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Viruses Aug 2023Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a ubiquitous RNA virus of cats, which is transmitted faeco-orally. In these guidelines, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD)... (Review)
Review
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a ubiquitous RNA virus of cats, which is transmitted faeco-orally. In these guidelines, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD) presents a comprehensive review of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FCoV is primarily an enteric virus and most infections do not cause clinical signs, or result in only enteritis, but a small proportion of FCoV-infected cats develop FIP. The pathology in FIP comprises a perivascular phlebitis that can affect any organ. Cats under two years old are most frequently affected by FIP. Most cats present with fever, anorexia, and weight loss; many have effusions, and some have ocular and/or neurological signs. Making a diagnosis is complex and ABCD FIP Diagnostic Approach Tools are available to aid veterinarians. Sampling an effusion, when present, for cytology, biochemistry, and FCoV RNA or FCoV antigen detection is very useful diagnostically. In the absence of an effusion, fine-needle aspirates from affected organs for cytology and FCoV RNA or FCoV antigen detection are helpful. Definitive diagnosis usually requires histopathology with FCoV antigen detection. Antiviral treatments now enable recovery in many cases from this previously fatal disease; nucleoside analogues (e.g., oral GS-441524) are very effective, although they are not available in all countries.
Topics: Cats; Animals; Feline Infectious Peritonitis; Body Fluids; Antigens, Viral; Antiviral Agents; Coronavirus, Feline
PubMed: 37766254
DOI: 10.3390/v15091847 -
The Veterinary Quarterly Dec 2023Influenza A virus is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to Orthomyxoviridae family. Based on the antigenic characteristics of hemagglutinin (HA) and... (Review)
Review
Influenza A virus is a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to Orthomyxoviridae family. Based on the antigenic characteristics of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) influenza viruses are classified into multiple subtypes. H9N2 belongs to the low pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (AIVs) and is one of the widely spread viruses in poultry, which can pose a threat to humans by directly infecting or providing internal genes for various zoonotic avian influenza strains. It has the potential to directly or indirectly participate in becoming an AIV that causes a human pandemic. When the virus enters a host, the innate immune system is activated first by pattern recognition receptors. The cytokines produced at the site of infection recruit innate immune cells and antigen-presenting cells and those cells subsequently transmit antigenic signals to adaptive immune cells (i.e. B cells and T cells), to trigger specific humoral and cellular immune responses. As a result, humoral and cellular immunity can clear virus and infected cells antibody-mediated neutralization and cytotoxicity, respectively. Understanding how chicken immune systems respond to H9N2 is a top priority for effectively controlling the virus's spread and designing vaccines. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the role of the chicken immune system in defending against H9N2, and clarify the current limitations in understanding chicken immune responses to H9N2 virus, thereby providing potential directions for future research as research on the chicken respiratory mucosal immune system has been stagnant for more than 20 years especially on how the mucosal immune system in chicken responds to avian influenza.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Chickens; Influenza in Birds; Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype; Poultry; Immune System
PubMed: 37357919
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2228360 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023New antivirals are urgently needed to treat respiratory diseases caused by RNA viruses [...].
New antivirals are urgently needed to treat respiratory diseases caused by RNA viruses [...].
Topics: Humans; Antiviral Agents; Vaccines; Respiratory Tract Infections; RNA Viruses
PubMed: 37373462
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210315 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023
PubMed: 37675076
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1273650 -
Virulence Dec 2023Paramyxoviruses are a family of single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses, many of which are responsible for a range of respiratory and neurological diseases in humans... (Review)
Review
Paramyxoviruses are a family of single-stranded negative-sense RNA viruses, many of which are responsible for a range of respiratory and neurological diseases in humans and animals. Among the most notable are the henipaviruses, which include the deadly Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV) viruses, the causative agents of outbreaks of severe disease and high case fatality rates in humans and animals. NiV and HeV are maintained in fruit bat reservoirs primarily in the family and spillover into humans directly or by an intermediate amplifying host such as swine or horses. Recently, non-chiropteran associated Langya (LayV), Gamak (GAKV), and Mojiang (MojV) viruses have been discovered with confirmed or suspected ability to cause disease in humans or animals. These viruses are less genetically related to HeV and NiV yet share many features with their better-known counterparts. Recent advances in surveillance of wild animal reservoir viruses have revealed a high number of henipaviral genome sequences distributed across most continents, and mammalian orders previously unknown to harbour henipaviruses. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the range of pathogenesis observed for the henipaviruses as well as their replication cycle, epidemiology, genomics, and host responses. We focus on the most pathogenic viruses, including NiV, HeV, LayV, and GAKV, as well as the experimentally non-pathogenic CedV. We also highlight the emerging threats posed by these and potentially other closely related viruses.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Swine; Horses; Virulence; Henipavirus Infections; Nipah Virus; Hendra Virus; Disease Outbreaks; Chiroptera
PubMed: 37948320
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2273684 -
Viruses Aug 2023currently encompasses seven genera and 53 species. Multiple hantaviruses such as Hantaan virus, Seoul virus, Dobrava-Belgrade virus, Puumala virus, Andes virus, and Sin... (Review)
Review
currently encompasses seven genera and 53 species. Multiple hantaviruses such as Hantaan virus, Seoul virus, Dobrava-Belgrade virus, Puumala virus, Andes virus, and Sin Nombre virus are highly pathogenic to humans. They cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HCPS/HPS) in many countries. Some hantaviruses infect wild or domestic animals without causing severe symptoms. Rodents, shrews, and bats are reservoirs of various mammalian hantaviruses. Recent years have witnessed significant advancements in the study of hantaviruses including genomics, taxonomy, evolution, replication, transmission, pathogenicity, control, and patient treatment. Additionally, new hantaviruses infecting bats, rodents, shrews, amphibians, and fish have been identified. This review compiles these advancements to aid researchers and the public in better recognizing this zoonotic virus family with global public health significance.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Public Health; Chiroptera; Shrews; RNA Viruses; Orthohantavirus
PubMed: 37632047
DOI: 10.3390/v15081705 -
Viruses Nov 2023Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITM1, 2 and 3) are important host antiviral defense factors. They are active against viruses like the influenza A virus... (Review)
Review
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITM1, 2 and 3) are important host antiviral defense factors. They are active against viruses like the influenza A virus (IAV), dengue virus (DENV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Zika virus (ZIKV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). In this review, we focus on IFITM3 -palmitoylation, a reversible lipid modification, and describe its role in modulating IFITM3 antiviral activity. Our laboratory discovered -palmitoylation of IFITMs using chemical proteomics and demonstrated the importance of highly conserved fatty acid-modified Cys residues in IFITM3 antiviral activity. Further studies showed that site-specific -palmitoylation at Cys72 is important for IFITM3 trafficking to restricted viruses (IAV and EBOV) and membrane-sterol interactions. Thus, site-specific lipid modification of IFITM3 directly regulates its antiviral activity, cellular trafficking, and membrane-lipid interactions.
Topics: Humans; Lipoylation; Zika Virus Infection; RNA-Binding Proteins; Zika Virus; Influenza A virus; Antiviral Agents; Lipids; Membrane Proteins
PubMed: 38140570
DOI: 10.3390/v15122329 -
Cell Death & Disease Jul 2023Uncontrolled viral replication and excessive inflammation are the main causes of death in the host infected with virus. Hence inhibition of intracellular viral...
Uncontrolled viral replication and excessive inflammation are the main causes of death in the host infected with virus. Hence inhibition of intracellular viral replication and production of innate cytokines, which are the key strategies of hosts to fight virus infections, need to be finely tuned to eliminate viruses while avoid harmful inflammation. The E3 ligases in regulating virus replication and subsequent innate cytokines production remain to be fully characterized. Here we report that the deficiency of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HECTD3 results in accelerated RNA virus clearance and reduced inflammatory response both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, HECTD3 interacts with dsRNA-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) and mediates Lys33-linkage of PKR, which is the first non-proteolytic ubiquitin modification for PKR. This process disrupts the dimerization and phosphorylation of PKR and subsequent EIF2α activation, which results in the acceleration of virus replication, but promotes the formation of PKR-IKK complex and subsequent inflammatory response. The finding suggests HECTD3 is the potential therapeutic target for simultaneously restraining RNA virus replication and virus-induced inflammation once pharmacologically inhibited.
Topics: Humans; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; Phosphorylation; Virus Replication; Cytokines; RNA, Double-Stranded; Viruses; Protein Kinases; Inflammation; RNA Viruses; eIF-2 Kinase
PubMed: 37402711
DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05923-9 -
Biochemical Society Transactions Dec 2023Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are ancient enzymes that serve a foundational role in the efficient and accurate translation of genetic information from messenger RNA... (Review)
Review
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are ancient enzymes that serve a foundational role in the efficient and accurate translation of genetic information from messenger RNA to proteins. These proteins play critical, non-canonical functions in a multitude of cellular processes. Multiple viruses are known to hijack the functions of aaRSs for proviral outcomes, while cells modify antiviral responses through non-canonical functions of certain synthetases. Recent findings have revealed that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of coronaviral disease 19 (COVID-19), utilizes canonical and non-canonical functions of aaRSs, establishing a complex interplay of viral proteins, cellular factors and host aaRSs. In a striking example, an unconventional multi-aaRS complex consisting of glutamyl-prolyl-, lysyl-, arginyl- and methionyl-tRNA synthetases interact with a previously unknown RNA-element in the 3'-end of SARS-CoV-2 genomic and subgenomic RNAs. This review aims to highlight the aaRS-SARS-CoV-2 interactions identified to date, with possible implications for the biology of host aaRSs in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Topics: Humans; Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Genome; RNA, Transfer
PubMed: 38108455
DOI: 10.1042/BST20230527