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Nutrition Reviews Sep 2023Vitamin D deficiency is considered a global public health issue, even in low-latitude countries where there is abundant sunlight radiation. Nevertheless, the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
CONTEXT
Vitamin D deficiency is considered a global public health issue, even in low-latitude countries where there is abundant sunlight radiation. Nevertheless, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in the South American continent has not been well characterized.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this review was to estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxy-calciferol < 20 ng/mL) in South American populations.
DATA SOURCES
Seven electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde, SciELO, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were searched systematically for observational studies published before July 1, 2021, and reporting vitamin D status of healthy adults in South America.
DATA EXTRACTION
Data were extracted using a standardized form. Risk of bias was assessed by the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Instrument for Studies Reporting Prevalence. All steps were conducted independently by two authors. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. Stratified meta-analysis and meta-regression were conducted (R software).
DATA ANALYSIS
Of 9460 articles identified, 96 studies with a total of 227 758 participants were included. The overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 34.76% (79 studies; 95%CI, 29.68-40.21; I2 = 99%). There were significant differences in prevalence rates related to age, sex, country, latitude, season, and year of publication.
CONCLUSION
The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is unexpectedly elevated in South American populations. Public health strategies should include efforts to prevent, detect, and treat vitamin D deficiency.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
PROSPERO registration number CRD42020169439.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Prevalence; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamin D; Vitamins; South America
PubMed: 36882047
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad010 -
Nutrients Mar 2024Zinc, magnesium, and vitamin K are important nutrients for humans. There are various factors that contribute to the development of their deficiency, which might result... (Review)
Review
Zinc, magnesium, and vitamin K are important nutrients for humans. There are various factors that contribute to the development of their deficiency, which might result in or exacerbate various diseases. These nutrients can also interact with vitamin D metabolism and activity. This review discusses the main aspects of zinc, magnesium and vitamin K metabolism and action in the body, their clinical significance, and the "crosstalk" with vitamin D, as well as providing general suggestions for clinical practice when supplementation with these nutrients might be useful, in addition to vitamin D supplementation.
Topics: Humans; Magnesium; Zinc; Vitamin K; Dietary Supplements; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 38542745
DOI: 10.3390/nu16060834 -
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN Apr 2024Patients receiving oncological esophagectomy or gastrectomy are known to be at high risk for vitamin and micronutrient deficiency before, during and after surgery.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Patients receiving oncological esophagectomy or gastrectomy are known to be at high risk for vitamin and micronutrient deficiency before, during and after surgery. However, there are no clear guidelines for these cancer patients regarding postoperative vitamin supplementation.
METHODS
We conducted a metanalysis consisting of 10 studies regarding vitamin and micronutrient deficiencies after oncological gastric or esophageal resection. 5 databases were searched.
RESULTS
Data was sufficient regarding Vitamins B12 and 25-OH D3 as well as calcium. We were able to show deficiencies in 25-OH Vitamin D3 levels (p < 0.001) and lower levels of Vitamin B12 and calcium (bit p < 0.001) when compared to the healthy population.
CONCLUSIONS
Patients from these groups are at risk for vitamin deficiencies. A guideline on postoperative supplementation is needed.
Topics: Humans; Esophageal Neoplasms; Stomach Neoplasms; Calcium; Obesity, Morbid; Vitamins; Avitaminosis; Malnutrition; Vitamin B 12
PubMed: 38479934
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.02.021 -
Current Hypertension Reports Aug 2023In this review, we discuss the evidence that vitamin D affects cardiovascular disease through interventional and observational studies and their corresponding... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
In this review, we discuss the evidence that vitamin D affects cardiovascular disease through interventional and observational studies and their corresponding association mechanisms. We also highlight the need for further research to definitively conclude clinical recommendations based on preliminary data and determine the extent to which vitamin D levels may impact the incidence and prognosis of major cardiovascular diseases in the future.
RECENT FINDINGS
Cardiovascular disease has long been recognized as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with many risk factors implicated in its pathogenesis. Vitamin D is a risk factor that, despite being known to be crucial for its role in maintaining bone health, also has several extra-skeletal effects due to vitamin D receptors in vascular smooth muscle and cardiomyocytes. Recent studies have documented a significant association between higher vitamin D levels and lower risk of each cardiovascular disease entity; 11 studies between serum vitamin D and heart failure, 7 studies between serum vitamin D and hypertension, 8 studies between serum vitamin D and coronary artery disease, and 5 studies between serum vitamin D and atrial fibrillation. More studies documenting a significant association between increased serum vitamin D and cardiovascular disease are in the context of heart failure compared to hypertension, coronary artery disease, and atrial fibrillation. Conversely, a significant association between increased serum vitamin D and a lower risk of atrial fibrillation is reported in fewer studies compared to the association of vitamin D with other cardiovascular disease entities. Although there is evidence documenting a clear significant association of vitamin D under each category, further research is still needed to definitively conclude the role of vitamin D in cardiovascular disease management.
Topics: Humans; Vitamin D; Cardiovascular Diseases; Coronary Artery Disease; Atrial Fibrillation; Vitamin D Deficiency; Hypertension; Risk Factors; Heart Failure
PubMed: 37256476
DOI: 10.1007/s11906-023-01246-4 -
Paediatrics and International Child... Nov 2023Thiamine (vitamin B) is available in common foods such as the outer husk of rice and is necessary for normal cardiovascular, neurological and metabolic processes....
Thiamine (vitamin B) is available in common foods such as the outer husk of rice and is necessary for normal cardiovascular, neurological and metabolic processes. Thiamine deficiency is common in many parts of Asia and Africa, affecting up to a third or more of children and women of child-bearing age. The diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion, especially when noting heart failure in infants, encephalopathy in patients of any age, and peripheral neuropathy in older children and adults. Blood tests for whole-blood thiamine diphosphate (the quantity of biologically active thiamine present) and erythrocyte transketolase activity (the functional impact of thiamine) are not always readily available in areas where thiamine deficiency is common. Treatment is safe and effective, although dosing guidelines vary widely; 50 mg daily for 5 days is probably effective for treating acute thiamine deficiency disorders, and ongoing adequate thiamine intake is also needed. Prevention efforts depend on local and regional circumstances, including dietary diversification, food fortification, and/or supplementation of children and women at risk.Abbreviations: HIC: high-income countries; LMIC: low- and middle-income countries; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; TDD: thiamine deficiency disorders.
Topics: Adult; Infant; Humans; Female; Child; Thiamine Deficiency; Thiamine; Thiamine Pyrophosphate; Asia; Africa
PubMed: 36645721
DOI: 10.1080/20469047.2023.2167158 -
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN Oct 2023Shift work is related to several negative impacts on the health of workers. This study aimed to evaluate the association between vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and...
BACKGROUND
Shift work is related to several negative impacts on the health of workers. This study aimed to evaluate the association between vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and hyperglycemia in shift workers.
METHODOLOGY
This cross-sectional study included male rotating shift workers in an iron ore extraction company. Participants were classified as VDD when 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL for a healthy population and 25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL for groups at risk for VDD. Hyperglycemia was classified when fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL or HbA1c ≥ 5.7%. Data were compared using chi-square analysis with Cramer's V as effect size, and Bonferroni correction. Multivariate logistic regression, from a model of determination, was performed to investigate whether VDD was associated with hyperglycemia.
RESULTS
The study evaluated 1411 workers, most workers were aged 30-39 years (53.2%), and 77.5% self-declared as black, brown, with up to complete high school (71.4%) and working alternate shifts for more than 5 years (76.1%). Regarding glucose and vitamin D, 32.0% and 29.1% of the workers had hyperglycemia and VDD, respectively. In multivariate analysis, controlled for confounding factors, workers with VDD had a 119% increased chance of hyperglycemia (OR: 2.19; IC95%: 1.56-3.08). Furthermore, vitamin D levels in distribution quintiles showed a dose-response gradient in relation to hyperglycemia, where increased vitamin D values were associated with a reduction in the occurrence of hyperglycemia.
CONCLUSION
Rotating shift workers with vitamin D deficiency are more likely to have hyperglycemia.
Topics: Male; Humans; Cross-Sectional Studies; Vitamin D Deficiency; Hyperglycemia; Vitamin D; Glucose; Vitamins; Circadian Rhythm
PubMed: 37739666
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.06.031 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Nov 2023Micronutrient deficiencies result in a broad range of adverse health and functional consequences, but the true prevalence of specific deficiencies remains uncertain... (Review)
Review
Micronutrient deficiencies result in a broad range of adverse health and functional consequences, but the true prevalence of specific deficiencies remains uncertain because limited information is available from nationally representative surveys using recommended biomarkers. The present review compares various reported national deficiency prevalence estimates for nutrients and years where the estimates overlap for individual countries that conducted nationally representative surveys and explores possible reasons for any discrepancies discovered. Nationally representative micronutrient status surveys that were conducted since 2000 among preschool-aged children or women of reproductive age and included assessment of iron, vitamin A, or zinc status based on recognized biomarkers were considered eligible for inclusion, along with any modeled deficiency prevalence estimates for these same countries and years. There was considerable variation across different published prevalence estimates, with larger inconsistencies when the prevalence estimate was based on proxies, such as hemoglobin for iron deficiency and dietary zinc availability for zinc deficiency. Numerous additional methodological issues affected the prevalence estimates, such as which biomarker and what cutoff was used to define deficiency, whether the biomarker was adjusted for inflammation, and what adjustment method was used. For some country-years, the various approaches resulted in fairly consistent prevalence estimates. For other country-years, however, the results differed markedly and changed the conclusions regarding the existence and severity of the micronutrient deficiency as a public health concern. In conclusion, to determine micronutrient status, we consider the assessment of one of the recommended biomarkers in a population representative survey as the best available information. If indicated, results should be adjusted for inflammation and generally acceptable cutoffs should be applied to facilitate comparisons, although individual countries may also apply nationally defined cutoffs to determine when and where to intervene. Global consensus is needed on best practices for presenting survey results and defining the prevalence of deficiency.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Iron; Vitamin A; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Prevalence; Vitamin A Deficiency; Folic Acid Deficiency; Malnutrition; Minerals; Zinc; Micronutrients; Trace Elements; Inflammation; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37634853
DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.08.011 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Sep 2023Evidence is uncertain about the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration and health outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Serum 25(OH)D Concentration, Vitamin D Supplementation, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes or Prediabetes: a Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.
BACKGROUND
Evidence is uncertain about the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration and health outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes.
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to assess the association between vitamin D status and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease in people with type 2 diabetes.
METHODS
We did a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus, CENTRAL, and Web of Science until May 2022. We selected 1) cohort studies investigating the association between serum 25(OH)D concentration and mortality or cardiovascular disease in people with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes and 2) randomized trials of vitamin D supplementation in these patients. We used random-effects pairwise meta-analyses to calculate summary relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).
RESULTS
21 cohort studies and 6 randomized trials were included. Compared with sufficient vitamin D status (≥50 nmol/L), the RR of all-cause mortality was 1.36 (95% CI: 1.23, 1.49; n = 11 studies, GRADE = moderate) for vitamin D insufficiency (25 to <50 nmol/L), and 1.58 (1.33, 1.83; n = 16, GRADE = moderate) for deficiency (<25 nmol/L). Similar findings were observed for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity but not for cancer mortality. The certainty of evidence ranged from very low to moderate. Dose-response meta-analyses indicated nonlinear associations, with the lowest risk at 25(OH)D ∼60 nmol/L for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Supplementation with vitamin D did not reduce the risk of all-cause mortality (RR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.79, 1.16; risk difference per 1000 patients: 3 fewer, 95% CI: 16 fewer, 12 more; n = 6 trials with 7316 participants; GRADE = low) or the risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity (very low- to low-certainty evidence).
CONCLUSIONS
Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are associated with a higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes. Vitamin D deficiency should be corrected in patients with type 2 diabetes to reach normal serum 25(OH)D concentrations, preferably 60 nmol/L.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
This systemic review was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42022326429 (=https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=326429).
Topics: Humans; Cardiovascular Diseases; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Prediabetic State; Vitamin D; Vitamins; Vitamin D Deficiency; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 37467897
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.07.012 -
JAAPA : Official Journal of the... Nov 2023Nutritional rickets is the failure of normal bone formation in children, caused by vitamin D deficiency, low calcium intake, or a combination of both. In the United...
Nutritional rickets is the failure of normal bone formation in children, caused by vitamin D deficiency, low calcium intake, or a combination of both. In the United States, prolonged breastfeeding without vitamin D supplementation is a major risk factor. Increasing awareness of the rationale for and importance of vitamin D supplements for all breastfed infants and children should reduce the incidence of vitamin D deficiency rickets and prevent bone deformity.
Topics: Infant; Female; Child, Preschool; Humans; Rickets; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamin D; Breast Feeding; Dietary Supplements; Calcium
PubMed: 37884036
DOI: 10.1097/01.JAA.0000977680.82301.e2 -
Nutrients Nov 2023Early epidemic reports have linked low average 25(OH) vitamin D levels with increased COVID-19 mortality. However, there has been limited updated research on 25(OH)... (Review)
Review
Early epidemic reports have linked low average 25(OH) vitamin D levels with increased COVID-19 mortality. However, there has been limited updated research on 25(OH) vitamin D and its impact on COVID-19 mortality. This study aimed to update the initial report studying the link between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19 mortality by using multi-country data in 19 European countries up to the middle of June 2023. COVID-19 data for 19 European countries included in this study were downloaded from Our World in Data from 1 March 2020, to 14 June 2023, and were included in the statistical analysis. The 25(OH) vitamin D average data were collected by conducting a literature review. A generalized estimation equation model was used to model the data. Compared to European countries with 25(OH) vitamin D levels of ≤50 nmol/L, European countries with 25(OH) vitamin D average levels greater than 50 nmol/L had lower COVID-19 mortality rates (RR = 0.794, 95% CI: 0.662-0.953). A statistically significant negative Spearman rank correlation was observed between 25(OH) vitamin D average levels and COVID-19 mortality. We also found significantly lower COVID-19 mortality rates in countries with high average 25(OH) vitamin D levels. Randomized trials on vitamin D supplementation are needed. In the meantime, the issue of vitamin D use should be debated in relation to the ongoing discussions of national post-COVID-19 resilience against future pandemics.
Topics: Humans; Vitamin D; COVID-19; Vitamins; Vitamin D Deficiency; Research Design
PubMed: 38004213
DOI: 10.3390/nu15224818