor body fluid sampled. The Δgdh also showed a decreased level of survival in pig blood. Taken together, these results suggest that the gdh is important in S. suis physiology and its ability to colonize, disseminate, and cause disease.
Topics: Swine; Animals; Humans; Virulence; Glutamate Dehydrogenase; Streptococcus suis; Serogroup; Virulence Factors; Swine Diseases; Streptococcal Infections
PubMed: 38309311
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106565 -
The Journal of Antimicrobial... Aug 2023To identify the novel genetic elements involved in the horizontal transfer of the oxazolidinone/phenicol resistance gene optrA in Streptococcus suis.
Characterization of an optrA-harbouring unconventional circularizable structure located on a novel ICESa2603 family-like integrative and conjugative element ICESsuHN38 in Streptococcus suis.
OBJECTIVES
To identify the novel genetic elements involved in the horizontal transfer of the oxazolidinone/phenicol resistance gene optrA in Streptococcus suis.
METHODS
Whole-genome DNA of the optrA-positive isolate S. suis HN38 was subjected to WGS via both Illumina HiSeq and Oxford Nanopore platforms. MICs of several antimicrobial agents (erythromycin, linezolid, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, rifampicin and tetracycline) were determined by broth microdilution. PCR assays were performed to identify the circular forms of the novel integrative and conjugative element (ICE) ICESsuHN38, but also the unconventional circularizable structure (UCS) excised from this ICE. The transferability of ICESsuHN38 was evaluated by conjugation assays.
RESULTS
S. suis isolate HN38 harboured the oxazolidinone/phenicol resistance gene optrA. The optrA gene was flanked by two copies of erm(B) genes in the same orientation, located on a novel ICESa2603 family-like ICE, designated ICESsuHN38. PCR assays revealed that a novel UCS carrying the optrA and one copy of erm(B) could be excised from ICESsuHN38. Conjugation assays confirmed that ICESsuHN38 was able to successfully transfer into the recipient strain S. suis BAA.
CONCLUSIONS
In this work, a novel optrA-carrying mobile genetic element, a UCS, was identified in S. suis. The optrA gene was flanked by copies of erm(B) and its location on the novel ICESsuHN38 will aid its horizontal dissemination.
Topics: Streptococcus suis; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genes, Bacterial; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Oxazolidinones
PubMed: 37390381
DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad205 -
Virulence Dec 2024Pathogenic bacteria have evolved many strategies to evade surveillance and attack by complements. is an important zoonotic pathogen that infects humans and pigs....
Pathogenic bacteria have evolved many strategies to evade surveillance and attack by complements. is an important zoonotic pathogen that infects humans and pigs. Hyaluronidase (HylA) has been reported to be a potential virulence factor of . However, in this study, it was discovered that the genomic region encoding HylA of the virulent strain SC19 and other ST1 strains was truncated into four fragments when aligned with a strain containing intact HylA and possessing hyaluronidase activity. As a result, SC19 had no hyaluronidase activity, but one truncated HylA fragment, designated as HylS,' directly interacted with complement C3b, as confirmed by western ligand blotting, pull-down, and ELISA assays. The deposition of C3b and membrane attack complex (MAC) formation on the surface of a HylS'-deleted mutant (Δ) was significantly increased compared to wild-type SC19. In human sera and whole blood, Δ survival was significantly reduced compared to that in SC19. The resistance of Δ to macrophages and human polymorphonuclear neutrophil PMNs also decreased. In a mouse infection model, Δ showed reduced lethality and lower bacterial load in the organs compared to that of SC19. We conclude that the truncated hyaluronidase HylS' fragment contributes to complement evasion and the pathogenesis of .
Topics: Mice; Animals; Humans; Swine; Immune Evasion; Complement C3b; Streptococcus suis; Hyaluronoglucosaminidase; Virulence Factors; Complement System Proteins; Immunologic Factors; Streptococcal Infections; Bacterial Proteins
PubMed: 38251716
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2306691 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2023() is a swine pathogen that can cause sepsis, meningitis, endocarditis, and other infectious diseases; it is also a zoonotic pathogen that has caused a global surge in...
() is a swine pathogen that can cause sepsis, meningitis, endocarditis, and other infectious diseases; it is also a zoonotic pathogen that has caused a global surge in fatal human infections. The widespread prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains and the decline in novel antibiotic candidates have necessitated the development of alternative antimicrobial agents. In this study, AVPL, the () phage lysin, was found to exhibit efficient bactericidal activity and broad lytic activity against multiple serotypes of . A final concentration of 300 μg/mL AVPL reduced counts by 4-4.5 log10 within 1 h in vitro. Importantly, AVPL effectively inhibited 48 h biofilm formation and disrupted preformed biofilms. In a mouse model, 300 μg/mouse AVPL protected 100% of mice from infection following the administration of lethal doses of multidrug-resistant type 2 (SS2) strain SC19, reduced the bacterial load in different organs, and effectively alleviated inflammation and histopathological damage in infected mice. These data suggest that AVPL is a valuable candidate antimicrobial agent for treating infections.
Topics: Animals; Swine; Humans; Mice; Bacteriophages; Aerococcus; Streptococcus suis; Streptococcal Infections; Bacteremia; Disease Models, Animal
PubMed: 38068990
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316670 -
Microorganisms Feb 2024Respiratory illnesses present a significant threat to porcine health, with co-infections involving Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), (),...
Establishment and Application of a Quadruplex Real-Time Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Differentiation of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Porcine Circovirus Type 2, Porcine Circovirus Type 3, and .
Respiratory illnesses present a significant threat to porcine health, with co-infections involving Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), (), Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2), and Porcine Circovirus Type 3 (PCV3) acting as the primary causative agents. As a result, the precise diagnosis of PRRSV, PCV2, PCV3 and is of paramount importance in the prevention and control of respiratory diseases in swine. Therefore, we conducted a molecular bioinformatical analysis to concurrently detect and differentiate PRRSV, PCV2, PCV3 and . We selected the ORF6 gene of PRRSV, the ORF2 gene of PCV2 and PCV3, and the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) gene of as targets. Specific primers and probes were designed for each pathogen, and following meticulous optimization of reaction conditions, we established a multiple TaqMan fluorescence quantitative PCR detection method. Subsequently, we subjected this method to a comprehensive assessment, evaluating its specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability. The research results demonstrated that the established multiple TaqMan fluorescence quantitative PCR detection method displays displayed exemplary specificity, with no instances of cross-reactivity with other pathogens. The method's minimum detection concentrations for PRRSV, PCV2, PCV3, and were 2.80 × 10 copies/µL, 1.96 × 10 copies/µL, 2.30 × 10 copies/µL, and 1.75 × 10 copies/µL, respectively. When applied to the analysis of 30 clinical samples, the results closely mirrored those obtained through Chinese standard uniplex real-time qPCR detection method for PRRSV, as well as the general PCR methods for , PCV2, and PCV3. This study underscores the robust specificity, high sensitivity, and consistent stability of the multiple TaqMan fluorescence quantitative PCR detection method that we have developed. It is ideally suited to the clinical monitoring of PRRSV, PCV2, PCV3, and , and it carries significant importance in ongoing efforts to prevent and manage respiratory diseases in porcine populations.
PubMed: 38543477
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12030427 -
Veterinary World Jan 2024is a zoonotic pathogen that is highly associated with contact between live pigs and raw pig material. In view of the recent reports of human infections in Malaysia,...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
is a zoonotic pathogen that is highly associated with contact between live pigs and raw pig material. In view of the recent reports of human infections in Malaysia, epidemiological data on the status of in the human population, especially among people working closely with pigs and/or raw pork, should be provided. The aim of this study was to detect among individuals working in the swine industry in several major pig production areas in Peninsular Malaysia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Demographic information, exposure determinants, and oral swabs were collected from swine personnel, including farmers, butchers, and veterinarians. Oral swabs were subjected to bacterial isolation and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for detection.
RESULTS
The study included 40 participants working in the swine industry, with a predominant representation of males (62.5%) and Malaysian Chinese individuals (60.0%) who consumed pork (92.5%). Notably, none of the participants reported consuming raw or partially cooked pork. In spite of their occupational exposure risk, none of the oral swabs showed positive results for infection.
CONCLUSION
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report and detection study of using oral swabs obtained from swine personnel in Peninsular Malaysia.
PubMed: 38406356
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1-7 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Jan 2024The objective of this study was to monitor fecal shedding in nursery pigs on a farm with a history of disease involving serotypes 2 and 9.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to monitor fecal shedding in nursery pigs on a farm with a history of disease involving serotypes 2 and 9.
ANIMAL AND PROCEDURE
Four cohorts of pigs ( = 480) were monitored from weaning to end of nursery. Rectal swabs from 297 pigs were tested and serotypes 15 ( = 7), 31 ( = 3), or untypeable ( = 6) isolates were recovered from 16 (5.4%) pigs.
RESULTS
There was no significant association between fecal shedding and diarrhea. isolates recovered from pigs euthanized due to neurological signs or severe lameness were serotypes 9 (meninges) and 31 (tonsil) or untypeable (meninges, tonsil). Serotypes 9 (meninges, tonsil), 15 (spleen, tonsil), 16 (tonsil), 29 and 33 (nasal swabs), and untypeable (meninges, tonsil, and lung) isolates were identified in lame pigs.
CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
These results suggest that feces may not be a source of infection for the serotypes producing disease in pigs; however, the association between fecal shedding and diarrhea needs further investigation. The coincidence of untypeable isolates in feces from healthy pigs and their isolation from meninges of pigs with neurological signs warrants further investigation to determine the molecular characteristics of those isolates.
Topics: Swine; Animals; Serogroup; Streptococcus suis; Streptococcal Infections; Swine Diseases; Diarrhea
PubMed: 38164374
DOI: No ID Found