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Journal of Chromatography. A Oct 2023In this work, carboxymethylated maltodextrin (Cm-MD) was successfully synthesized as an efficient anionic chiral selector and applied for the enantiomer separation of...
In this work, carboxymethylated maltodextrin (Cm-MD) was successfully synthesized as an efficient anionic chiral selector and applied for the enantiomer separation of some basic drugs including tramadol, venlafaxine, verapamil, hydroxyzine, citalopram, fluoxetine, and amlodipine by capillary electrophoresis (CE). The synthesized chiral selector was characterized by the nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry. Under the optimized Cm-MD modified CE conditions (background electrolyte: phosphate buffer (pH 5.0, 50 mM) containing 5% (w/v) Cm-MD; applied voltage: 20 kV; and capillary column temperature: 25 °C), successful enantiomer separation of all studied chiral drugs were observed. By comparison of Cm-MD and MD for enantiomer separation of the model drugs, it was revealed that Cm-MD exhibits a higher resolution in comparison to the MD modified CE. This enhanced resolution could be attributed to the electrostatic interactions between the cationic drugs and anionic Cm-MD and opposite direction mobility of the host-guest complex relative to the chiral analyte. The optimized Cm-MD modified CE method was successfully used for the assay of the enantiomers of citalopram and venlafaxine in commercial tablets. The proposed method showed the linear range of 5.0-150.0 mg/L and 10.0-150.0 mg/L for both enantiomers of citalopram and venlafaxine, respectively. The limits of quantification were 5.0 and 10.0 mg/L for the enantiomers of citalopram and venlafaxine, respectively. The limit of detection for all enantiomers was found to be < 3.0 mg/L. Intra- and inter-day RSDs (n = 4) were less than 9.7%. The relative errors were less than 9.4% for all enantiomers. The obtained results in this research show that Cm-MD as a new, efficient and inexpensive chiral selector can be used for enantiomer separation of basic drugs using the CE technique.
Topics: Citalopram; Venlafaxine Hydrochloride; Electrophoresis, Capillary; Amlodipine
PubMed: 37696127
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464335 -
Marine Pollution Bulletin Jul 2023The assessment of exposure to the antidepressant venlafaxine and its major metabolite o-desmethylvenlafaxine in Holothuria tubulosa, Anemonia sulcata and Actinia equina...
Accumulation and metabolization of the antidepressant venlafaxine and its main metabolite o-desmethylvenlafaxine in non-target marine organisms Holothuria tubulosa, Anemonia sulcata and Actinia equina.
The assessment of exposure to the antidepressant venlafaxine and its major metabolite o-desmethylvenlafaxine in Holothuria tubulosa, Anemonia sulcata and Actinia equina is proposed. A 28-day exposure experiment (10 μg/L day) followed by a 52-day depuration period was conducted. The accumulation shows a first-order kinetic process reaching an average concentration of 49,125/54342 ng/g dw in H. tubulosa and 64,810/93007 ng/g dw in A. sulcata. Venlafaxine is considered cumulative (BCF > 2000 L/kg dw) in H. tubulosa, A. sulcata and A. equina respectively; and o-desmethylvenlafaxine in A. sulcata. Organism-specific BCF generally followed the order A. sulcata > A. equina > H. tubulosa. The study revealed differences between tissues in metabolizing abilities in H. tubulosa this effect increases significantly with time in the digestive tract while it was negligible in the body wall. The results provide a description of venlafaxine and o-desmethylvenlafaxine accumulation in common and non-target organisms in the marine environment.
Topics: Animals; Venlafaxine Hydrochloride; Desvenlafaxine Succinate; Holothuria; Aquatic Organisms; Antidepressive Agents; Sea Anemones
PubMed: 37207394
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115055 -
Journal of Environmental Management Jun 2024Intimately coupled photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) system is a potential wastewater treatment technology, of which TiO-based ICPB system has been widely...
Efficient degradation of venlafaxine using intimately coupled high-active crystal facets exposed TiO and biodegradation system: Kinetic studies, biofilm stress behavior and transformation mechanism.
Intimately coupled photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) system is a potential wastewater treatment technology, of which TiO-based ICPB system has been widely studied. There are many ways to improve the degradation efficiency of the ICPB process, but no crystal facet engineering method has been reported yet. In this work, a new ICPB system coated with NaF-TiO exposing high energy facets was designed to degrade biorecalcitrant psychotropic drug - venlafaxine (VNF). Initially, the TiO crystal surface was modified with NaF, resulting in the formation of NaF-TiO with a 14.4% increase in the exposure ratio of (001). The contribution rate of ·OH was increased by 9.5%, and the contribution rate of h was increased by 33.2%. Next, NaF-TiO was loaded onto the surface of the sponge carrier, and then the ICPB system was constructed after about 15 days of biofilm formation. After the ICPB system was acclimated with VNF, the removal rate of COD decreased significantly (the lowest was 62.7%), but that of ammonia nitrogen remained at 50.5 ± 6.0% and the extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) secretion increased by 84.1 mg/g VSS. According to the high throughput results, at the phylum level, Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi together maintain the nitrogen removal capability and structural stability of the ICPB system. The relative abundance of Bacteroidota was significantly increased by 14.2%, suggesting that there may be some correlation between Bacteroidota and certain metabolites of the anti-depressant active ingredients. At the genus level, the Thauera (3.1%∼11.5%) is the major bacterial group that secretes EPS, protecting biofilm against external influences. Most of the changes in microorganisms are consistent with the decontamination properties and macroscopic appearance of EPS in the ICPB system. Finally, the degradation efficiency of ICPB system for VNF was investigated (92.7 ± 3.8%) and it was mostly through hydroxylation and demethylation pathways, with more small molecular products detected, providing the basis for biological assimilation of VNF. Collectively, the NaF-TiO based ICPB system would be lucrative for the future degradation of venlafaxine.
Topics: Venlafaxine Hydrochloride; Biofilms; Titanium; Biodegradation, Environmental; Kinetics; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Wastewater; Catalysis
PubMed: 38759549
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121159 -
BMJ Open Dec 2023Investigate risk for falls, fractures and syncope in older adult patients treated with nortriptyline compared with paroxetine and alternative medications.
Adverse drug events associated with nortriptyline compared with paroxetine and alternative medications in an older adult population: a retrospective cohort study in Southern California.
OBJECTIVE
Investigate risk for falls, fractures and syncope in older adult patients treated with nortriptyline compared with paroxetine and alternative medications.
DESIGN
Retrospective cohort study.
SETTING
The electronic medical record and prescription drug database of a large integrated healthcare system in Southern California.
PARTICIPANTS
Ambulatory patients, age ≥65 years diagnosed with depression, anxiety disorder or peripheral neuropathy, dispensed one or more of ten study medications between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2018.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
HR for falls, fractures and syncope with exposure to study medications adjusted for patient demographic variables and comorbidities.
RESULTS
Among 195 207 subjects, 19 305 falls, 15 088 fractures and 11 313 episodes of syncope were observed during the study period. Compared with the reference medication, nortriptyline, the adjusted HRs (aHRs) for falls were statistically significantly greater for: paroxetine (aHR 1.48, 95% CI 1.39 to 1.57), amitriptyline (1.20, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.33), venlafaxine (1.44, 95% CI 1.34 to 1.56), duloxetine (1.25, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.40), fluoxetine (1.51, 95% CI 1.44 to 1.59), sertraline (1.53, 95% CI 1.44 to 1.62), citalopram (1.61, 95% CI 1.52 to 1.71) and escitalopram (1.37, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.54), but not gabapentin (0.95, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.02). For fractures, compared with nortriptyline, aHRs were significantly greater for: paroxetine, venlafaxine, duloxetine, fluoxetine, sertraline, citalopram, escitalopram and gabapentin, with aHRs ranging from 1.30 for gabapentin to 1.82 for escitalopram; risk was statistically similar for amitriptyline. For syncope, the aHRs were significantly greater for: paroxetine, venlafaxine, fluoxetine, sertraline and citalopram, with aHRs ranging from 1.19 for fluoxetine and paroxetine up to 1.30 for citalopram and sertraline; risk was similar for amitriptyline, duloxetine, escitalopram and gabapentin.
CONCLUSIONS
Compared with therapeutic alternatives, nortriptyline was found to represent a lower risk for falls, fractures and syncope, versus comparator medications, except for a few instances that had equivalent risk. The risk for these adverse events from paroxetine was comparable to the alternative medications.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Paroxetine; Nortriptyline; Citalopram; Fluoxetine; Sertraline; Venlafaxine Hydrochloride; Amitriptyline; Duloxetine Hydrochloride; Retrospective Studies; Escitalopram; Gabapentin; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Syncope
PubMed: 38154883
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076028 -
Reproductive Toxicology (Elmsford, N.Y.) Sep 2023The chronic use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) may result in human gynecomastia, mammoplasia,...
The chronic use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) may result in human gynecomastia, mammoplasia, galactorrhea, and elevated breast cancer risk. As antidepressants are frequently used for postpartum depression (PPD) treatment, this study investigated the adverse effects of lactational exposure to venlafaxine (VENL, a selective SNRI) on mammary gland development and carcinogenesis in F1 female offspring. Thus, lactating Wistar rats (F0) received VENL by oral gavage at daily doses of 3.85, 7.7, or 15.4 mg/kg (N = 9, each group) from lactational day (LD 1) until the weaning of the offspring (LD 21). F1 female offspring were euthanized for mammary gland, and ovary histological analyses on the post-natal day (PND) 22 and 30 (1 pup/litter/period, N = 9, each group). At PND 22, other females (2 pups/litter, N = 18, each group) received a single dose of carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU, 50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.) for tumor susceptibility assay until PND 250. Tumor incidence and latency were recorded and representative tumor samples were collected for histopathology. The results indicate that lactational exposure to VENL did not alter the development of the mammary gland (epithelial ductal tree or the mean number of terminal end buds), or the ovary (weight and primary, secondary, tertiary, and Graafian follicles) in prepubertal F1 female offspring. In addition, VENL exposure did not influence tumor incidence or tumor latency in adult female offspring that received MNU. Thus, the findings of this animal study indicated that lactational VENL exposure, a period similar to human PPD, did not exert an adverse effect on the mammary gland development at the prepubertal phase or on chemically induced mammary tumorigenesis in adult F1 female rats.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Rats; Animals; Lactation; Venlafaxine Hydrochloride; Rats, Wistar; Carcinogenesis; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
PubMed: 37532207
DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108451 -
Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical... 2023Intranasal administration is among the most effective alternatives to deliver drugs directly to the brain and prevent first-pass metabolism. Venlafaxine-loaded liposomes...
BACKGROUND
Intranasal administration is among the most effective alternatives to deliver drugs directly to the brain and prevent first-pass metabolism. Venlafaxine-loaded liposomes are biocompatible carriers that enhance transport qualities over the nasal mucosa.
OBJECTIVE
This research aimed to develop, formulate, characterize, and observe the prepared formulation.
METHODS
The formulation was developed using the thin-film hydration technique. The response surface plot interrelationship between three independent variables are lipid, cholesterol and polymer and four dependent variables such as particle size, percentage entrapment efficiency, and percentage drug release were ascertained using the Box-Behnken design.
RESULTS
The drug-release chitosan-coated liposomes were reported to have a particle size distribution, entanglement efficiency, and 84%, respectively, of 191 ± 34.71 nm, 94 ± 2.71% and 94 ± 2.71%. According to investigations, liposomes as a delivery system for the nasal route provided a more sustained drug release than the oral dosing form.
CONCLUSIONS
The intranasal administration of venlafaxine liposomal vesicles effectively enhanced the absolute bioavailability, retention time, and brain delivery of venlafaxine.
PubMed: 37727460
DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2023.100714 -
Journal of Chromatography. A Nov 2023An eco-friendly dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction mediated with a reverse micelle and coupled to an HPLC-DAD was developed for the simultaneous determination of...
A reverse micelle-mediated dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled to high-performance liquid chromatography for the simultaneous determination of agomelatine and venlafaxine in pharmaceuticals and human plasma.
An eco-friendly dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction mediated with a reverse micelle and coupled to an HPLC-DAD was developed for the simultaneous determination of venlafaxine and agomelatine in dosage forms and human plasma. All the parameters affecting the extraction efficiencies of both drugs were investigated and optimized. Under the optimal conditions, an effective analytes' preconcentration with enrichment factors (EFs) up to 72 was achieved. The linearity of the method was established over the concentration range of 0.50-70.0 and 3.0-100.0 ng/mL for venlafaxine and agomelatine, respectively with good correlation coefficients > 0.998. The method exhibited low detection limits in the range of 0.15-0.89 ng/mL and excellent precisions expressed in %RSD < 3% with average recoveries between 95.0 to 101.0%. The proposed method was employed to analyze the targeted analytes in dosage forms and human plasma samples with favorable characteristics like excellent enrichment, high sensitivity, great accuracy, and high precision. Finally, the greenness of the developed method was assessed using three distinct metric tools, confirming the greenness of the proposed method. The findings of this research could have more general implications for the extraction of other analytes from various matrices.
Topics: Humans; Liquid Phase Microextraction; Micelles; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Venlafaxine Hydrochloride; Limit of Detection
PubMed: 37832460
DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464441 -
Epilepsy & Behavior : E&B Aug 2023Depression in persons with epilepsy (PWE) goes undiagnosed and untreated. Despite being common, there are no direct efficacy comparisons of available antidepressants in... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
Depression in persons with epilepsy (PWE) goes undiagnosed and untreated. Despite being common, there are no direct efficacy comparisons of available antidepressants in PWE. Our aim was to compare the effectiveness of Venlafaxine (VEN) and Escitalopram (ESCIT) in comorbid depression in PWE.
METHODS
In a single-center, prospective, double-blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT) 90 PWE (age ≥18 years) with mild to moderate depression, were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive ESCIT (5-20 mg/day) or VEN (37.5-150 mg/day) for 8 weeks. The primary outcome was to study differences in the efficacy, based on the change in scores of the Hamilton depression rating scale (HAM-D) at 8 weeks. Seizure frequency, QOLIE-31, adverse event profile, and medication adherence were secondary outcome measures.
RESULTS
Using the NDDI-E scale, we screened 350 PWE, 90 were enrolled. ITT analysis included all participants and the PP analysis included 40 participants to VEN group and 42 to ESCIT group. Baseline mean (±SD) HAM-D scores for both groups were similar (13.53 ± 3.27; 13.02 ± 3.57). The mean difference (95%CI) on HAM-D scores at 8 weeks was found to be significant within both groups (ITT/PP- VEN: 7.75(6.75, 8.79)/7.92 (7.06, 8.78); p < 0.001, ESCIT: 8.21 (7.39, 9.03)/8.23(7.43, 9.04); p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the efficacy of VEN versus ESCIT at 8 weeks. A significant improvement in QOLIE-31 index and seizure frequency was observed from baseline in both the groups. 90% of those on VEN and 92.9% of those using ESCITadhered to the treatment at week 8. Adverse events were more in VEN group than the ESCIT group.
CONCLUSIONS
This study found that HAMD scores improved significantly in the ESCIT and VEN groups, despite the fact that there was no clinically meaningful difference observed between the two groups. Trials with a larger sample size and longer duration are required to establish whether ESCIT or VEN is superior.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Venlafaxine Hydrochloride; Escitalopram; Depression; Epilepsy; Seizures; Treatment Outcome; Double-Blind Method
PubMed: 37454503
DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109352 -
Journal of Environmental Management Feb 2024Conjugation with the increment of consumption of polypropylene (PP) masks and antidepressants during pandemic, PP microplastics (MPs) and Venlafaxine (VEN) widely...
Conjugation with the increment of consumption of polypropylene (PP) masks and antidepressants during pandemic, PP microplastics (MPs) and Venlafaxine (VEN) widely co-existed in surface waters. However, their environmental fate and the combined toxicity were unclear. Hence, we investigated the adsorption behaviors, and associated mechanisms of PP MPs for VEN. The impact factors including pH, salinity, and MPs aging were estimated. The results indicated PP MPs could adsorb amount of VEN within 24 h. The pseudo second-order kinetic model (R = 0.97) and Dubinin-Radushkevich model (R = 0.89) fitted well with the adsorption capacity of PP MPs for VEN, implying that chemical adsorption accompanied by electrostatic interaction might be the predominant mode for the interactions between PP MPs and VEN. Meanwhile, the adsorption capacity of PP MPs declined from pH of 2.5-4.5 and then increased from 4.5 to 9.5. The increased salinity (5-35 ppt) significantly suppressed the adsorption capacity. Aging by sunlight and UV triggered the formation of new functional group (carbonyl) on MPs, and then enhanced the adsorption capacity for VEN. Gaussian Model analysis further evidenced the electrostatic adsorption occurring in PP MPs and VEN. The combined exposure to PP MPs and VEN showed significantly antagonistic toxicity on Daphnia magna. The adsorption of VEN by PP MPs mitigated the lethal effects and behavioral function impairment posed by VEN on animals, implying the potential protective effects on zooplankton by PP MPs. This study for the first time provides perspective for assessing the environmental fate of MPs and antidepressants in aquatic system.
Topics: Animals; Venlafaxine Hydrochloride; Adsorption; Plastics; Microplastics; Polypropylenes; Antidepressive Agents; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 38295634
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120176 -
The Science of the Total Environment Sep 2023Emerging contaminants and their pervasive presence in freshwater ecosystems have been widely documented, but less is known about their prevalence and the harm they cause...
Contaminants and their ecological risk assessment in beach sediments and water along the Maharashtra coast of India: A comprehensive approach using microplastics, heavy metal(loid)s, pharmaceuticals, personal care products and plasticisers.
Emerging contaminants and their pervasive presence in freshwater ecosystems have been widely documented, but less is known about their prevalence and the harm they cause in marine ecosystems, particularly in developing countries. This study provides data on the prevalence and risk posed by microplastics, plasticisers, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), and heavy metal(loid)s (HMs) along the Maharashtra coast of India. The sediment and coastal water samples were collected from 17 sampling stations, processed, and subjected to FTIR-ATR, ICP-MS, SEM-EDX, LC-MS/MS, and GC-MS for further analysis. Higher MPs abundance, combined with the pollution load index, indicates that the northern zone is a high-impact zone with pollution concerns. Plasticisers in extracted MPs and HMs adsorption on MPs surface from surrounding waters reveal their roles as a source and vector for contaminants, respectively. The mean concentration of metoprolol (53.7-306 ng L), tramadol (16.6-198 ng L), venlafaxine (24.6-234 ng L), and triclosan (211-433 ng L) in Maharashtra's coastal waters were several folds higher than in other water systems, raising major health concerns. The hazard quotient (HQ) scores revealed that >70 % of study sites pose a high to medium (1 > HQ > 0.1) ecological risk to fish, crustaceans and algae, indicating serious concern. Fish and crustaceans (35.3 % each) show a higher level of risk than algae (29.5 %). Metoprolol and venlafaxine could represent greater ecological risks than tramadol. Similarly, HQ suggests that bisphenol A has larger ecological risks than bisphenol S along the Maharashtra coast. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in-depth investigation into emerging pollutants in Indian coastal regions. This information is crucial for better policy formulation and coastal management in India in general, and Maharashtra in particular.
Topics: Animals; Microplastics; Ecosystem; Water; Plastics; Geologic Sediments; Chromatography, Liquid; Metoprolol; Tramadol; Venlafaxine Hydrochloride; Water Pollutants, Chemical; India; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Metals, Heavy; Risk Assessment; Cosmetics; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Environmental Monitoring
PubMed: 37301381
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164712