-
Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 2024The most abundant protein found in mammals is collagen, and there are around 28 different types of collagen found in the human body, but there are five types, namely,... (Review)
Review
The most abundant protein found in mammals is collagen, and there are around 28 different types of collagen found in the human body, but there are five types, namely, Type I, Type II, Type III, Type V, and Type X, most generally applied in supplements, and the five common types of collagen are available in various forms and form different sources, which result in various potential benefits. The epidermal growth factor is one of the main growth factor proteins in the skin, which has an important function in the production of collagen, hyaluronic acid, and elastin to keep the skin healthy and dense appearance. It is a single-chain polypeptide of 53 amino acids, which is a potent mitogen for a variety of cells and . It triggers cells to grow, produce, and divide proteins, such as collagen. It may increase collagen production in granulation tissue by stimulation of fibroblast proliferation. This review article aims to provide an overview of different collagens and epidermal growth factors from recently published studies and some important directions for future research. The key words search for Collagen, Epidermal growth, Polypeptides, Amino acids, Protein, and tissue engineering were performed using Google scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. Fibrillar collagens are collagen types I, II, III, V, XI, XXIV, XXVII, and non-fibrillar collagens are collagen types IV, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXV, XXVI, XXVIII, and XXIX. Collagen I can be found in bone, skin, tendon, cornea and vascular ligature; collagen II can be discovered in cartilage, vitreous body and gristle; collagen III is the main ingredient of reticular fibers which is often found alongside type I, the location of collagen III is also in skin, uterus, intestine, and vessels. Collagen IV can be identified in capillaries, the epithelium-secreted layer of the basement membrane and forms basal lamina. It forms basal lamina, capillaries, and the epitheliumsecreted layer of the basement membrane, while Collagen V can be discovered in bones, skin, cornea, hair, placenta, and cell surfaces. In addition, collagen VI is found in bones, skin, gristle, cornea and vessels, while collagen VII can be found in skin, bladder, mucous membranes, amniotic fluid and umbilical cord. Lastly, collagen VIII is found in the skin, heart, kidney, brain, bones, gristle and vessels. Moreover, collagen X, XI and IX can be found in the gristle.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Collagen; Skin; Peptides; Amino Acids; Mammals
PubMed: 37587815
DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230816090054 -
Graefe's Archive For Clinical and... Apr 2024Originally discovered in the nineteenth century, hyalocytes are the resident macrophage cell population in the vitreous body. Despite this, a comprehensive understanding... (Review)
Review
Originally discovered in the nineteenth century, hyalocytes are the resident macrophage cell population in the vitreous body. Despite this, a comprehensive understanding of their precise function and immunological significance has only recently emerged. In this article, we summarize recent in-depth investigations deciphering the critical role of hyalocytes in various aspects of vitreous physiology, such as the molecular biology and functions of hyalocytes during development, adult homeostasis, and disease. Hyalocytes are involved in fetal vitreous development, hyaloid vasculature regression, surveillance and metabolism of the vitreoretinal interface, synthesis and breakdown of vitreous components, and maintenance of vitreous transparency. While sharing certain resemblances with other myeloid cell populations such as retinal microglia, hyalocytes possess a distinct molecular signature and exhibit a gene expression profile tailored to the specific needs of their host tissue. In addition to inflammatory eye diseases such as uveitis, hyalocytes play important roles in conditions characterized by anomalous posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and vitreoschisis. These can be hypercellular tractional vitreo-retinopathies, such as macular pucker, proliferative vitreo-retinopathy (PVR), and proliferative diabetic vitreo-retinopathy (PDVR), as well as paucicellular disorders such as vitreo-macular traction syndrome and macular holes. Notably, hyalocytes assume a significant role in the early pathophysiology of these disorders by promoting cell migration and proliferation, as well as subsequent membrane contraction, and vitreoretinal traction. Thus, early intervention targeting hyalocytes could potentially mitigate disease progression and prevent the development of proliferative vitreoretinal disorders altogether, by eliminating the involvement of vitreous and hyalocytes.
PubMed: 38568222
DOI: 10.1007/s00417-024-06448-3 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Nov 2023
Topics: Humans; Vitrectomy; Vacuum; Vitreous Body; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 37870030
DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_3388_22 -
Die Ophthalmologie Oct 2023
Topics: Humans; Vitreous Body; Vitrectomy; Macular Degeneration; Vitreous Hemorrhage
PubMed: 37855978
DOI: 10.1007/s00347-023-01932-3 -
The American Journal of Emergency... Sep 2023Endophthalmitis is a serious, vision-threatening condition that carries with it a high rate of morbidity. (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Endophthalmitis is a serious, vision-threatening condition that carries with it a high rate of morbidity.
OBJECTIVE
This review highlights the pearls and pitfalls of endophthalmitis, including presentation, diagnosis, and management in the emergency department (ED) based on current evidence.
DISCUSSION
Endophthalmitis is a vision-threatening emergency associated with infection and inflammation of vitreous and aqueous humor. Risk factors include ocular trauma or surgery, immunocompromised state, diabetes mellitus, and injection drug use. History and examination include visual changes, ocular pain, and inflammatory findings (e.g., hypopyon). Fever may be present. Diagnosis should be based on the clinical evaluation, though aqueous or vitreous culture performed by the ophthalmology specialist is recommended. Imaging including computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound may suggest the disease but cannot exclude the diagnosis. Management includes emergent ophthalmology consultation and evaluation. Treatment for all types of endophthalmitis is injection of intravitreal antibiotics with consideration of vitrectomy in severe cases. Systemic antimicrobials are recommended in specific types of endophthalmitis. Prompt recognition and diagnosis are key to optimizing favorable visual outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS
An understanding of endophthalmitis can assist emergency clinicians in diagnosing and managing this serious disease.
Topics: Humans; Prevalence; Endophthalmitis; Aqueous Humor; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Vitrectomy; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 37393773
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2023.06.029 -
Redox Biology Nov 2023Toxoplasmosis is a major infectious disease, affecting approximately one-third of the world's population; its main clinical manifestation, ocular toxoplasmosis (OT), is...
Toxoplasmosis is a major infectious disease, affecting approximately one-third of the world's population; its main clinical manifestation, ocular toxoplasmosis (OT), is a severe sight-threatening disease. Nevertheless, the diagnosis of OT is based on clinical findings, which needs improvement, even with biochemical tests, such as polymerase chain reaction and antibody detections. Furthermore, the efficacy of OT-targeted treatment is limited; thus, additional measures for diagnosis and treatments are needed. Here, we for the first time report a significantly reduced iron concentration in the vitreous humor (VH) of human patients infected with OT. To obtain further insights into molecular mechanisms, we established a mouse model of T. gondii infection, in which intravitreally injected tracer Fe, was accumulated in the neurosensory retina. T. gondii-infected eyes showed increased lipid peroxidation, reduction of glutathione peroxidase-4 expression and mitochondrial deformity in the photoreceptor as cristae loss. These findings strongly suggest the involvement of ferroptotic process in the photoreceptor of OT. In addition, deferiprone, an FDA-approved iron chelator, reduced the iron uptake but also ameliorated toxoplasma-induced retinochoroiditis by reducing retinal inflammation. In conclusion, the iron levels in the VH could serve as diagnostic markers and iron chelators as potential treatments for OT.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Humans; Toxoplasmosis, Ocular; Ferroptosis; Toxoplasma; Chorioretinitis; Retina; Iron
PubMed: 37738924
DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102890