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Journal of Hazardous Materials Feb 2024Cadmium (Cd) and antibiotic's tendency to accumulate in edible plant parts and fertile land is a worldwide issue. The combined effect of antibiotics and heavy metals on...
Cadmium (Cd) and antibiotic's tendency to accumulate in edible plant parts and fertile land is a worldwide issue. The combined effect of antibiotics and heavy metals on crops was analyzed, but not mitigation of their toxicity. This study investigated the potential of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) to alleviate the SDZ and Cd toxicity (alone/combined) to promote spinach growth. Results revealed that the ZnO 200 mg L spray decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) 14%, hydrogen peroxide (HO) 13%, and electrolyte leakage (EL) 7%, and increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) 8%, peroxidase (POD) 25%, catalase (CAT) 39% and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) 12% in spinach leaves under combined SDZ+Cd (25 mg Kg +50 mg Kg) stress compared to ZnO 100 mg L spray. Likewise, ZnO NPs 200 mg L spray enhanced the zinc (Zn) 97%, iron (Fe) 86%, magnesium (Mg) 35%, manganese (Mn) 8%, and potassium (K) 23% in shoots under combined SDZ+Cd (25 mg Kg +50 mg Kg) stress compared to ZnO 100 mg L spray. Further, ZnO 200 mg L spray reduced Cd uptake in roots by 9% and shoots 15% under combined SDZ+Cd (25 mg Kg +50 mg Kg) stress compared to ZnO 100 mg L. Overall, ZnO NPs alleviated the SDZ and Cd toxicity and enhanced spinach growth in all treatments.
Topics: Zinc; Cadmium; Zinc Oxide; Spinacia oleracea; Sulfadiazine; Hydrogen Peroxide; Superoxide Dismutase; Antioxidants; Plant Roots; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 37979422
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132903 -
The Journal of Maternal-fetal &... Dec 2023Therapeutic regimens for the treatment of toxoplasmosis are not standardized. Treatment strategy mainly at the end of the second and the beginning of the third...
Comparison of adverse reactions of spiramycin versus pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine treatment of toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: is spiramycin really the drug of choice for unproven infection of the fetus?
BACKGROUND
Therapeutic regimens for the treatment of toxoplasmosis are not standardized. Treatment strategy mainly at the end of the second and the beginning of the third trimester, especially in cases of negative prenatal diagnosis, is the least uniform. In some situations, the choice of treatment may be ambiguous, and adverse drug reactions of the therapy should be taken into consideration.
METHODS
Adverse drug reactions of anti-toxoplasma therapy with spiramycin ( = 77) versus pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine ( = 35) were compared in 112 pregnant women.
RESULTS
Up to 36.6% of women reported adverse reactions to the treatment overall ( = 41). Out of those 38.9% ( = 30) were treated with spiramycin and 31.4% ( = 11) with pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine. Toxic allergic reactions were the only indication for discontinuation of treatment in 8.9% of patients ( = 10), where 9.1% ( = 7) were reported in spiramycin and 8.6% ( = 3) in pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine cohort. Neurotoxic complications (acral paraesthesia) were significantly more frequent during the therapy with spiramycine in 19.5% ( = 15) compared to no cases in pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine group ( = .003). Other adverse drug reactions, such as gastrointestinal discomfort, nephrotoxicity, vaginal discomfort were reported, but the differences between the cohorts were not significant.
CONCLUSIONS
The superiority of one of the therapeutic regimens was not statistically demonstrated, since the differences in overall toxicity or incidence of toxic allergic reactions between the cohorts were not confirmed ( = .53 and = 1.00, respectively). However, although the isolated neurotoxicity of spiramycin was the only significant adverse reaction demonstrated in this study, pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine therapy should be preferred, because it is known to be more effective and with limited adverse reactions.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Spiramycin; Pyrimethamine; Sulfadiazine; Toxoplasmosis; Drug Therapy, Combination; Fetus; Hypersensitivity; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Toxoplasmosis, Congenital
PubMed: 37217458
DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2023.2215377 -
Analytica Chimica Acta Nov 2023Sulfadiazine (SDZ) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic widely used in aquaculture and animal husbandry and it is easy to remain in the water system to damage the human body....
Sulfadiazine (SDZ) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic widely used in aquaculture and animal husbandry and it is easy to remain in the water system to damage the human body. Therefore, detection and removal of sulfadiazine in water systems become critical. Nowadays, catalysts and visible light are used to degrade sulfadiazine into smaller molecules containing N and S to reduce toxicity. However, these small molecules are easily released into water and the atmosphere to be the acid rain. Therefore, it is urgent to design a sensor with the ability to detect and remove SDZ at the same time. (96) RESULTS: We designed a novel composite catalyst sensor (SbO@LTA GCE) with the ability to simultaneously monitor and remove sulfadiazine. The catalyst is generated by introducing SbCl into the reactive gel of LTA (Linde Type A) structure zeolite. In the hydrothermal reaction, the corrosive SbCl is transferred into nanosized SbO nanoparticle which is highly dispersed in the opening nano-scaled windows of the zeolite through redox and self-assembled progress. In the selected electrochemical overpotential range, the SbO@LTA composited modified electrode could complete adsorption and desorption of SDZ through the electron transfer from Sb to Sb. As the catalyst is in high stability, the only loss in the whole process of recovering SDZ is a small amount of electric energy. The extra-low detection limit and the removal efficiency of SbO@LTA GCE have been achieved 4.0 pM and 19.3 mg/20 mg (136) SIGNIFICANCE: The prepared novel sensor has low detection limit, high removal efficiency and high selectivity for sulfadiazine. The SbO@LTA GCE sensor, which is low-cost and has a simple preparation method, exhibits good reproducibility in both seawater and cell fluid. This provides the possibility for wide application in detecting and removing SDZ in water system. (53).
Topics: Sulfadiazine; Antimony; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Oxidation-Reduction; Electrochemical Techniques; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Limit of Detection; Electrodes; Catalysis; Oxides
PubMed: 38783737
DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341891 -
Environmental Science. Processes &... Oct 2023Dissolved organic matter (DOM) mediated indirect photodegradation can play an important role in the degradation of aquatic contaminants. Predicting the rate of this...
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) mediated indirect photodegradation can play an important role in the degradation of aquatic contaminants. Predicting the rate of this process requires knowledge of the photochemically produced reactive intermediates (PPRI) that react with the compound of interest, as well as the ability of individual DOM samples to produce PPRI. Key PPRI are typically identified using quencher studies, yet this approach often leads to results that are difficult to interpret. In this work, we analyze the indirect photodegradation of atorvastatin, carbamazepine, sulfadiazine, and benzotriazole using a diverse set of 48 waters from natural and engineered aquatic systems. We use this large data set to evaluate relationships between PPRI formation and indirect photodegradation rate constants, which are directly compared to results using standard quenching experiments. These data demonstrate that triplet state DOM (DOM) and singlet oxygen (O) are critical PPRI for atorvastatin, carbamazepine, and sulfadiazine, while hydroxyl radical (˙OH) contributes to the indirect photodegradation of benzotriazole. We caution against relying on quenching studies because quenching of DOM limits the formation of O and all studied quenchers react with ˙OH. Furthermore, we show that DOM composition directly influences indirect photodegradation and that low molecular weight, microbial-like DOM is positively correlated with the indirect photodegradation rates of carbamazepine, sulfadiazine, and benzotriazole.
Topics: Photolysis; Atorvastatin; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Sulfadiazine; Dissolved Organic Matter; Carbamazepine
PubMed: 37728410
DOI: 10.1039/d3em00304c -
Heliyon Nov 2023is widely used in traditional medicine to stop bleeding gums and treat wounds. This study was undertaken to assess the wound healing activity and toxicity profile of...
is widely used in traditional medicine to stop bleeding gums and treat wounds. This study was undertaken to assess the wound healing activity and toxicity profile of the stem bark methanol extract of (XES). Wound healing activity was determined by the dermal excision model in rats. The free radical scavenging capacity, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents were evaluated by the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), aluminum chloride colorimetric and Folin Ciocalteu methods respectively. Acute and sub-acute oral toxicity assessment was performed following the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines. Significant () dose-dependent wound healing effect, similar to that of 1 % silver sulphadiazine was elicit by the 10, 15 and 20 %/ XES ointments. The highest effect was demonstrated by XES 20 %/ which resulted in 98.3 % wound surface closure by day 9 of treatment (). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined to be 381.2 ± 12.57 mg/g gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and 460 ± 29.07 mg/g quercetin equivalent respectively. XES exhibited remarkable free radical scavenging effect (IC = 68.13 ± 1.87 μg/mL) and had a total antioxidant capacity of 279.2 ± 32.08 mg/g GAE. The LD of XES was estimated to be > 5000 mg/kg. In sub-acute toxicity, 28 days treatment with XES (250, 500, 1000 mg/kg body weight) did not result in any significant () change in the body weight or weight of the heart, lung, spleen, liver and kidneys. The haematological and biochemical profiles of XES-treated rats were not significantly () affected after 4-weeks treatment with XES, except for platelet count which increased significantly () in a non-dose-dependent manner. Histopathological examination did not reveal any toxic effect to liver cells, however at 1000 mg/kg XES, slight abnormalities were identified in the glomeruli. Microscopy of the powdered stem bark displayed calcium oxalate crystals, pitted vessels and lignified fibres. Tannins, flavonoids, coumarins, saponins, triterpenes and alkaloids were identified in the bark. This is the first report on the wound healing potential and safety profile of , giving scientific credence to its use in traditional medicine.
PubMed: 37954382
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21692 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Mar 2024Disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed from chlorination of antibiotics have greater toxicity than their parent compounds. Herein, this study investigated the...
Disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed from chlorination of antibiotics have greater toxicity than their parent compounds. Herein, this study investigated the biotransformation process of sulfadiazine Cl-DBPs in constructed wetlands (CWs). Results showed that, S atom on sulfonyl group, and N atoms on primary and secondary amine groups were the most reactive sites of sulfadiazine molecule. S1-N4 and S1-C8 of sulfadiazine are the most vulnerable bonds to cleave, followed by C14-N4 and C11-N5 bonds. In the chlorination process, sulfadiazine went through C-N bond cleavage, N-reductive alkylation, halogenation, and desulfonation to produce two aromatic Cl-DBPs. In the biodegradation process in CWs, sulfadiazine Cl-DBPs went through processes mainly including dechlorination, S-N bond cleavage, aniline-NH oxidation, desulfonation, phenol-OH oxidation, benzene ring cleavage, C-N bond cleavage, and β-oxidation of fatty acids under the action of a variety of oxidoreductases and hydrolases, during which a total of ten biodegradation products was identified. Moreover, sulfadiazine affected the biodegradation rather than the adsorption process in CWs. The two aromatic sulfadiazine Cl-DBPs had much higher bioaccumulation potentials than their parent sulfadiazine, but for the ten biodegradation products of sulfadiazine Cl-DBPs in CWs, 70% and almost 100% of them had lower bioaccumulation potentials than sulfadiazine and their parent sulfadiazine Cl-DBPs, respectively. The CWs were effective in reducing the environmental risk of sulfadiazine Cl-DBPs.
Topics: Disinfection; Halogenation; Sulfadiazine; Wetlands; Biodegradation, Environmental; Water Purification; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Disinfectants; Chlorine
PubMed: 38190872
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123310 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023Toxoplasmosis is a common protozoan infection that can have severe outcomes in the immunocompromised and during pregnancy, but treatment options are limited. Recently,...
Toxoplasmosis is a common protozoan infection that can have severe outcomes in the immunocompromised and during pregnancy, but treatment options are limited. Recently, nucleotide metabolism has received much attention as a target for new antiprotozoal agents and here we focus on pyrimidine salvage by as a drug target. Whereas uptake of [H]-cytidine and particularly [H]-thymidine was at most marginal, [H]-uracil and [H]-uridine were readily taken up. Kinetic analysis of uridine uptake was consistent with a single transporter with a K of 3.3 ± 0.8 µM, which was inhibited by uracil with high affinity (K = 1.15 ± 0.07 µM) but not by thymidine or 5-methyluridine, showing that the 5-Me group is incompatible with uptake by . Conversely, [H]-uracil transport displayed a K of 2.05 ± 0.40 µM, not significantly different from the uracil K on uridine transport, and was inhibited by uridine with a K of 2.44 ± 0.59 µM, also not significantly different from the experimental uridine K. The reciprocal, complete inhibition, displaying Hill slopes of approximately -1, strongly suggest that uridine and uracil share a single transporter with similarly high affinity for both, and we designate it uridine/uracil transporter 1 (TgUUT1). While TgUUT1 excludes 5-methyl substitutions, the smaller 5F substitution was tolerated, as 5F-uracil inhibited uptake of [H]-uracil with a K of 6.80 ± 2.12 µM ( > 0.05 compared to uracil K). Indeed, we found that 5F-Uridine, 5F-uracil and 5F,2'-deoxyuridine were all potent antimetabolites against with EC values well below that of the current first line treatment, sulfadiazine. evaluation also showed that 5F-uracil and 5F,2'-deoxyuridine were similarly effective as sulfadiazine against acute toxoplasmosis. Our preliminary conclusion is that TgUUT1 mediates potential new anti-toxoplasmosis drugs with activity superior to the current treatment.
Topics: Humans; Toxoplasma; Kinetics; Uracil; Uridine; Thymidine; Membrane Transport Proteins; Toxoplasmosis; Deoxyuridine; Sulfadiazine
PubMed: 38162577
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1320160 -
The Science of the Total Environment Dec 2023Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) are a vast group of often (very)persistent, (very)mobile and toxic (PMT/vPvM) substances that are continuously released worldwide,...
Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) are a vast group of often (very)persistent, (very)mobile and toxic (PMT/vPvM) substances that are continuously released worldwide, posing environmental and human health risks. Research on occurrence and behavior of EOCs in karst is in its infancy, thus policy measures and legislative control of these compounds in groundwater are still lacking. The Dinaric karst aquifers are an essential source of drinking water for almost half of Croatia's territory. Intense karstification, complex heterogeneous characteristics, and high fracture-cavernous porosity result in rapid, far-reaching groundwater flow and large karst springs, but also high intrinsic vulnerability due to low contaminant attenuation. To prioritize future monitoring and establish appropriate thresholds for EOCs detected in Croatian karst drinking water resources, in silico tools based on quantitative structure-activity relationships were used in PBT (persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity) and PMT/vPvM analyzes, while toxicological assessment helped identify potential threats to human health. In 33 samples collected during two sampling campaigns in 2019 at 16 karst springs and one lake used for water supply, we detected 65 compounds (EOCs and some legacy chemicals), of which 7 were classified as potentially PBT or vPvB compounds (PFOS, PFHxS, PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, boscalid, and azoxystrobin), while only 2 compounds were assessed as not PMT/vPvM. This finding underlines that most of detected EOCs potentially endanger karst (ground)water ecosystems and important drinking water sources in Croatia. Comparison of maximum concentrations with existing or derived drinking water guideline values revealed how 2 of 65 detected compounds represent a potential risk to human health at lifelong exposure (sulfadiazine and hydrochlorothiazide), while 5 chemicals warrant additional human health impacts studies and groundwater monitoring. Although most compounds do not individually pose a significant risk to human health at current environmental levels, their potential synergistic and long-term effects remain unknown.
PubMed: 37572907
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166240 -
Environment International May 2024DNA methylation is well-accepted as a bridge to unravel the complex interplay between genome and environmental exposures, and its alteration regulated the cellular...
DNA methylation is well-accepted as a bridge to unravel the complex interplay between genome and environmental exposures, and its alteration regulated the cellular metabolic responses towards pollutants. However, the mechanism underlying site-specific aberrant DNA methylation and metabolic disorders under pollutant stresses remained elusive. Herein, the multilevel omics interferences of sulfonamides (i.e., sulfadiazine and sulfamerazine), a group of antibiotics pervasive in farmland soils, towards rice in 14 days of 1 mg/L hydroponic exposure were systematically evaluated. Metabolome and transcriptome analyses showed that 57.1-71.4 % of mono- and disaccharides were accumulated, and the differentially expressed genes were involved in the promotion of sugar hydrolysis, as well as the detoxification of sulfonamides. Most differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were hypomethylated ones (accounting for 87-95 %), and 92 % of which were located in the CHH context (H = A, C, or T base). KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that CHH-DMRs in the promoter regions were enriched in sugar metabolism. To reveal the significant hypomethylation of CHH, multi-spectroscopic and thermodynamic approaches, combined with molecular simulation were conducted to investigate the molecular interaction between sulfonamides and DNA in different sequence contexts, and the result demonstrated that sulfonamides would insert into the minor grooves of DNA, and exhibited a stronger affinity with the CHH contexts of DNA compared to CG or CHG contexts. Computational modeling of DNA 3D structures further confirmed that the binding led to a pitch increase of 0.1 Å and a 3.8° decrease in the twist angle of DNA in the CHH context. This specific interaction and the downregulation of methyltransferase CMT2 (logFC = -4.04) inhibited the DNA methylation. These results indicated that DNA methylation-based assessment was useful for metabolic toxicity prediction and health risk assessment.
Topics: DNA Methylation; Oryza; Sulfonamides; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 38735075
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108737 -
Skin Research and Technology : Official... Sep 2023Burns are caused by a variety of mechanisms, including flames, hot liquids, metallurgy, chemicals, electric current, and ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. The most...
BACKGROUND
Burns are caused by a variety of mechanisms, including flames, hot liquids, metallurgy, chemicals, electric current, and ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. The most significant burn wound management involves complete repair and regeneration as soon as possible while minimizing infection, contraction, and scarring in the damaged tissue area. Some factors such as delivery of nutrients, growth factors, and oxygen are essential to promote and stimulate the wound healing progress in the burns area. When these factors are not provided, the burn wound undergoes a physiological crisis. The use of growth factors is a promising approach to overcoming this limitation. Umbilical cord blood platelet concentrates are a rich natural source of growth factors.
METHODS
This clinical trial used growth factors released from the lysis of umbilical cord blood platelet concentrates that have a key role in promoting re-epithelization and regeneration of damaged tissues by forming a fibrin network. This study evaluated the effectiveness of allogeneic cord blood platelet gel topical dressing in a group of patients diagnosed with superficial and deep partial thickness (second-degree) burn wounds. Clinical outcomes were compared between the intervention group and a control group of patients with superficial second-degree burn wounds who received the standard routine treatment including paraffin gauze wound dressing and silver sulfadiazine ointment.
RESULTS
The study's results showed that the increased rate of recovery and tissue granulation completely promoted to wound healing and burn wound closure, decreased the recovery time, and reduced inflammation and scars caused by burn injuries. However, the use of cord blood platelet gel topical dressing is not currently a routine treatment method in patients suffering from burn wounds. However, the study's results showed that allogenic cord blood platelet gel could be used to treat superficial and deep second-degree burns as a routine treatment. It was also shown that allogenic cord blood platelet gel topical dressing could be a candidate for autograft or after autograft skin transplantation surgery (in donor and recipient sites) instead of skin surgery in some patients.
CONCLUSION
Allogeneic topical wound dressing provides an effective treatment that offers a faster rate of epithelialization and healing of wounds and also decreases patients' scar and inflammation level as well as the length of recovery time. This, finally, leads to better burn wound management and the improved quality of burn wound treatment.
Topics: Humans; Blood Platelets; Cicatrix; Skin; Bandages; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
PubMed: 37753692
DOI: 10.1111/srt.13471