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Scientific Reports Mar 2024Bee bread is one of the least studied bee products. In this study, ten bee bread samples were characterized using palynology and HS-SPME-GC-MS (headspace solid-phase...
Bee bread is one of the least studied bee products. In this study, ten bee bread samples were characterized using palynology and HS-SPME-GC-MS (headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). In total, over one hundred different volatile components were identified, belonging to different chemical groups. Only ten common components were detected in all the samples. These volatiles were ethanol, ethylene chloride, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, α-pinene, furfural, nonane, nonanal, n-hexane and isovaleric acid. Several other components were commonly shared among various bee bread samples. Over sixty detected compounds have not been previously reported in bee bread. The analysis required a mild extraction temperature of 40 °C, as higher temperatures resulted in the Maillard reaction, leading to the production of furfural. The profile of volatile compounds of the tested bee pollen samples was complex and varied. Some relationships have been shown between botanical origin and volatile organic compound profile.
Topics: Bees; Animals; Propolis; Furaldehyde; Volatile Organic Compounds; Acetic Acid; Solid Phase Microextraction
PubMed: 38519512
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57159-y -
BMC Immunology Jun 2023Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels are known to be actively involved in various pathophysiological conditions, including neuronal inflammation,...
BACKGROUND
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels are known to be actively involved in various pathophysiological conditions, including neuronal inflammation, neuropathic pain, and various immunological responses. Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), a cytoplasmic molecular chaperone, is well-reported for various cellular and physiological processes. Hsp90 inhibition by various molecules has garnered importance for its therapeutic significance in the downregulation of inflammation and are proposed as anti-cancer drugs. However, the possible role of TRPA1 in the Hsp90-associated modulation of immune responses remains scanty.
RESULTS
Here, we have investigated the role of TRPA1 in regulating the anti-inflammatory effect of Hsp90 inhibition via 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulation in RAW 264.7, a mouse macrophage cell lines and PMA differentiated THP-1, a human monocytic cell line similar to macrophages. Activation of TRPA1 with Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is observed to execute an anti-inflammatory role via augmenting Hsp90 inhibition-mediated anti-inflammatory responses towards LPS or PMA stimulation in macrophages, whereas inhibition of TRPA1 by 1,2,3,6-Tetrahydro-1,3-dimethyl-N-[4-(1-methylethyl)phenyl]-2,6-dioxo-7 H-purine-7-acetamide,2-(1,3-Dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-7 H-purin-7-yl)-N-(4-isopropylphenyl)acetamide (HC-030031) downregulates these developments. LPS or PMA-induced macrophage activation was found to be regulated by TRPA1. The same was confirmed by studying the levels of activation markers (major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII), cluster of differentiation (CD) 80 (CD80), and CD86, pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 6 (IL-6)), NO (nitric oxide) production, differential expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways (p-p38 MAPK, phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK 1/2), and phosphor-stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-SAPK/JNK)), and induction of apoptosis. Additionally, TRPA1 has been found to be an important contributor to intracellular calcium levels toward Hsp90 inhibition in LPS or PMA-stimulated macrophages.
CONCLUSION
This study indicates a significant role of TRPA1 in Hsp90 inhibition-mediated anti-inflammatory developments in LPS or PMA-stimulated macrophages. Activation of TRPA1 and inhibition of Hsp90 has synergistic roles towards regulating inflammatory responses associated with macrophages. The role of TRPA1 in Hsp90 inhibition-mediated modulation of macrophage responses may provide insights towards designing future novel therapeutic approaches to regulate various inflammatory responses.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mice; Acetamides; Down-Regulation; Lipopolysaccharides; Macrophage Activation; Macrophages; TRPA1 Cation Channel; HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins; RAW 264.7 Cells
PubMed: 37391696
DOI: 10.1186/s12865-023-00549-0 -
Journal of Dairy Science Oct 2023This study was conducted to investigate the role of Na on ruminal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) absorption and barrier function when isolated ruminal epithelium was...
This study was conducted to investigate the role of Na on ruminal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) absorption and barrier function when isolated ruminal epithelium was exposed to high and low pH ex vivo. Nine Holstein steer calves (322 ± 50.9 kg of body weight) consuming 7.05 ± 1.5 kg dry matter of a total mixed ration were euthanized and ruminal tissue was collected from the caudal-dorsal blind sac. Tissues were mounted between 2 halves of Ussing chambers (3.14 cm) and exposed to buffers that contained low (10 mM) or high (140 mM) Na with low (6.2) or high (7.4) mucosal pH. The same buffer solutions were used on the serosal side except that pH was maintained at 7.4. Buffers used to evaluate SCFA uptake contained bicarbonate to determine total uptake or excluded bicarbonate and included nitrate to determine noninhibitable uptake. Bicarbonate-dependent uptake was calculated as the difference between the total and noninhibitable uptake. Acetate (25 mM) and butyrate (25 mM) were spiked with 2-H-acetate and 1-C-butyrate, respectively, and were then added to the mucosal side, incubated for 1 min, and tissues were analyzed to evaluate rates of SCFA uptake. Tissue conductance (G) and the mucosal-to-serosal flux of 1-H-mannitol were used to assess barrier function. There were no Na × pH interactions for butyrate or acetate uptake. Decreasing mucosal pH from 7.4 to 6.2 increased total acetate and butyrate uptake, and bicarbonate-dependent acetate uptake. Flux of 1-H-mannitol was not affected by treatment. However, high Na concentration reduced G and prevented an increase in G from flux period 1 to flux period 2. The results of this study indicate that although providing more Na to the ruminal epithelium does not affect SCFA uptake or mannitol flux, it may help stabilize tissue integrity.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Butyrates; Sodium; Bicarbonates; Epithelium; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Acetates; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Mannitol; Rumen
PubMed: 37210365
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-23052 -
Clinical Drug Investigation Sep 2023Indacaterol acetate (IND), a long-acting β-agonist in combination with mometasone furoate (MF), an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), is being explored as a once-daily (od)... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Indacaterol acetate (IND), a long-acting β-agonist in combination with mometasone furoate (MF), an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS), is being explored as a once-daily (od) treatment for asthma in children. This study examined the efficacy, safety, and systemic exposure of IND 75 µg and IND 150 µg in children with persistent asthma.
METHODS
In this Phase IIb, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study, pediatric patients (aged ≥ 6 to < 12 years) with persistent asthma were randomized (1:1) to receive either IND 75 µg od or IND 150 µg od via Breezhaler in combination with ICS background therapy. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in pre-dose trough forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV) after two weeks of treatment.
RESULTS
In total, 80 patients received IND 75 µg (n = 39) or IND 150 µg (n = 41). The study met its primary endpoint; both doses demonstrated improvements in pre-dose trough FEV from baseline to Day 14 (mean change [Δ]: 212 mL, IND 75 µg; 171 mL, IND 150 µg). The secondary spirometry parameters (post-dose FEV after 1-h, post-dose forced vital capacity; morning and evening peak expiratory flow) also improved. Overall, 36.1% in IND 75 μg group and 25% patients in IND 150 μg group achieved a decrease from baseline in Pediatric Interviewer-administered Asthma Control Questionnaire score of ≥ 0.5 units. A dose-dependent increase in plasma IND concentration was noted between the two groups. Both IND doses demonstrated an acceptable safety profile.
CONCLUSIONS
Once-daily IND 75 μg and IND 150 μg via Breezhaler in combination with background ICS therapy provided substantial bronchodilation in children with asthma and were well tolerated. Taken together, these clinical and systemic exposure findings support IND 75 μg as the most appropriate dose for evaluation in Phase III trials in combination with MF in pediatric asthma.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02892019; 08-Sep-2016).
Topics: Humans; Child; Asthma; Double-Blind Method; Forced Expiratory Volume; Acetates
PubMed: 37682405
DOI: 10.1007/s40261-023-01300-8 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer... Jul 2023The low screening coverage and reluctance of women in participation lead to low uptake in cervical screening tests. Hence the majority of cervical cancer patients... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The low screening coverage and reluctance of women in participation lead to low uptake in cervical screening tests. Hence the majority of cervical cancer patients visiting the hospitals are diagnosed at advanced stage, often leading to poor survival rate. This paper aims to review and compile available cancer screening devices so that more people in this field will adopt suitable devices in cervical cancer screening routine depending on requirements which may encourage the uptake in cervical screening tests.
METHODS
This paper reviews devices invented for different cervical cancer screening methods, which are Pap smear test, visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) or Lugol's iodine (VILI), and HPV (human papillomavirus)-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) self-test in terms of functionality, performance in solving the limitations of screening procedure and additionally where applicable, the cervical cell collection efficacy and abnormality detection accuracy. The devices are either available in the market, published in research articles or published in international patent databases.
RESULT
The reviewed devices either simplified the screening procedure to improve the clinical efficiency and accuracy in screening, reduced the pain and discomfort experienced by women during screening procedures, or achieved both outcomes.
CONCLUSION
Many devices have been invented to improve the screening procedures which may potentially improve the uptake in cervical screening tests and encourage the organization of screening campaigns to reduce cervical cancer incidence.
Topics: Humans; Female; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Early Detection of Cancer; Vaginal Smears; Mass Screening; Cervix Uteri; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Acetic Acid; Iodides; Uterine Cervical Dysplasia; Papillomavirus Infections
PubMed: 37505749
DOI: 10.31557/APJCP.2023.24.7.2207 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Oct 2023Lead (Pb) acts as an environmental endocrine disruptor and has negative effects in animals; excessive accumulation of lead causes reproductive dysfunction in male...
Lead (Pb) acts as an environmental endocrine disruptor and has negative effects in animals; excessive accumulation of lead causes reproductive dysfunction in male animals. Oxidative stress plays a vital role in Pb-induced injury. However, the mechanisms underlying chronic testicular toxicity of Pb remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of lead acetate on reproductive function in male mice, identify the underlying mechanisms, and test counter measures to alleviate the toxic effects. Male mice were dosed with lead acetate (500 mg/L) in free drinking water for 12 weeks, and administered melatonin (5 mg/kg) or vitamin C (500 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection. Blood from the eyeball, testicles, and sperm from the caudal epididymis were collected after 12 weeks and analyzed. Pb exposure reduced sperm count and motility, increased sperm malformation (P < 0.01), disrupted testicular morphology and structure, and decreased the expression of steroid hormone synthesis-related enzymes and serum testosterone concentration (P < 0.01). Pb also increased the number of inflammatory cells and the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 (P < 0.01), and activated NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, the ROS yield and oxidation indicators LPO and MDA were significantly increased (P < 0.01), and the antioxidant indicators T-AOC, SOD, and GSH were significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Treatment with melatonin or vitamin C reversed the effects of lead acetate; vitamin C was more effective in restoring SOD activity (P < 0.01) and enhancing ZO-1 protein levels (P < 0.01). Thus, long-term exposure to lead acetate at low concentrations could adversely affect sperm quality and induce inflammatory damage by oxidative stress mediated NF-κB signaling. Vitamin C could act as a protective agent and improve reproductive dysfunction in male animals after lead accumulation.
Topics: Male; Animals; Mice; Ascorbic Acid; NF-kappa B; Melatonin; Lead; Testis; Semen; Vitamins; Oxidative Stress; Acetates; Superoxide Dismutase
PubMed: 37716076
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115481 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2024The normal growth and development of skeletal muscle is essential for the health of the body. The regulation of skeletal muscle by intestinal microorganisms and their...
The normal growth and development of skeletal muscle is essential for the health of the body. The regulation of skeletal muscle by intestinal microorganisms and their metabolites has been continuously demonstrated. Acetate is the predominant short-chain fatty acids synthesized by gut microbiota through the fermentation of dietary fiber; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms governing the interaction between acetate and skeletal muscle during the rapid growth stage remains to be further elucidated. Herein, specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice, germ-free (GF) mice, and germ-free mice supplemented with sodium acetate (GS) were used to evaluate the effects of acetate on the skeletal muscle growth and development of young mice with gut microbiota deficiency. We found that the concentration of serum acetate, body mass gain, succinate dehydrogenase activity, and expression of the myogenesis maker gene of skeletal muscle in the GS group were higher than those in the GF group, following sodium acetate supplementation. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis revealed that acetate activated the biological processes that regulate skeletal muscle growth and development in the GF group, which are otherwise inhibited due to a gut microbiota deficiency. The in vitro experiment showed that acetate up-regulated Gm16062 to promote skeletal muscle cell differentiation. Overall, our findings proved that acetate promotes skeletal muscle growth and development in young mice via increasing Gm16062 expression.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mice; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscle Development; Acetates; Male; Sodium Acetate; Cell Differentiation; Mice, Inbred C57BL
PubMed: 38791168
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105129 -
BMC Pulmonary Medicine Dec 2023This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of montelukast (Mon) + fluticasone propionate (Flu) versus Flu in the treatment of cough variant asthma (CVA) in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
An efficacy and safety evaluation of montelukast + fluticasone propionate vs. fluticasone propionate in the treatment of cough variant asthma in children: a meta-analysis.
PURPOSE
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of montelukast (Mon) + fluticasone propionate (Flu) versus Flu in the treatment of cough variant asthma (CVA) in children.
METHODS
Eligible documents were selected from various databases. Weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate continuous variables, and categorical variables were evaluated using risk ratio (RR) and 95% CI. Heterogeneity analysis was performed using Cochran's Q test and I statistics, followed by sensitivity analysis and publication bias evaluation.
RESULTS
Nine studies were included, and Flu + Mon was found to significantly improve the total effective rate and reduce cough recurrence compared to Flu. The cough remission and disappearance times in the Mon + Flu group were significantly lower than those in the Flu group. FEV1% recovery in the Mon + Flu group was significantly better than that in the Flu group.
CONCLUSION
Mon + Flu is effective and safe for the treatment of CVA in children.
Topics: Child; Humans; Acetates; Anti-Asthmatic Agents; Asthma; Cough; Cyclopropanes; Fluticasone; Quinolines
PubMed: 38053076
DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02721-z -
MBio Aug 2023is widely distributed in natural and artificial anoxic environments and plays a major role in global methane emissions. It is one of only two genera that can form...
is widely distributed in natural and artificial anoxic environments and plays a major role in global methane emissions. It is one of only two genera that can form methane from acetate dismutation and through participation in direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) with exoelectrogens. Although is a significant member of many methanogenic communities, little is known about its physiology. In this study, transcriptomics helped to identify potential routes of electron transfer during DIET between and . Additions of magnetite to cultures significantly enhanced growth by acetoclastic methanogenesis and by DIET, while granular activated carbon (GAC) amendments impaired growth. Transcriptomics suggested that the OmaF-OmbF-OmcF porin complex and the octaheme outer membrane -type cytochrome encoded by Gmet_0930, were important for electron transport across the outer membrane of during DIET with . Clear differences in the metabolism of when grown via DIET or acetate dismutation were not apparent. However, genes coding for proteins involved in carbon fixation, the sheath fiber protein MspA, and a surface-associated quinoprotein, SqpA, were highly expressed in all conditions. Expression of gas vesicle genes was significantly lower in DIET- than acetate-grown cells, possibly to facilitate better contact between membrane-associated redox proteins during DIET. These studies reveal potential electron transfer mechanisms utilized by both and during DIET and provide important insights into the physiology of in anoxic environments. IMPORTANCE is a significant methane producer in a variety of methanogenic environments including soils and sediments as well as anaerobic digesters. Its abundance in these anoxic environments has mostly been attributed to its high affinity for acetate and its ability to grow by acetoclastic methanogenesis. However, species can also generate methane by directly accepting electrons from exoelectrogenic bacteria through direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET). Methane production through DIET is likely to further increase their contribution to methane production in natural and artificial environments. Therefore, acquiring a better understanding of DIET with will help shed light on ways to (i) minimize microbial methane production in natural terrestrial environments and (ii) maximize biogas formation by anaerobic digesters treating waste.
Topics: Electron Transport; Geobacter; Electrons; Methanosarcinaceae; Methane; Acetates; Anaerobiosis
PubMed: 37306514
DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00360-23 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2023Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a group of disorders culminating in systemic inflammation and multi-organ failure with high incidence of hepatic dysfunction....
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a group of disorders culminating in systemic inflammation and multi-organ failure with high incidence of hepatic dysfunction. Overproduction of IFN-γ is the main immunopathological driver in this disorder. Monokine induced by IFN-γ (CXCL9) serves as a biomarker for disease activity and response to treatment in this disorder. However, very little is understood about the actual functional role of CXCL9 in pathogenesis in HLH. In the current study, we sought to determine the role of CXCL9 in pathogenesis in murine models of both Familial HLH (prf1) and Toll Like Receptor (TLR) 9 repeated stimulation induced Macrophage Activation Syndrome (MAS), a form of secondary HLH. FHL and MAS were induced in both CXCL9 genetically deficient mice (cxcl9) and controls as well as using AMG487, a pharmacological antagonist of the CXCL9 receptor, CXCR3. Results showed that CXCL9 genetic deficiency did not improve disease parameters or hepatitis in both models. Consistent with genetic ablation of CXCL9, inhibition of its receptor, CXCR3, by AMG487 did not show any significant effects in the FHL model. Taken together, inhibition of CXCL9-CXCR3 interaction does not ameliorate HLH physiology in general, or hepatitis as a classical target organ of disease.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Acetamides; Disease Models, Animal; Hepatitis A; Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic; Receptors, CXCR3
PubMed: 37516815
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39601-9