Did you mean: strongyloides
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Nature Reviews. Disease Primers Jan 2024Strongyloidiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused primarily by the roundworm Strongyloides stercoralis. Strongyloidiasis is most prevalent in Southeast Asia and... (Review)
Review
Strongyloidiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused primarily by the roundworm Strongyloides stercoralis. Strongyloidiasis is most prevalent in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. Although cases have been documented worldwide, global prevalence is largely unknown due to limited surveillance. Infection of the definitive human host occurs via direct skin penetration of the infective filariform larvae. Parasitic females reside in the small intestine and reproduce via parthenogenesis, where eggs hatch inside the host before rhabditiform larvae are excreted in faeces to begin the single generation free-living life cycle. Rhabditiform larvae can also develop directly into infectious filariform larvae in the gut and cause autoinfection. Although many are asymptomatic, infected individuals may report a range of non-specific gastrointestinal, respiratory or skin symptoms. Autoinfection may cause hyperinfection and disseminated strongyloidiasis in immunocompromised individuals, which is often fatal. Diagnosis requires direct examination of larvae in clinical specimens, positive serology or nucleic acid detection. However, there is a lack of standardization of techniques for all diagnostic types. Ivermectin is the treatment of choice. Control and elimination of strongyloidiasis will require a multifaceted, integrated approach, including highly sensitive and standardized diagnostics, active surveillance, health information, education and communication strategies, improved water, sanitation and hygiene, access to efficacious treatment, vaccine development and better integration and acknowledgement in current helminth control programmes.
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Strongyloidiasis; Strongyloides stercoralis; Ivermectin; Immunocompromised Host; Feces
PubMed: 38272922
DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00490-x -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Dec 2023Strongyloidiasis is a World Health Organization neglected tropical disease usually caused by , a parasitic worm with a complex life cycle. Globally, 300-600 million... (Review)
Review
Strongyloidiasis is a World Health Organization neglected tropical disease usually caused by , a parasitic worm with a complex life cycle. Globally, 300-600 million people are infected through contact with fecally contaminated soil. An autoinfective component of the life cycle can lead to chronic infection that may be asymptomatic or cause long-term symptoms, including malnourishment in children. Low larval output can limit the sensitivity of detection in stool, with serology being effective but less sensitive in immunocompromise. Host immunosuppression can trigger catastrophic, fatal hyperinfection/dissemination, where large numbers of larvae pierce the bowel wall and disseminate throughout the organs. Stable disease is effectively treated by single-dose ivermectin, with disease in immunocompromised patients treated with multiple doses. Strategies for management include raising awareness, clarifying zoonotic potential, the development and use of effective diagnostic tests for epidemiological studies and individual diagnosis, and the implementation of treatment programs with research into therapeutic alternatives and medication safety.
Topics: Animals; Child; Humans; Strongyloidiasis; Ivermectin; Strongyloides stercoralis; Immunocompromised Host; Immunosuppression Therapy
PubMed: 37937980
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00033-23 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jan 2024infection remains a major veterinary and public health challenge globally. This chronic and potentially lifelong disease has fatal outcomes in immunosuppressed people... (Review)
Review
infection remains a major veterinary and public health challenge globally. This chronic and potentially lifelong disease has fatal outcomes in immunosuppressed people and dogs. Currently, the role of dogs in the transmission cycle of human strongyloidiasis remains enigmatic. While zoonotic transmission to humans from companion animals has been proposed, this has not been confirmed. Modern molecular methods have allowed greater opportunity to explore the genotypes of in dogs and humans. Work thus far has demonstrated that at least two distinct lineages exist, one apparently confined to canine hosts and one found in canine, feline, human and non-human primate hosts. Although genotyping of dog and human isolates from the same village has demonstrated identical genotypes in both species, coprophagia of human waste by dogs confounds interpretation. It remains unclear if dogs act as a zoonotic reservoir for human infection, or vice versa, or if this occurs only in some regions of the world and not in others. These questions must be answered before effective control strategies for strongyloidiasis can be instituted. This review explores the evidence for and against cross-species transmission of between dogs and humans and summarizes future directions for research in this area. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting Issue ': omics to worm-free populations'.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Humans; Cats; Strongyloidiasis; Feces; Dog Diseases; Zoonoses; Strongyloides; Primates
PubMed: 38008118
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0445 -
Biomolecules Oct 2023Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). HTLV-1 carriers have a lifelong asymptomatic balance between infected cells and... (Review)
Review
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). HTLV-1 carriers have a lifelong asymptomatic balance between infected cells and host antiviral immunity; however, 5-10% of carriers lose this balance and develop ATL. Coinfection with promotes ATL development, suggesting that the immunological status of infected individuals is a determinant of HTLV-1 pathogenicity. As CD4+ T cells play a central role in host immunity, the deregulation of their function and differentiation via HTLV-1 promotes the immune evasion of infected T cells. During ATL development, the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in key host immunity-related genes further disturbs the immunological balance. Various approaches are available for treating these abnormalities; however, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is currently the only treatment with the potential to cure ATL. The patient's immune state may contribute to the treatment outcome. Additionally, the activity of the anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 antibody, mogamulizumab, depends on immune function, including antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the immunopathogenesis of HTLV-1 infection in ATL and discuss the clinical findings that should be considered when developing treatment strategies for ATL.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Lymphoma
PubMed: 37892225
DOI: 10.3390/biom13101543 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Jan 2024The genus of parasitic nematodes have a fascinating life cycle and biology, but are also important pathogens of people and a World Health Organization-defined neglected... (Review)
Review
The genus of parasitic nematodes have a fascinating life cycle and biology, but are also important pathogens of people and a World Health Organization-defined neglected tropical disease. Here, a community of researchers have posed thirteen major questions about biology and infection that sets a research agenda for the future. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ': omics to worm-free populations'.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Strongyloides; Life Cycle Stages
PubMed: 38008122
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0004 -
Retinoic acid drives intestine-specific adaptation of effector ILC2s originating from distant sites.The Journal of Experimental Medicine Dec 2023Adaptation of immune cells to tissue-specific microenvironments is a crucial process in homeostasis and inflammation. Here, we show that murine effector type 2 innate...
Adaptation of immune cells to tissue-specific microenvironments is a crucial process in homeostasis and inflammation. Here, we show that murine effector type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) from various organs are equally effective in repopulating ILC2 niches in other anatomical locations where they adapt tissue-specific phenotypes of target organs. Single-cell transcriptomics of ILC2 populations revealed upregulation of retinoic acid (RA) signaling in ILC2s during adaptation to the small intestinal microenvironment, and RA signaling mediated reprogramming of kidney effector ILC2s toward the small intestinal phenotype in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of intestinal ILC2 adaptation by blocking RA signaling impaired worm expulsion during Strongyloides ratti infection, indicating functional importance of ILC2 tissue imprinting. In conclusion, this study highlights that effector ILC2s retain the ability to adapt to changing tissue-specific microenvironments, enabling them to exert tissue-specific functions, such as promoting control of intestinal helminth infections.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Immunity, Innate; Tretinoin; Lymphocytes; Intestines; Inflammation; Cytokines
PubMed: 37773047
DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221015 -
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Jul 2023and cytomegalovirus co-infections are rarely reported, even though they are distinguished by high morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised hosts. We... (Review)
Review
and cytomegalovirus co-infections are rarely reported, even though they are distinguished by high morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised hosts. We narratively reviewed the literature on reported cases of and CMV co-infections in immunosuppressed patients. Most cases occurred in males with a median age of 47 (IQR, 37-59). /CMV co-infections occurred among immunocompromised hosts, especially in solid organ transplants and hematological or rheumatological diseases. Most of the patients underwent a course of steroid treatment before the diagnosis of co-infections. Other common immunomodulatory agents were tacrolimus and mycophenolate. The first clinical manifestations of co-infections were mainly gastrointestinal, followed by respiratory symptoms. CMV was, in most patients, co-infected with an isolated reactivation, although manifested especially as hyperinfection syndrome. Ganciclovir and ivermectin are the mainstays of CMV and treatment. However, the treatment mortality reported in this narrative review is around 52.4%. Interestingly secondary bacterial infections are common in CMV/-infected patients.
PubMed: 37505654
DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8070358