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Open Heart Dec 2023(1) Develop a programme theory of why, for whom and in what contexts integrated palliative care (PC) and heart failure (HF) services work/do not work; (2) use the...
OBJECTIVES
(1) Develop a programme theory of why, for whom and in what contexts integrated palliative care (PC) and heart failure (HF) services work/do not work; (2) use the programme theory to co-produce with stakeholders, intervention strategies to inform best practice and future research.
METHODS
A systematic review of all published articles and grey literature using a realist logic of analysis. The search strategy combined terms significant to the review questions: HF, PC and end of life. Documents were included if they were in English and provided data relevant to integration of PC and HF services. Searches were conducted in November 2021 in EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, AMED, HMIC and CINAHL. Further relevant documents were identified via monthly alerts (up until April 2023) and the project stakeholder group (patient/carers, content experts and multidisciplinary practitioners).
RESULTS
130 documents were included (86 research, 22 literature reviews, 22 grey literature). The programme theory identified intervention strategies most likely to support integration of PC and HF services. These included protected time for evidence-based PC and HF education from undergraduate/postgraduate level and continuing professional practice; choice of educational setting (eg, online, face-to-face or hybrid); increased awareness and seeing benefits of PC for HF management; conveying the emotive and intellectual need for integrating PC and HF via credible champions; and prioritising PC and HF guidelines in practice.
CONCLUSIONS
The review findings outline the required steps to take to increase the likelihood that all key players have the capacity, opportunity and motivation to integrate PC into HF management.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42021240185.
Topics: Humans; Palliative Care; Heart Failure
PubMed: 38097362
DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2023-002438 -
BMC Public Health Feb 2024Parenting is both a complex and stressful endeavor, so parents sometimes experience parenting burnout. The main objective of this study was to provide an overview of...
BACKGROUND
Parenting is both a complex and stressful endeavor, so parents sometimes experience parenting burnout. The main objective of this study was to provide an overview of factors related to general parental burnout (PB) among parents with at least one child based on the Ecological Systems Theory (EST).
METHODS
PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, CNKI and WanFang were systematically searched for studies published from 2010 to July 2023 for peer-reviewed articles using keywords extracted from Medical Subject Headings such as "parenting", "parental", "burnout", "psychological burnout", "burn-out syndrome". Studies were included if they described associations between factors and PB among parents of children aged 0-18 years old in the general population, and published in an English or Chinese language peer-reviewed journal. The Quality Assessment Tool for Studies with Diverse Designs (QATSDD) was employed to assess the risk of bias of included studies.
RESULTS
Of 2037 articles, 26 articles met the inclusion criteria. Based on the Ecological Systems Theory (EST), we found that microsystem-individual factors such as gender, educational level, income, parental personality, internalization of maternal parental motivation, unmitigated communion, self-compassion and concern for others, alexithymia, anxiety and depressive symptoms, parental perfectionism, resilience, low self-esteem and high need for control, mother's attachment style were identified as being associated with parenting burnout. Mesosystem-interpersonal factors involve parent-child relationship and marital satisfaction. The exosystem-organizational or community factors include the number of children in the household, neighborhood and the number of hours spent with children, child's illness, child's behavior problems and social support. The macrosystem-society/policy or culture factors are mainly personal values and cultural values.
CONCLUSIONS
This systematic review found several factors that have been investigated in relation to PB. However, the majority of the factors were reported by one or two studies often implementing a cross-sectional design. Nevertheless, we still recommend that health policymakers and administrators relieve parenting burnout among parents with children by adjusting these modifiable factors.
Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant; Child, Preschool; Child; Adolescent; Cross-Sectional Studies; Parents; Parenting; Parent-Child Relations; Burnout, Psychological
PubMed: 38317118
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-17829-y -
Journal of Medical Internet Research Aug 2023The prevalence of misinformation poses a substantial threat to individuals' daily lives, necessitating the deployment of effective remedial approaches. One promising... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The prevalence of misinformation poses a substantial threat to individuals' daily lives, necessitating the deployment of effective remedial approaches. One promising strategy is psychological inoculation, which pre-emptively immunizes individuals against misinformation attacks. However, uncertainties remain regarding the extent to which psychological inoculation effectively enhances the capacity to differentiate between misinformation and real information.
OBJECTIVE
To reduce the potential risk of misinformation about digital health, this study aims to examine the effectiveness of psychological inoculation in countering misinformation with a focus on several factors, including misinformation credibility assessment, real information credibility assessment, credibility discernment, misinformation sharing intention, real information sharing intention, and sharing discernment.
METHODS
Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, we conducted a meta-analysis by searching 4 databases (Web of Science, APA PsycINFO, Proquest, and PubMed) for empirical studies based on inoculation theory and outcome measure-related misinformation published in the English language. Moderator analyses were used to examine the differences in intervention strategy, intervention type, theme, measurement time, team, and intervention design.
RESULTS
Based on 42 independent studies with 42,530 subjects, we found that psychological inoculation effectively reduces misinformation credibility assessment (d=-0.36, 95% CI -0.50 to -0.23; P<.001) and improves real information credibility assessment (d=0.20, 95% CI 0.06-0.33; P=.005) and real information sharing intention (d=0.09, 95% CI 0.03-0.16; P=.003). However, psychological inoculation does not significantly influence misinformation sharing intention (d=-0.35, 95% CI -0.79 to 0.09; P=.12). Additionally, we find that psychological inoculation effectively enhances credibility discernment (d=0.20, 95% CI 0.13-0.28; P<.001) and sharing discernment (d=0.18, 95% CI 0.12-0.24; P<.001). Regarding health misinformation, psychological inoculation effectively decreases misinformation credibility assessment and misinformation sharing intention. The results of the moderator analyses showed that content-based, passive inoculation was more effective in increasing credibility and sharing intention. The theme of climate change demonstrates a stronger effect on real information credibility. Comparing intervention types showed that pre-post interventions are more effective for misinformation credibility assessment, while post-only interventions are better for credibility discernment.
CONCLUSIONS
This study indicated that psychological inoculation enhanced individuals' ability to discern real information from misinformation and share real information. Incorporating psychological inoculation to cultivate an informed public is crucial for societal resilience against misinformation threats in an age of information proliferation. As a scalable and cost-effective intervention strategy, institutions can apply psychological inoculation to mitigate potential misinformation crises.
Topics: Humans; Intention; Communication; Information Dissemination; Language; Outcome Assessment, Health Care
PubMed: 37560816
DOI: 10.2196/49255 -
Social Science & Medicine (1982) Mar 2024This paper examined the relationship between social identity and health-related behavior, exploring whether social identities are associated with multiple health-related... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This paper examined the relationship between social identity and health-related behavior, exploring whether social identities are associated with multiple health-related behaviors or only specific ones, and whether this association varies on the type of social identity, the type of social identity measures or the expected relationship between identity and behavior. In a systematic review and meta-analysis we assessed whether the pattern of findings can be explained by the social identity approach. An extensive literature search was conducted in several databases including EBSCO-host and PubMed, using elaborate search terms related to social identity and health-related behavior. This resulted in 10728 potential articles, with 115 articles (with 248 effect sizes from 133 independent samples, N = 112.112) included in the meta-analysis. We found a small but positive overall association between social identification and health-related behavior, which was present for actual behavior, as well as for intention and attitudes. This association was stronger for health-related social identities, positive health-related behaviors, when the expected relationship was positive and when indirect social identity measures were used. However, not all findings could be explained by the social identity approach, indicating a need for further research to better understand the relationship between social identity and health-related behavior, in order to more effectively incorporate social identity into health interventions.
Topics: Humans; Social Identification; Health Behavior; Intention
PubMed: 38330634
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116629 -
Preventive Medicine Reports Oct 2023Patients with prior COVID-19 infection may present with lasting multisystem symptoms that require intervention and includes exercise rehabilitation. The aim of this... (Review)
Review
Patients with prior COVID-19 infection may present with lasting multisystem symptoms that require intervention and includes exercise rehabilitation. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the quality of articles, with emphasis on exercise rehabilitation, and conduct a -analysis on experimental and observational rehabilitation intervention studies on cardiorespiratory fitness and pulmonary function in post-COVID-19 infection patients. This systematic review used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines for evaluating rehabilitation interventions in clinical practice. A methodical search of cohort and experimental studies occurred from January 2019 up to March 2023. Thirty-two studies were included for complete analysis. The quality of the eligible studies for complete review was fair overall. The studies did not provide a detailed account of key descriptors of exercise such as volume, progression, motivational strategies, adherence and replication. There was a significant difference in the 6-minute walk test (Mean difference (MD) = 51.69 m; confidence intervals (CIs) = 36.99 to 66.38; p < 0.001, level of heterogeneity (I) = 0), percent of predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (MD = 7.95%; CIs = 3.46 to 12.44; p = 0.0005, I = 65%) and percent of predicted forced vital capacity (MD = 3.49%; 95% CI = 1.25 to 5.73; p = 0.002; I = 37%) between the experiment and control groups. The current evidence suggests that rehabilitation interventions significantly improve cardiorespiratory fitness and pulmonary function in post-COVID-19 infection patients; however, there is a need for conceptualising high-quality and long-term rehabilitation interventions, especially exercise interventions.
PubMed: 37705882
DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102395 -
BMC Public Health Aug 2023Multi-component psychological interventions may mitigate overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Evidence is, however, scattered on the effectiveness of such... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Multi-component psychological interventions may mitigate overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Evidence is, however, scattered on the effectiveness of such interventions. This study aims to review the available evidence on the effectiveness of multi-component psychological interventions on anthropometric measures of school-aged children with overweight or obesity.
METHODS
We systematically searched international databases/search engines including PubMed and NLM Gateway (for MEDLINE), Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar up to November 2022 for relevant articles pertaining to psychological weight-loss interventions targeting school-aged children. Two reviewers screened and extracted pertinent data. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomized Trials. Random effect meta-analysis was used to calculate, and pool standardized mean differences (SMD). We distinguished between intervention and maintenance effects. Intervention effects were defined as the mean change in outcome measurement detected between baseline and post-treatment. Maintenance effects were defined as the mean change in outcome measurement between post-treatment and last follow-up.
RESULTS
Of 3,196 studies initially identified, 54 and 30 studies were included in the qualitative and quantitative syntheses, respectively. Most studies reported on group-based interventions. The significant effects of intervention on BMI z-score (SMD -0.66, 95% CI: -1.15, -0.17) and WC (SMD -0.53, 95% CI: -1.03, -0.04) were observed for interventions that centered on motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral therapy, respectively. Mean BMI and WC did not differ significantly between post-treatment and last follow-up measurement (maintenance effect), indicating that an initial weight loss obtained through the intervention period could be maintained over time.
CONCLUSIONS
Findings indicate that motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioral therapy as interventions to reduce BMI z-score (generalized obesity) and waist circumference (abdominal obesity) are effective and durable. However, detailed analyses on individual components of the interventions are recommended in future effectiveness studies.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Pediatric Obesity; Overweight; Psychosocial Intervention; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; Schools
PubMed: 37537523
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16339-7 -
Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023CT scans are often the first and only form of brain imaging that is performed to inform treatment plans for neurological patients due to its time- and cost-effective... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
CT scans are often the first and only form of brain imaging that is performed to inform treatment plans for neurological patients due to its time- and cost-effective nature. However, MR images give a more detailed picture of tissue structure and characteristics and are more likely to pick up abnormalities and lesions. The purpose of this paper is to review studies which use deep learning methods to generate synthetic medical images of modalities such as MRI and CT.
METHODS
A literature search was performed in March 2023, and relevant articles were selected and analyzed. The year of publication, dataset size, input modality, synthesized modality, deep learning architecture, motivations, and evaluation methods were analyzed.
RESULTS
A total of 103 studies were included in this review, all of which were published since 2017. Of these, 74% of studies investigated MRI to CT synthesis, and the remaining studies investigated CT to MRI, Cross MRI, PET to CT, and MRI to PET. Additionally, 58% of studies were motivated by synthesizing CT scans from MRI to perform MRI-only radiation therapy. Other motivations included synthesizing scans to aid diagnosis and completing datasets by synthesizing missing scans.
CONCLUSIONS
Considerably more research has been carried out on MRI to CT synthesis, despite CT to MRI synthesis yielding specific benefits. A limitation on medical image synthesis is that medical datasets, especially paired datasets of different modalities, are lacking in size and availability; it is therefore recommended that a global consortium be developed to obtain and make available more datasets for use. Finally, it is recommended that work be carried out to establish all uses of the synthesis of medical scans in clinical practice and discover which evaluation methods are suitable for assessing the synthesized images for these needs.
PubMed: 37760180
DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091078 -
The International Journal on Drug Policy Jul 2023In the past decade, a body of evidence has reported that dietary supplement use is related to prohibited performance enhancing substance use (i.e., doping). To help... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
In the past decade, a body of evidence has reported that dietary supplement use is related to prohibited performance enhancing substance use (i.e., doping). To help international and national sport organisations understand the degree to which dietary supplement use is related to doping, the objectives of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to 1) compare the prevalence of doping between dietary supplement users and non-users and 2) identify whether supplement use is related to doping social cognitive factors. We searched for studies sampling athletes and that measured both dietary supplement use and doping in EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, CINAHL and SPORTDiscus from database creation to May 2022. Risk of bias was assessed using JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for cross-sectional studies and the STROBE checklist. Twenty-six cross-sectional studies, involving 13,296 athletes were included. Random-effect models revealed that doping was 2.74 (95% CI=2.10 to 3.57) times more prevalent in dietary supplement users (pooled prevalence = 14.7%) than non-users (6.7%), and that users reported stronger doping intentions (r=0.26, 0.18 to 0.34) and attitudes (r=0.21, 0.13 to 0.28) compared to non-users. Preliminary evidence also suggests that dietary supplement users were less likely to dope if they were more task oriented and had a stronger sense of morality. Results of the review are limited by the cross-sectional design used in all studies and lack of consistency in measurement of dietary supplement use and doping. Data indicate that athletes using dietary supplements are more likely to self-report doping Anti-doping policy should, therefore, target dietary supplement use in anti-doping education programmes by providing alternative strategies for performance enhancement or highlighting the safest ways they can be consumed. Similarly, as a large proportion of athletes use dietary supplements without doping, further research is needed to understand the factors that protect a dietary supplement user from doping. No funding was received for the review. A study protocol can be found here: https://osf.io/xvcaq.
Topics: Humans; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dietary Supplements; Sports; Athletes; Intention; Doping in Sports
PubMed: 37267738
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104077 -
Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2024Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in various sectors, including medicine and healthcare. Large language models like ChatGPT showcase... (Review)
Review
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in various sectors, including medicine and healthcare. Large language models like ChatGPT showcase AI's potential by generating human-like text through prompts. ChatGPT's adaptability holds promise for reshaping medical practices, improving patient care, and enhancing interactions among healthcare professionals, patients, and data. In pandemic management, ChatGPT rapidly disseminates vital information. It serves as a virtual assistant in surgical consultations, aids dental practices, simplifies medical education, and aids in disease diagnosis. A total of 82 papers were categorised into eight major areas, which are G1: treatment and medicine, G2: buildings and equipment, G3: parts of the human body and areas of the disease, G4: patients, G5: citizens, G6: cellular imaging, radiology, pulse and medical images, G7: doctors and nurses, and G8: tools, devices and administration. Balancing AI's role with human judgment remains a challenge. A systematic literature review using the PRISMA approach explored AI's transformative potential in healthcare, highlighting ChatGPT's versatile applications, limitations, motivation, and challenges. In conclusion, ChatGPT's diverse medical applications demonstrate its potential for innovation, serving as a valuable resource for students, academics, and researchers in healthcare. Additionally, this study serves as a guide, assisting students, academics, and researchers in the field of medicine and healthcare alike.
PubMed: 38201418
DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14010109 -
Heliyon Aug 2023Gamification, defined as the integration of videogame components to promote a gameful experience, is increasingly being implemented in education with the aim of... (Review)
Review
Gamification, defined as the integration of videogame components to promote a gameful experience, is increasingly being implemented in education with the aim of enhancing students' engagement and motivation. Accordingly, since 2010 it has constituted an area of growing interest for researchers and teachers. Following PRISMA 2020's methodology, a systematic review (SR) was conducted in November 2022 seeking to explore the influence of gamification strategies on students' motivation to learn. Having identified 548 articles, 40 studies were chosen based on the selection criteria set and analyzed to reveal that game elements such as points, badges and rankings are widely used to motivate students. From a theoretical perspective, gamification studies focus on the dichotomy of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The results suggest a positive influence of gamification strategies on students' motivation, although in the long run, such motivation can decline. Furthermore, the influence of a novelty effect and extrinsic rewards on motivation is identified, which can lead to greater motivation in the short term, followed by a decrease with further exposure to gamification. Future studies should focus on the influence of students' individual traits (e.g., gaming experience, openness to competition and cooperation) on gamification strategies. Moreover, long-term exposure to gamification as well as the novelty effect should be explored.
PubMed: 37636393
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19033