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Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Nov 2023Micronutrient deficiencies result in a broad range of adverse health and functional consequences, but the true prevalence of specific deficiencies remains uncertain... (Review)
Review
Micronutrient deficiencies result in a broad range of adverse health and functional consequences, but the true prevalence of specific deficiencies remains uncertain because limited information is available from nationally representative surveys using recommended biomarkers. The present review compares various reported national deficiency prevalence estimates for nutrients and years where the estimates overlap for individual countries that conducted nationally representative surveys and explores possible reasons for any discrepancies discovered. Nationally representative micronutrient status surveys that were conducted since 2000 among preschool-aged children or women of reproductive age and included assessment of iron, vitamin A, or zinc status based on recognized biomarkers were considered eligible for inclusion, along with any modeled deficiency prevalence estimates for these same countries and years. There was considerable variation across different published prevalence estimates, with larger inconsistencies when the prevalence estimate was based on proxies, such as hemoglobin for iron deficiency and dietary zinc availability for zinc deficiency. Numerous additional methodological issues affected the prevalence estimates, such as which biomarker and what cutoff was used to define deficiency, whether the biomarker was adjusted for inflammation, and what adjustment method was used. For some country-years, the various approaches resulted in fairly consistent prevalence estimates. For other country-years, however, the results differed markedly and changed the conclusions regarding the existence and severity of the micronutrient deficiency as a public health concern. In conclusion, to determine micronutrient status, we consider the assessment of one of the recommended biomarkers in a population representative survey as the best available information. If indicated, results should be adjusted for inflammation and generally acceptable cutoffs should be applied to facilitate comparisons, although individual countries may also apply nationally defined cutoffs to determine when and where to intervene. Global consensus is needed on best practices for presenting survey results and defining the prevalence of deficiency.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Iron; Vitamin A; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Prevalence; Vitamin A Deficiency; Folic Acid Deficiency; Malnutrition; Minerals; Zinc; Micronutrients; Trace Elements; Inflammation; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37634853
DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.08.011 -
Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery :... Sep 2023Total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) can relieve pain for individuals with acute recurrent or chronic pancreatitis. However, TPIAT may increase... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT) can relieve pain for individuals with acute recurrent or chronic pancreatitis. However, TPIAT may increase the risk of poor nutritional status with complete exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, partial duodenectomy, and intestinal reconstruction. Our study's objective was to evaluate nutritional status, anthropometrics, and vitamin levels before and after TPIAT.
METHODS
The multicenter Prospective Observational Study of TPIAT (POST) collects measures including vitamins A, D, and E levels, pancreatic enzyme dose, and multivitamin (MVI) administration before and 1-year after TPIAT. Using these data, we studied nutritional and vitamin status before and after TPIAT.
RESULTS
348 TPIAT recipients were included (68% adult, 37% male, 93% Caucasian). In paired analyses at 1-year follow-up, vitamin A was low in 23% (vs 9% pre-TPIAT, p < 0.001); vitamin E was low in 11% (vs 5% pre-TPIAT, p = 0.066), and 19% had vitamin D deficiency (vs 12% pre-TPIAT, p = 0.035). Taking a fat-soluble multivitamin (pancreatic MVI) was associated with lower risk for vitamin D deficiency (p = 0.002). Adults were less likely to be on a pancreatic MVI at follow-up (34% vs 66% respectively, p < 0.001). Enzyme dosing was adequate. More adults versus children were overweight or underweight pre- and post-TPIAT. Underweight status was associated with vitamin A (p = 0.014) and E (p = 0.02) deficiency at follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS
Prevalence of fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies increased after TPIAT, especially if underweight. We strongly advocate that all TPIAT recipients have close post-operative nutritional monitoring, including vitamin levels. Pancreatic MVIs should be given to minimize risk of developing deficiencies.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Male; Female; Pancreatectomy; Transplantation, Autologous; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation; Vitamin A; Thinness; Pancreatitis, Chronic; Vitamins
PubMed: 37442881
DOI: 10.1007/s11605-023-05770-1 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Nov 2023Trace minerals and vitamins are essential for optimizing feedlot cattle growth, health, and carcass characteristics. Understanding factors that influence trace mineral... (Review)
Review
Trace minerals and vitamins are essential for optimizing feedlot cattle growth, health, and carcass characteristics. Understanding factors that influence trace mineral and vitamin absorption and metabolism is important when formulating feedlot cattle diets. Current feedlot industry supplementation practices typically exceed published trace mineral requirements by a factor of 2 to 4. Therefore, the intent of this review is to briefly discuss the functions of trace minerals and vitamins that are typically supplemented in feedlot diets and to examine the impact of dose of trace mineral or vitamin on growth performance, health, and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Vitamins; Trace Elements; Dietary Supplements; Vitamin A; Diet; Ruminants; Animal Feed; Minerals
PubMed: 37455235
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.06.005 -
Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia E... Nov 2023It is well known that female infertility is multifactorial. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effects of thyroid dysfunction, vitamin deficiency, and microelement...
OBJECTIVE
It is well known that female infertility is multifactorial. Therefore, we aimed to compare the effects of thyroid dysfunction, vitamin deficiency, and microelement deficiency in fertile and infertile patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Between May 1st, 2017, and April 1st, 2019, we conducted a retrospective case-control study with of 380 infertile and 346 pregnant patients (who normally fertile and able to conceive spontaneously). The fertile patients were selected among those who got pregnant spontaneously without treatment, had a term birth, and did not have systemic or obstetric diseases. The levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), vitamin D, vitamin B12, folic acid, ferritin, and zinc of both groups were compared.
RESULTS
There was no difference between patients in the infertile and pregnant groups in terms of low normal and high serum T3 and T4 levels ( = 0.938; > 0.05) respectively, nor in terms of normal and high anti-TPO levels ( = 0.182; > 0.05) respectively. There was no significant difference regarding patients with low, insufficient, and sufficient vitamin D levels in the infertile and pregnant groups ( = 0.160; >0.05) respectively. The levels of folic acid, ferritin, and zinc of the infertile group were significantly lower than those of the pregnant group.
CONCLUSION
The serum levels of folic acid, ferritin, and zinc in infertile patients presenting to our outpatient clinic were lower than those o the fertile patients.
Topics: Pregnancy; Humans; Female; Vitamins; Infertility, Female; Retrospective Studies; Case-Control Studies; Thyroid Hormones; Vitamin D; Vitamin A; Vitamin K; Folic Acid; Ferritins; Zinc
PubMed: 38029770
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1772478 -
Clinical and Translational... Sep 2023The gene-environment interaction of the REarranged during Transfection ( RET ) gene with vitamin A in the etiopathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) has been...
INTRODUCTION
The gene-environment interaction of the REarranged during Transfection ( RET ) gene with vitamin A in the etiopathogenesis of Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) has been suggested in rodents. The aim of this study was to evaluate vitamin A status in mothers of children with HSCR and to assess its association with pathogenic variants of the RET gene in affected children.
METHODS
This was a case-control study of stable isotope-based vitamin A measurement stores of mothers of children diagnosed with HSCR (within 8 months from birth, n = 7) and age-matched mothers of normal children (n = 6). Next-generation sequencing of RET exons, along with their upstream promoter region, was performed in the 7 HSCR proband-parent triads to evaluate pathogenic variants.
RESULTS
Maternal vitamin A stores in the HSCR group was almost 50% that of those in controls, tending toward significance (0.50 ± 0.17 vs 0.89 ± 0.51 μmol/g respectively, P = 0.079). Two novel pathogenic de novo mutations were identified in 2 cases, and a rare single-nucleotide deletion was detected in the 3.5-kb RET upstream region, in a heterozygous state, in all 7 proband-parent triads. Low-penetrance RET haplotypes associated with HSCR were detected in 5 cases.
DISCUSSION
Mothers with children with HSCR had lower vitamin A liver stores than mothers with normal children, and the children who were affected had HSCR despite having no established pathogenic RET variants. Lower maternal vitamin A status may increase the penetrance of genetic mutations in RET , and vitamin-A mediated gene-environment interactions may underpin some of the etiology of HSCR.
Topics: Humans; Child; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret; Vitamin A; Hirschsprung Disease; Case-Control Studies; Proto-Oncogene Mas; Risk Factors
PubMed: 37490568
DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000619 -
Communications Biology Oct 2023Various species of ascomycete fungi synthesize the carboxylic carotenoid neurosporaxanthin. The unique chemical structure of this xanthophyll reveals that: (1) Its...
Various species of ascomycete fungi synthesize the carboxylic carotenoid neurosporaxanthin. The unique chemical structure of this xanthophyll reveals that: (1) Its carboxylic end and shorter length increase the polarity of neurosporaxanthin in comparison to other carotenoids, and (2) it contains an unsubstituted β-ionone ring, conferring the potential to form vitamin A. Previously, neurosporaxanthin production was optimized in Fusarium fujikuroi, which allowed us to characterize its antioxidant properties in in vitro assays. In this study, we assessed the bioavailability of neurosporaxanthin compared to other provitamin A carotenoids in mice and examined whether it can be cleaved by the two carotenoid-cleaving enzymes: β-carotene-oxygenase 1 (BCO1) and 2 (BCO2). Using Bco1Bco2 mice, we report that neurosporaxanthin displays greater bioavailability than β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin, as evidenced by higher accumulation and decreased fecal elimination. Enzymatic assays with purified BCO1 and BCO2, together with feeding studies in wild-type, Bco1, Bco2, and Bco1Bco2 mice, revealed that neurosporaxanthin is a substrate for either carotenoid-cleaving enzyme. Wild-type mice fed neurosporaxanthin displayed comparable amounts of vitamin A to those fed β-carotene. Together, our study unveils neurosporaxanthin as a highly bioavailable fungal carotenoid with provitamin A activity, highlighting its potential as a novel food additive.
Topics: Mice; Animals; beta Carotene; Provitamins; Vitamin A; Biological Availability; Carotenoids; Dioxygenases
PubMed: 37864015
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05446-1 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2024Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become an urgent public health issue with high global prevalence, but data on NAFLD are inconsistent. The association of...
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become an urgent public health issue with high global prevalence, but data on NAFLD are inconsistent. The association of total dietary vitamin A intake with the NAFLD risk was not well documented in previous studies. To explore the relationship between dietary vitamin A intake from different sources and NAFLD risk among American adults. Data were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2014. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were used to estimate the relationship between total dietary vitamin A intake and NAFLD risk. 6,613 adult participants were included. After adjusting potential confounders, the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of NAFLD for the highest quartile intake of total vitamin A, preformed vitamin A, provitamin A carotenoids were respectively 0.86 (0.69-1.06), 0.97 (0.74-1.28), and 0.78 (0.61-0.99), compared to the lowest quartile. Stratifying gender and age, provitamin A carotenoids intake was inversely associated with NAFLD risk in females and participants aged < 45 years. Dose-response analysis indicated a linear negative relationship between provitamin A carotenoids intake and NAFLD risk. Provitamin A carotenoids intake was inversely associated with NAFLD, especially in women and those aged < 45 years among adult American.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Nutrition Surveys; Vitamin A; Provitamins; Carotenoids
PubMed: 38253816
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52077-5 -
Retinoic acid drives intestine-specific adaptation of effector ILC2s originating from distant sites.The Journal of Experimental Medicine Dec 2023Adaptation of immune cells to tissue-specific microenvironments is a crucial process in homeostasis and inflammation. Here, we show that murine effector type 2 innate...
Adaptation of immune cells to tissue-specific microenvironments is a crucial process in homeostasis and inflammation. Here, we show that murine effector type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) from various organs are equally effective in repopulating ILC2 niches in other anatomical locations where they adapt tissue-specific phenotypes of target organs. Single-cell transcriptomics of ILC2 populations revealed upregulation of retinoic acid (RA) signaling in ILC2s during adaptation to the small intestinal microenvironment, and RA signaling mediated reprogramming of kidney effector ILC2s toward the small intestinal phenotype in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of intestinal ILC2 adaptation by blocking RA signaling impaired worm expulsion during Strongyloides ratti infection, indicating functional importance of ILC2 tissue imprinting. In conclusion, this study highlights that effector ILC2s retain the ability to adapt to changing tissue-specific microenvironments, enabling them to exert tissue-specific functions, such as promoting control of intestinal helminth infections.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Immunity, Innate; Tretinoin; Lymphocytes; Intestines; Inflammation; Cytokines
PubMed: 37773047
DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221015 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Dec 2023Gut microbiome is integral to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. A novel probiotic Lactobacillus intestinalis (L. intestinalis) exerts a protective effect against...
Gut microbiome is integral to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. A novel probiotic Lactobacillus intestinalis (L. intestinalis) exerts a protective effect against dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice. Based on flow cytometry, colitis-associated Th17 cells are the target of L. intestinalis, which is supported by the lack of protective effects of L. intestinalis in T cell-null Rag1 mice or upon anti-IL-17-A antibody-treated mice. Although L. intestinalis exerts no direct effect on T cell differentiation, it decreases C/EBPA-driven gut epithelial SAA1 and SAA2 production, which in turn impairs Th17 cell differentiation. Cometabolism of L. intestinalis ALDH and host ALDH1A2 contributed to elevated biosynthesis of retinoic acid (RA), which accounts for the anti-colitis effect in RAR-α -mediated way. In a cohort of ulcerative colitis patients, it is observed that fecal abundance of L. intestinalis is negatively associated with the C/EBPA-SAA1/2-Th17 axis. Finally, L. intestinalis has a synergistic effect with mesalazine in alleviating murine colitis. In conclusion, L. intestinalis and associated metabolites, RA, have potential therapeutic effects for suppressing colonic inflammation by modulating the crosstalk between intestinal epithelia and immunity.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Colitis, Ulcerative; Th17 Cells; Colitis; Epithelial Cells; Tretinoin
PubMed: 37983567
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303457 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2024The first evidence of the existence of vitamin A was the observation 1881 that a substance present in small amounts in milk was necessary for normal development and... (Review)
Review
The first evidence of the existence of vitamin A was the observation 1881 that a substance present in small amounts in milk was necessary for normal development and life. It was not until more than 100 years later that it was understood that vitamin A acts as a hormone through nuclear receptors. Unlike classical hormones, vitamin A cannot be synthesized by the body but needs to be supplied by the food as retinyl esters in animal products and ß-carotene in vegetables and fruits. Globally, vitamin A deficiency is a huge health problem, but in the industrialized world excess of vitamin A has been suggested to be a risk factor for secondary osteoporosis and enhanced susceptibility to fractures. Preclinical studies unequivocally have shown that increased amounts of vitamin A cause decreased cortical bone mass and weaker bones due to enhanced periosteal bone resorption. Initial clinical studies demonstrated a negative association between intake of vitamin A, as well as serum levels of vitamin A, and bone mass and fracture susceptibility. In some studies, these observations have been confirmed, but in other studies no such associations have been observed. One meta-analysis found that both low and high serum levels of vitamin A were associated with increased relative risk of hip fractures. Another meta-analysis also found that low levels of serum vitamin A increased the risk for hip fracture but could not find any association with high serum levels of vitamin A and hip fracture. It is apparent that more clinical studies, including large numbers of incident fractures, are needed to determine which levels of vitamin A that are harmful or beneficial for bone mass and fracture. It is the aim of the present review to describe how vitamin A was discovered and how vitamin A is absorbed, metabolized and is acting as a ligand for nuclear receptors. The effects by vitamin A in preclinical studies are summarized and the clinical investigations studying the effect by vitamin A on bone mass and fracture susceptibility are discussed in detail.
Topics: Humans; Bone Density; Vitamin A; Animals; Fractures, Bone; Signal Transduction; Osteoporosis; Vitamin A Deficiency; Bone and Bones
PubMed: 38711977
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1298851