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European Journal of Medical Research Aug 2023The reactivation of herpesviruses (HHV) in COVID-19 patients is evident in the literature. Several reports have been published regarding the reactivation of these... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The reactivation of herpesviruses (HHV) in COVID-19 patients is evident in the literature. Several reports have been published regarding the reactivation of these viruses (HSV, VZV, EBV, and CMV) among those who got COVID-19 vaccines. In this study, we aimed to review the current evidence to assess whether HHVs reactivation has any association with the prior administration of COVID-19 vaccines.
METHODS
A systematic search was conducted on 25 September 2022 in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE. We included all observational studies, case reports, and case series which reported the reactivation of human herpesviruses following administration of COVID-19 vaccines.
RESULTS
Our systematic search showed 80 articles that meet the eligibility criteria. Among the evaluated COVID-19 vaccines, most of the vaccines were mRNA based. Evidence from observational studies showed the possible relation between COVID-19 vaccine administration and VZV and HSV reactivation. The results of our proportion meta-analysis showed that the rate of VZV reactivation among those who received the COVID-19 vaccine was 14 persons per 1000 vaccinations (95% CI 2.97-32.80). Moreover, our meta-analysis for HSV reactivation showed the rate of 16 persons per 1000 vaccinations (95% CI 1.06-46.4). Furthermore, the evidence from case reports/series showed 149 cases of HHV reactivation. There were several vaccines that caused reactivation including BNT162b2 mRNA or Pfizer-BioNTech (n = 76), Oxford-AstraZeneca (n = 22), mRNA-1273 or Moderna (n = 17), Sinovac (n = 4), BBIBP-CorV or Sinopharm (n = 3), Covaxin (n = 3), Covishield (n = 3), and Johnson and Johnson (n = 1). Reactivated HHVs included varicella-zoster virus (VZV) (n = 114), cytomegalovirus (CMV) (n = 15), herpes simplex virus (HSV) (n = 14), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (n = 6), and HHV-6 (n = 2). Most cases reported their disease after the first dose of the vaccine. Many patients reported having comorbidities, of which hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chicken pox, and atrial fibrillation were common.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, our study showed the possible association between COVID-19 vaccination and herpesvirus reactivation. The evidence for VZV and HSV was supported by observational studies. However, regarding other herpesviruses (EBV and CMV), further research especially from observational studies and clinical trials is required to elucidate the interaction between COVID-19 vaccination and their reactivation.
Topics: Humans; BNT162 Vaccine; ChAdOx1 nCoV-19; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Cytomegalovirus; Cytomegalovirus Infections; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Simplexvirus; Vaccination; Viruses
PubMed: 37559096
DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01238-9 -
Virology Journal Dec 2023Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common gynecologic tumors among women around the world. Although the etiological role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in CC is well... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common gynecologic tumors among women around the world. Although the etiological role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in CC is well established, other factors in CC carcinogenesis remains unclear. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the association between infections of human herpesvirus (HHVs) and CC risk.
METHODS
Embase and PubMed databases were utilized to search the relevant studies. The revised JBI Critical Appraisal Tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Prevalence and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to evaluate the association between viral infection and CC or precancerous cervical lesions (PCL).
RESULTS
Totally 67 eligible studies involving 7 different HHVs were included in meta-analysis. We found an increased risk of CC or PCL that was associated with the overall infection of HHVs (CC, OR = 2.74, 95% CI 2.13-3.53; PCL, OR = 1.95, 95% CI 1.58-2.41). Subgroup analysis showed a trend towards positive correlations between herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection and CC (OR = 3.01, 95% CI 2.24 to 4.04) or PCL (OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.55 to 2.96), and the same is true between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and CC (OR = 4.89, 95% CI 2.18 to 10.96) or PCL (OR = 3.55, 95% CI 2.52 to 5.00). However, for HSV-1 and cytomegalovirus (HCMV), there was no association between viral infection and CC or PCL. By contrast, the roles of HHV-6, HHV-7, and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in cervical lesions were unclear due to the limited number of studies.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provided evidence that HHVs infection as a whole increase the risk of CC incidence. In addition, some types of HHVs such as EBV and HSV-2 may serve as potential targets in the development of new interventions or therapeutic strategies for cervical lesions.
Topics: Humans; Female; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesviridae; Herpes Simplex; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Herpesvirus 2, Human
PubMed: 38049836
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02234-5 -
Graefe's Archive For Clinical and... Aug 2023While typically affecting older adults and immunocompromised individuals, herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) has been reported with varying manifestations and... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
While typically affecting older adults and immunocompromised individuals, herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) has been reported with varying manifestations and complications in children. In this review, we evaluate reported cases of pediatric HZO in the literature and discuss the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, treatment and outcomes.
METHODS
A literature search on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was performed using the terms "pediatric herpes zoster ophthalmicus" and "herpes zoster ophthalmicus children." Publications that were not specific to HZO or pediatric populations were excluded, as were publications that were not available to review or not published in the English language.
RESULTS
Fifty-seven reports describing 130 cases of HZO or HZO-related complications were reviewed. Major risk factors for pediatric HZO included intrauterine exposure to varicella or primary varicella infection at a young age; HZO also occurred in patients who had received varicella vaccination. Both healthy and immunocompromised children were affected, with the majority of affected children being immunocompetent. The diagnosis of HZO is primarily clinical. Children appear to have good vision recovery and resolution of symptoms if they are treated promptly and if they adhere to treatment regimens, except for irreversible vision loss related to uncommon complications such as optic neuritis.
CONCLUSION
HZO occurs in both healthy and immunocompromised children. Recognizing this treatable condition is essential for reducing ocular and systemic morbidity. Long-term follow-up and assessments of the impact on health in adulthood are lacking. More systematic study is needed to determine the incidence of HZO in children and appropriate diagnostic and treatment protocols for the care of pediatric patients with HZO.
Topics: Humans; Child; Aged; Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus; Chickenpox; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Incidence; Morbidity
PubMed: 36949170
DOI: 10.1007/s00417-023-06033-0 -
Medicine Oct 2023Herpes Zoster, commonly known as shingles, is a viral infection that affects a significant portion of the adult population; however, its potential role in the onset or... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Herpes Zoster, commonly known as shingles, is a viral infection that affects a significant portion of the adult population; however, its potential role in the onset or progression of neurodegenerative disorders like dementia remains unclear.
METHODS
We searched the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane library, and Web of Science. We included any randomized control trials and controlled observational studies as Cross-sectional, prospective, or retrospective cohort and case-control studies that investigated the prevalence of dementia in Herpes Zoster Virus (HZV)-infected patients and HZV-free control group or if the study investigated the prevalence of HZV in demented patients. Also, if the studies measured the levels of dementia biomarkers in patients with HZV compared with a healthy control group.
RESULTS
After the complete screening, 9 studies were included in the meta-analysis. In the outcome of the incidence of HZV, the pooled analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the dementia group and the No dementia group (RR = 1.04% CI = 0.86-1.25, P = .70). In the outcome of incidences of dementia and Alzheimer's disease, the pooled analysis showed no statistically significant difference between the HZV group and the incidence of dementia (RR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.92-1.08, P = .89), (RR = 3.74, 95% CI = 0.22-62.70, P = .36) respectively. In the outcome of incidences of Herpes Zoster ophthalmicus (HZO), the generic inverse variance showed a statistically significant association between patients who have HZO and increased incidence of dementia (RR = 6.26, 95% CI = 1.30-30.19, P = .02).
CONCLUSION
Our study showed no significant association between HZV and the incidence of dementia or Alzheimer's disease, but it shows a significant association between HZO and the incidence of dementia. More multicenter studies are needed to establish the actual association between the HZV and dementia.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Retrospective Studies; Alzheimer Disease; Prospective Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Herpes Zoster; Chickenpox
PubMed: 37904465
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000034503 -
Vaccine Aug 2023Vaccines for avian influenza (AI) can protect poultry against disease, mortality, and virus transmission. Numerous factors, including: vaccine platform, immunogenicity,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Vaccines for avian influenza (AI) can protect poultry against disease, mortality, and virus transmission. Numerous factors, including: vaccine platform, immunogenicity, and relatedness to the field strain, are known to be important to achieving optimal AI vaccine efficacy. To better understand how these factors contribute to vaccine protection, a systematic meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate efficacy data for vaccines in chickens challenged with highly pathogenic (HP) AI. Data from a total of 120 individual trials from 25 publications were selected and evaluated. Two vaccine criteria were evaluated for their effects on two metrics of protection. The vaccine criteria were: 1) the relatedness of the vaccine antigen and challenge strain in the hemagglutinin 1 domain (HA1) protein sequence; 2) vaccine-induced antibody titers to the challenge virus (VIAC). The metrics of protection were: A) survival of vaccinated chickens vs unvaccinated controls; and B) reduction in oral virus-shedding by vaccinated vs unvaccinated controls 2-4 days post challenge. Three vaccine platforms were evaluated: oil-adjuvanted inactivated whole AI virus, recombinant herpes virus of turkeys (rHVT) vectored, and a non-replicating alpha-virus vectored RNA particle (RP) vaccine. Higher VIAC correlated with greater reduction of virus-shed and vaccine efficacy by all vaccine platforms. Both higher HA1 relatedness and higher VIAC using challenge virus as antigen correlated with better survival by inactivated vaccines and rHVT-vectored vaccines. However, rHVT-vectored and RP based vaccines were more tolerant of variation in the HA1; the relatedness of the HA1 of the vaccine and challenge virus did not significantly correlate with survival with rHVT-vectored vaccines. Protection was achieved with the lowest aa similarity for which there was data, 90-93 % for rHVT vaccines and 88 % for the RP vaccine.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza in Birds; Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype; Vaccines, Synthetic; Influenza A virus; Herpesvirus 1, Meleagrid
PubMed: 37537093
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.076 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Aug 2023
Meta-Analysis
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Herpes Zoster; Herpes Zoster Vaccine; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Vaccination
PubMed: 37001732
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.03.031 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2023Varicella is a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella zoster virus (VZV). While the disease is usually mild, severe complications can occur requiring costly...
Varicella is a highly contagious disease caused by the varicella zoster virus (VZV). While the disease is usually mild, severe complications can occur requiring costly hospitalization. A thorough understanding of the healthcare resource use (HCRU) and costs of varicella is needed to inform health-economic models of preventive strategies. A systematic literature review was carried out to retrieve relevant publications between 1999 and 2021, reporting HCRU and cost outcomes for varicella and its complications. Data were extracted and stratified according to pre-specified age groups and complication categories. Costs were re-based to a $US2020 footing using both purchasing power parity and the medical component of consumer price indexes. Data were summarized descriptively due to high heterogeneity in study design and outcome reporting. Forty-four publications fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria of which 28 were conducted in Europe, 6 in Middle East and Asia, 5 in South America, 3 in North America, and 2 in multiple regions. Primary healthcare visits accounted for 30% to 85% of total direct costs. Hospitalization costs varied between $1,308 and $38,268 per episode depending on country, complication type, and length of stay, contributing between 2% and 60% to total direct costs. Indirect costs, mostly driven by workdays lost, accounted for approximately two-thirds of total costs due to varicella. The management of varicella and related complications can lead to substantial HCRU and costs for patients and the healthcare system. Additional research is needed to further characterize the varicella-associated economic burden and its broader impact from a societal standpoint.
Topics: Humans; Chickenpox; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Hospitalization; Communicable Diseases; Delivery of Health Care
PubMed: 37885425
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2266225 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2024Few papers focus their attention on VZV vaccination effectiveness among people living with HIV (PLWH). Flanking the live attenuated vaccine (VZL) available, a newly... (Review)
Review
Few papers focus their attention on VZV vaccination effectiveness among people living with HIV (PLWH). Flanking the live attenuated vaccine (VZL) available, a newly recombinant vaccine (RZV) was recently introduced and approved for HZ prevention among adults. PLWH represents a population on which a particular attention should be applied, in order to guarantee the vaccine efficacy and safety. We performed a literature search in USNLM, PubMed, PubMed Central, PMC and Cochrane Library. From all the publications found eligible, data were extracted and processed per population, vaccine type, immunogenicity and ADRs. The review of the 13 included studies shows that both RZV and VZL are immunogenic and have an acceptable safety profile in adults and children living with HIV. However, given the lack of research available about vaccine efficacy in preventing VZV and HZ in PLWH, additional studies need to be performed, in order to achieve a full completeness of data.
Topics: Humans; Vaccines, Attenuated; HIV Infections; Herpes Zoster Vaccine; Vaccines, Synthetic; Herpes Zoster; Vaccines, Inactivated; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Vaccine Efficacy; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Adult; Child; Vaccination; Chickenpox Vaccine
PubMed: 38650460
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2341456 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2023The objective of this study was to characterize herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) epidemiology in Canada. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The objective of this study was to characterize herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) epidemiology in Canada.
METHODS
HSV-1 publications as recent as December 6, 2021 were systematically reviewed, synthesized, and reported following PRISMA guidelines. Meta-analyses and meta-regressions were conducted.
RESULTS
HSV-1 measures were extracted from 22 studies and included 32 overall seroprevalence measures (79 stratified), 2 overall proportions of HSV-1 detection in clinically diagnosed genital ulcer disease (2 stratified), and 8 overall proportions of HSV-1 detection in laboratory-confirmed genital herpes (27 stratified). Pooled mean seroprevalence was 19.1% [95% confidence interval (CI): 12.6-26.4%] among healthy children and 51.4% (95% CI: 47.3-55.5%) among healthy adults. Pooled mean seroprevalence among healthy general populations increased with age, with the lowest being 35.7% (95% CI: 29.1-42.6%) among individuals <20 years of age, and the highest being 70.0% (95% CI: 54.8-83.2) among individuals ≥40 years. Seroprevalence increased by 1.02-fold (95% CI: 1.01-1.04) per year. Pooled mean proportion of HSV-1 detection in genital ulcer disease was 30.8% (95% CI: 12.6-52.8%). Pooled mean proportion of HSV-1 detection in genital herpes was 37.4% (95% CI: 29.5-45.6%) and was highest in women and in young persons. Proportion of HSV-1 detection in genital herpes increased by 1.04-fold (95% CI: 1.00-1.08) per year.
CONCLUSIONS
HSV-1 epidemiology in Canada appears to be shifting toward less oral acquisition in childhood and more genital acquisition in adulthood, particularly among youth. Both HSV-1 seroprevalence and proportion of HSV-1 detection in genital herpes are increasing with time.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Female; Humans; Young Adult; Canada; Herpes Genitalis; Herpes Simplex; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Peptic Ulcer; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Ulcer
PubMed: 37521995
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1118249 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2024Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) infection in horses is associated with upper respiratory disease, neurological disease, abortions, and neonatal death. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Equine herpes virus type 1 (EHV-1) infection in horses is associated with upper respiratory disease, neurological disease, abortions, and neonatal death.
OBJECTIVE
To determine if there is an association between the level and duration of EHV-1 viremia and either abortion or equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) in domesticated horses?
METHODS
A systematic review was performed searching numerous databases to identify peer reviewed reports that evaluated viremia and EHM, or viremia and abortion published before January 19, 2021. Randomized controlled trials and observational studies were assessed for risk of bias or publication quality.
RESULTS
A total of 189 unique studies were identified, of which 34 met the inclusion criteria. Thirty studies evaluated viremia and neurologic outcomes including 4 observational studies. Eight experimental studies examined viremia and abortion, which used the Ab4 and OH03 virus strains or recombinant Ab4 derivatives. Incidence rates for both EHM and abortion in experimental studies varied among the studies as did the level of evidence. Viremia was generally detectable before the onset of either EHM or abortion. Risk of bias was generally low to moderate, sample sizes were small, and multiple studies reported negative outcome data.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
The results of this study support that viremia is regularly present before EHM or abortion occurs. However, no inferences could be made about the relationship between the occurrence of either neurological signs or abortion and the magnitude or duration of viremia.
Topics: Horses; Animals; Herpesvirus 1, Equid; Horse Diseases; Viremia; Herpesviridae Infections; Abortion, Veterinary; Female; Pregnancy
PubMed: 38069576
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16948