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Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2023The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in October 2021 and exhibited high transmissibility, immune evasion, and reduced severity when compared to the earlier... (Review)
Review
The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in October 2021 and exhibited high transmissibility, immune evasion, and reduced severity when compared to the earlier variants. The lesser vaccine effectiveness against Omicron and its reduced severity created vaccination hesitancy among the public. This review compiled data reporting the relative prevalence of Omicron as compared to the early variants to give an insight into the existing variants, which may shape the decisions regarding the targets of the newly developed vaccines. Complied data revealed more than 90% prevalence within the infected cohorts in some countries. The BA.1 subvariant predominated over the BA.2 during the early stages of the Omicron wave. Moreover, BA.4/BA.5 subvariants were detected in South Africa, USA and Italy between October 2021 and April 2022. It is therefore important to develop vaccines that protect against Omicron as well as the early variants, which are known to cause more severe complications.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19; Prevalence; SARS-CoV-2; Italy
PubMed: 37254497
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2212568 -
International Wound Journal Nov 2023Non-accidental burns (NABs) in children had some adverse effects, such as severe burns, requiring skin grafting, and mortality. Previous studies reported NABs in the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Non-accidental burns (NABs) in children had some adverse effects, such as severe burns, requiring skin grafting, and mortality. Previous studies reported NABs in the form of neglect, suspected abuse, and child abuse. Also, different statistics were estimated for the prevalence of NABs in children. Therefore, the current study aimed to comprehensively review and summarise the literature on the prevalence of NABs in children. Also, factors related to NABs as a secondary aim were considered in this review. Keywords combined using Boolean operators and searches were performed in international electronic databases, such as Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Only studies in English were considered from the earliest to 1 March 2023. The analysis was performed using STATA software version 14. Finally, 29 articles were retrieved for the quantitative analysis. Results found that the prevalence of child abuse, suspected abuse, neglect, 'child abuse or suspect abused', and 'abuse, suspect abused, or neglect' was 6% (ES: 0.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.05-0.07), 12% (ES: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.09-0.15), 21% (ES: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.07-0.35), 8% (ES: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.07-0.09), and 15% (ES: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.13-0.16) among burns victims, respectively. Also, factors related to NABs are categorised into age and gender, agent and area of burns, and family features. Considering the results of the current study, planning for rapid diagnosis and designing a process to manage NABs in children is necessary.
Topics: Child; Humans; Prevalence; Child Abuse; Burns
PubMed: 37224877
DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14236 -
United European Gastroenterology Journal Feb 2024Several studies have reported large increases in the incidence of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) in the last 20 years. We aimed to systematically review the incidence... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Several studies have reported large increases in the incidence of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) in the last 20 years. We aimed to systematically review the incidence and prevalence of EoE, focused on all European countries.
METHODS
Systematic review and meta-analysis up to 31 December 2022, based on PubMed, CINAHL and extensive hand searching of reference lists. Twenty-five eligible studies were identified and included.
RESULTS
For both adults and children, the highest EoE incidence and prevalence have been reported from regional studies in Spain. EoE incidence for both adults and children was significantly lower (p < 0.001) in nationwide studies (meta-analysis = 3.64 per 100,000 person-years overall) compared with regional or centre-based studies (7.16). EoE incidence and prevalence were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in adults than children. All studies that reported on longitudinal trends in EoE incidence showed increases over time, more markedly during more recent years. Larger increases in incidence tend to refer to regional rather than nationwide studies; from Spain, Switzerland and Denmark, both for paediatric and adult age groups. Increases in EoE incidence 100,000 person-years were larger than for incidence per number of diagnostic endoscopies. The most frequently reported co-morbidities in adults were rhinitis, followed by asthma, food allergy and gastroesophageal reflux disease, and in children, erosive oesophagitis, asthma, food allergy and rhinitis.
CONCLUSIONS
The incidence of EoE has increased in Europe over the last 30 years, exceeding increases in the volume of oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopies performed. The patchy and low incidence and prevalence of EoE generally in Europe and compared with North America, may reflect a lack of clinical awareness and research focus rather than a genuinely low incidence of EoE. A co-ordinated Europe-wide study that uses standardised methodology is urgently needed to provide a comprehensive picture of EoE incidence and prevalence across Europe.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Child; Eosinophilic Esophagitis; Prevalence; Incidence; Europe; Food Hypersensitivity; Asthma; Rhinitis; Enteritis; Eosinophilia; Gastritis
PubMed: 37921701
DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12465 -
Global prevalence of early childhood dental fear and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of Dentistry Mar 2024The objective of this review is to determine the global prevalence of dental fear and anxiety (DFA) in early childhood and identify its related factors. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this review is to determine the global prevalence of dental fear and anxiety (DFA) in early childhood and identify its related factors.
METHODS
The systematic review utilized three common English-language databases (PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science). Two independent researchers performed a systematic search to include observational studies on young children published from 2000 to 2023. They extracted information on prevalence of DFA, assessment tools used, study sites, respondents, and children's dental visit experiences.
RESULTS
A total of 2,895 studies were identified, and 25 studies met the inclusion criteria for analysis. The pooled prevalence of DFA among 2- to 6- year-old children was estimated to be 30 % (95 % CI=25, 36). Children without dental visit experience (OR=1.37, 95 % CI=1.18, 1.59) and children with caries experiences (OR=1.18, 95 % CI=1.09, 1.27) had higher odds of experiencing DFA compared to those with dental visit experience or caries-free status. The most commonly used assessment tools in the included studies were the Frankl Behaviour Rating Scale (32 %, 8/25), Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (20 %, 5/25), and Dental Anxiety Question (20 %, 5/25).
CONCLUSIONS
This systematic review reveals that approximately one-third of young children globally experience DFA. Children who lack dental visit experience or have caries experiences are at increased risk of DFA. Clinicians can use this information to make informed decisions regarding dental care provision for young children.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
This study provides comprehensive information on the global prevalence of dental fear and anxiety and its associated factors in early childhood. The findings can assist clinicians in understanding and addressing DFA in their dental care approach for young children.
REGISTRATION
PROSPERO (CRD42023446464).
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Anxiety Disorders; Dental Anxiety; Dental Caries; Prevalence; Observational Studies as Topic
PubMed: 38246307
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104841 -
BMJ Open Sep 2023To derive accurate estimates of the incidence of vasa praevia (VP) in a routine population of unselected pregnancies. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
To derive accurate estimates of the incidence of vasa praevia (VP) in a routine population of unselected pregnancies.
DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
DATA SOURCES
A search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane database was performed to review relevant citations reporting outcomes in pregnancies with VP from January 2000 until 5 April 2023.
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF STUDIES
Prospective or retrospective cohort or population studies that provided data regarding VP cases in routine unselected pregnancies during the study period. We included studies published in the English language after the year 2000 to reflect contemporary obstetric and neonatal practice.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS
Two reviewers independently screened the retrieved citations and extracted data. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses was used to ensure standardised reporting of studies.
RESULTS
A total of 3847 citations were screened and 82 full-text manuscripts were retrieved for analysis. There were 24 studies that met the inclusion criteria, of which 12 studies reported prenatal diagnosis with a systematic protocol of screening. There were 1320 pregnancies with VP in a total population of 2 278 561 pregnancies; the weighted pooled incidence of VP was 0.79 (95% CI: 0.59 to 1.01) per 1000 pregnancies, corresponding to 1 case of VP per 1271 (95% CI: 990 to 1692) pregnancies. Nested subanalysis of studies reporting screening for VP based on a specific protocol identified 395 pregnancies with VP in a population of 732 654 pregnancies with weighted pooled incidence of 0.82 (95% CI: 0.53 to 1.18) per 1000 pregnancies (1 case of VP per 1218 (95% CI: 847 to 1901) pregnancies).
CONCLUSION
The incidence of VP in unselected pregnancies is 1 in 1218 pregnancies. This is higher than is previously reported and can be used as a basis to assess whether screening for this condition should be part of routine clinical practice. Incorporation of strategies to screen for VP in routine clinical practice is likely to prevent 5% of stillbirths.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42020125495.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Female; Pregnancy; Humans; Incidence; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Vasa Previa; Databases, Factual
PubMed: 37730391
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075245 -
Sleep Medicine Reviews Dec 2023Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease associated with a high prevalence of costly comorbidities and accidents that add to the disease's economic impact.... (Review)
Review
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease associated with a high prevalence of costly comorbidities and accidents that add to the disease's economic impact. Although more attention has been focused on OSA in recent years, no previous systematic reviews have synthesized findings from existing studies that provide estimates of the economic cost of OSA. This study aims to summarize the findings of existing studies that provide estimates of the cost of OSA. Two bibliographic databases, PubMed and Scopus, were used to identify articles on the costs of OSA. The systematic literature review identified 5,938 publications, of which 31 met the inclusion criteria. According to the results, adjusted for inflation and converted to euros, the annual cost per patient ranged from €236 (the incremental cost of OSA) for New Zealand to €28,267 for the United States. The total annual cost per patient in Europe ranged from €1,669 to €5,186. OSA causes a significant burden on society, and OSA-related costs increase many years before the diagnosis and remain elevated for a long time after the diagnosis. Despite some well-conducted studies, the cost estimates for OSA are uncertain and specific to the context in which the study was conducted.
Topics: Humans; United States; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive; Comorbidity; Prevalence; Europe
PubMed: 37939650
DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101854 -
The Pan African Medical Journal 2023Depression and anxiety are common in patients experiencing acute coronary syndrome (ACS), occurring at significantly elevated rates. Together, these depressive symptoms... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Depression and anxiety are common in patients experiencing acute coronary syndrome (ACS), occurring at significantly elevated rates. Together, these depressive symptoms and anxiety have a substantial negative impact on individuals with ACS. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression among patients with ACS. A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies were carried out. A comprehensive search of five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect) was performed until August 2, 2023. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute statistical meta-analysis review instrument. The collected data were entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and analyzed with the R program version 4.2.3. A total of 3103 articles were evaluated, and, after the evaluation process, eight studies were included, for a total sample of 1642 participants. The pooled prevalence of mild depression was 14% (95% CI: 06%-23%; I= 95%), moderate was 12% (95% CI: 06%-19%; I= 92%), and high/severe was 15% (95% CI: 05%-30%; I= 97%). The joint prevalence of mild anxiety was 38% (95% CI: 12%-68%; I= 98%), moderate anxiety was 17% (95% CI: 08%-29%; I= 89%), and high/severe anxiety was 10% (95% CI: 01%-25%; I=95%). Therefore, it is concluded that there is a significant prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in patients with ACS. However, more research focused on this area is required to obtain more robust and substantial evidence.
Topics: Humans; Depression; Acute Coronary Syndrome; Prevalence; Cross-Sectional Studies; Anxiety
PubMed: 38405089
DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2023.46.91.41792 -
Intensive Care Medicine Apr 2024The aim of this study is to provide a summary of the existing literature on the association between hypotension during intensive care unit (ICU) stay and mortality and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
PURPOSE
The aim of this study is to provide a summary of the existing literature on the association between hypotension during intensive care unit (ICU) stay and mortality and morbidity, and to assess whether there is an exposure-severity relationship between hypotension exposure and patient outcomes.
METHODS
CENTRAL, Embase, and PubMed were searched up to October 2022 for articles that reported an association between hypotension during ICU stay and at least one of the 11 predefined outcomes. Two independent reviewers extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias. Results were gathered in a summary table and studies designed to investigate the hypotension-outcome relationship were included in the meta-analyses.
RESULTS
A total of 122 studies (176,329 patients) were included, with the number of studies varying per outcome between 0 and 82. The majority of articles reported associations in favor of 'no hypotension' for the outcomes mortality and acute kidney injury (AKI), and the strength of the association was related to the severity of hypotension in the majority of studies. Using meta-analysis, a significant association was found between hypotension and mortality (odds ratio: 1.45; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.12-1.88; based on 13 studies and 34,829 patients), but not for AKI.
CONCLUSION
Exposure to hypotension during ICU stay was associated with increased mortality and AKI in the majority of included studies, and associations for both outcomes increased with increasing hypotension severity. The meta-analysis reinforced the descriptive findings regarding mortality but did not yield similar support for AKI.
Topics: Humans; Critical Care; Morbidity; Hospital Mortality; Hypotension; Acute Kidney Injury; Intensive Care Units
PubMed: 38252288
DOI: 10.1007/s00134-023-07304-4 -
European Geriatric Medicine Aug 2023To systematically review the prevalence and risk factors for frailty in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
To systematically review the prevalence and risk factors for frailty in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, and a search of the PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases was carried out to collect Chinese and English studies on frailty and COPD published up to September 5, 2022.
RESULTS
A total of 38 articles were included for the quantitative analysis after the collected literature was either included or omitted based on pertinent criteria. The results indicated that the estimated overall pooled prevalence of frailty was 36% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 31-41%), and the estimated pre-frailty was 43% (95% CI = 37-49%). A higher age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.01-1.06) and higher COPD assessment test (CAT) score (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.12-1.27) were associated with a significantly increased likelihood of frailty in patients with COPD. However, a higher educational attainment (OR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.43-0.69) and higher income (OR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.45-0.88) were associated with a significantly reduced risk of frailty in patients with COPD. A total of 17 other risk factors for frailty were identified via qualitative synthesis.
CONCLUSION
The incidence of frailty in patients with COPD is high, and there are many influencing factors.
Topics: Humans; Prevalence; Frailty; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Risk Factors; Incidence
PubMed: 37436687
DOI: 10.1007/s41999-023-00800-2 -
The Lancet. Public Health Jun 2024Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by depigmented skin patches, which can pose substantial psychosocial challenges particularly in individuals with...
BACKGROUND
Vitiligo is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by depigmented skin patches, which can pose substantial psychosocial challenges particularly in individuals with dark skin tones. Despite its impact on quality of life, there is an absence of standardised global epidemiological data. We sought to address this gap with the present study.
METHODS
In this study we did a systematic review and modelling analysis to estimate the global, regional, and national prevalence and incidence of vitiligo. We did a comprehensive search of nine digital libraries (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scientific Electronic Library Online, KCI Korean Journal Database, Russian Science Citation Index, Western Pacific Region Index Medicus, Informit, and Health Research and Development Information Network) from inception up to May 25, 2023. We included cross-sectional or cohort studies reporting the incidence rate or prevalence of vitiligo, or data from which incidence rate or prevalence could be calculated, in the general population of a country or area of a country. Summary estimate data were extracted. A main outcome was to estimate the worldwide, regional, and country-specific lifetime prevalence of vitiligo diagnosed by physicians or dermatologists among the general population and in adults and children (as per age groups defined in included studies). We used a Bayesian hierarchical linear mixed model to estimate prevalence, and calculated number of affected individuals using the UN population structure in 2022. In estimating lifetime prevalence, studies reporting point or period prevalence were excluded. Our other main outcome was to estimate incidence rates of vitiligo, but due to a small number of studies, the data on incidence were presented in a descriptive summary. This study was registered on PROSPERO, CRD42023390433.
FINDINGS
Our search identified 22 192 records, of which 90 studies met our inclusion criteria. Of these studies, six focused on the incidence of vitiligo, 79 reported on the prevalence of vitiligo, and five provided data on both incidence and prevalence. 71 studies reported on lifetime prevalence. In the most recent years studied, incidence rates in the general population ranged from 24·7 cases (95% CI 24·3-25·2) per 100 000 person-years in South Korea in 2019, to 61·0 cases (60·6-61·4) in the USA in 2017. In individual studies, incidence rates showed an increasing trend over the periods studied. The global lifetime prevalence of vitiligo diagnosed by a physician or dermatologist was estimated at 0·36% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0·24-0·54) in the general population (28·5 million people [95% CrI 18·9-42·6]), 0·67% (0·43-1·07) in the adult population (37·1 million adults [23·9-58·9]), and 0·24% (0·16-0·37) in the child population (5·8 million children [3·8-8·9]). Vitiligo prevalence was higher in adults than in children across all regions. Central Europe and south Asia reported the highest prevalence (0·52% [0·28-1·07] and 0·52% [0·33-0·82], respectively, in the general population).
INTERPRETATION
This study highlights the need for standardised epidemiological data collection globally to inform public health policies and improve vitiligo diagnosis and management. Emphasis on the impact on individuals with darker skin tones is crucial to reducing stigma and improving quality of life. Furthermore, our study highlights the need to conduct more research in regions and populations that have been historically under-represented, to effectively address the worldwide burden of vitiligo.
FUNDING
None.
Topics: Humans; Cost of Illness; Global Health; Incidence; Prevalence; Vitiligo; Child; Adult
PubMed: 38552651
DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(24)00026-4