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The relationship of food addiction with binge eating disorder and obesity: A network analysis study.Appetite Nov 2023Food addiction (FA) has been associated with binge eating disorder (BED) and obesity at varying levels of severity and treatment outcomes. Despite much debate and...
Food addiction (FA) has been associated with binge eating disorder (BED) and obesity at varying levels of severity and treatment outcomes. Despite much debate and scientific interest in FA, the mechanisms that underlie its co-occurrence with both conditions are not yet well understood. In order to understand this relationship, this study explores FA in a clinical sample of individuals with BED and obesity using network analysis (NA). A total of 303 patients (151 with BED and 152 with obesity) completed a battery of tests that investigated eating psychopathology, eating behaviours, emotional dysregulation, depression and FA. Two different NAs were conducted to investigate the interaction between these variables and FA. The BED and obesity groups were comparable in age (38 ± 14 vs. 42 ± 13 years), body mass index (38.8 ± 8.5 vs 42.4 ± 7.8), sex and demographics. According to the expected influence values, binge eating severity and depression were identified as the central nodes in both networks. In the BED group, binge eating severity was the central node and showed strong connections to both FA and grazing. In contrast, in the obesity group, depression was the central node, but its connections were weak, with only marginal associations to FA. These results suggest that FA represents an important and distinct construct of the two populations. In patients with BED, FA is intimately connected to other loss-of-control-related eating behaviours, such as binge eating and grazing. Conversely, in those with obesity, depression explains the relationship of FA with pathological eating behaviours. The presence of FA seems to be a distinguishing characteristic in the psychopathology of patients suffering from obesity with and without BED, and this could have implications for the prevention, treatment and management of these disorders.
Topics: Humans; Binge-Eating Disorder; Food Addiction; Obesity; Bulimia; Feeding Behavior
PubMed: 37714336
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107037 -
Journal of Behavioral Addictions Dec 2023Data implicate overlaps in neurobiological pathways involved in appetite regulation and addictive disorders. Despite different neuroendocrine measures having been...
BACKGROUND
Data implicate overlaps in neurobiological pathways involved in appetite regulation and addictive disorders. Despite different neuroendocrine measures having been associated with both gambling disorder (GD) and food addiction (FA), how appetite-regulating hormones may relate to the co-occurrence of both entities remain incompletely understood.
AIMS
To compare plasma concentrations of ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, and liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) between patients with GD, with and without FA, and to explore the association between circulating hormonal concentrations and neuropsychological and clinical features in individuals with GD and FA.
METHODS
The sample included 297 patients diagnosed with GD (93.6% males). None of the patients with GD had lifetime diagnosis of an eating disorder. FA was evaluated with the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0. All patients were assessed through a semi-structured clinical interview and a psychometric battery including neuropsychological tasks. Blood samples to measure hormonal variables and anthropometric variables were also collected.
RESULTS
From the total sample, FA was observed in 23 participants (FA+) (7.7% of the sample, 87% males). When compared participants with and without FA, those with FA+ presented both higher body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001) and leptin concentrations, after adjusting for BMI (p = 0.013). In patients with FA, leptin concentrations positively correlated with impulsivity, poorer cognitive flexibility, and poorer inhibitory control. Other endocrine measures did not differ between groups.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
The present study implicates leptin in co-occurring GD and FA. Among these patients, leptin concentration has been associated with clinical and neuropsychological features, such as impulsivity and cognitive performance in certain domains.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Behavior, Addictive; Food Addiction; Gambling; Impulsive Behavior; Leptin
PubMed: 38141066
DOI: 10.1556/2006.2023.00051 -
Psychiatria Danubina 2023To compare adolescents clinically diagnosed with Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and problematic internet use (PIU) in terms of cyberbullying, aggression, and loneliness.
AIMS
To compare adolescents clinically diagnosed with Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and problematic internet use (PIU) in terms of cyberbullying, aggression, and loneliness.
METHODS
Male adolescent patients (N=124, 14.3±1.7 years) with Internet Addiction Scale (IAS) scores ≥50 were clinically interviewed for IGD in utilizing DSM-5 criteria. Patients without full IGD criteria were included as PIU comparisons. Clinical variables were assessed using the second version of the Revised Cyber Bullying Inventory, short-form of the UCLA Loneliness Scale, Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Child Depression Inventory, and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders.
RESULTS
Compared to individuals with PIU, those with IGD were significantly more likely to have attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, higher social phobia scores, higher cyberbullying scores, higher loneliness scores, been a cyberbully, and been a cyberbully victim.
CONCLUSION
Male adolescents with IGD have higher rates of psychiatric comorbidity, perceived loneliness, cyberbullying, and being a victim of cyberbullying than those with PIU. Future studies could evaluate these predictors of transition from PIU to IGD in large cohort samples.
Topics: Child; Adolescent; Humans; Male; Cyberbullying; Internet Addiction Disorder; Loneliness; Internet Use; Behavior, Addictive; Comorbidity; Aggression; Internet
PubMed: 37917844
DOI: 10.24869/psyd.2023.395 -
Journal of Behavioral Addictions Dec 2023The eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) defines the three key diagnostic criteria for gaming disorder (GD). These are loss of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The eleventh revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) defines the three key diagnostic criteria for gaming disorder (GD). These are loss of control over gaming, gaming as a priority over daily activities, and impaired functioning due to gaming. While this definition has implications for the prevention and treatment of GD, there is significant heterogeneity in the symptoms and etiology of GD among individuals, which results in different treatment needs. Cognitive control, emotional regulation, and reward sensitivity are three critical dimensions in the etiology model for GD. Aspects such as gender, comorbidity, motivation for gaming, stage or severity of GD, and risk factors all contribute to the heterogeneity of etiology among individuals with the disorder.
METHOD
On the basis of clinical symptoms and comorbidity characteristics among approximately 400 patients with gaming disorder, the present paper proposes a clinical typology of patients with GD based on the authors' clinical experience in treating individuals with GD.
RESULTS
The findings indicated three common types of patients with GD: (i) impulsive male patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), (ii) dysphoria patients with dysfunctional coping skills, and (iii) isolated patients with social anxiety. The paper also discusses the presentation and treatment priority for these patients.
CONCLUSION
Personalized treatments for patients with GD should be developed to fit their individual needs. Future studies should examine the heterogeneity of GD and confirm these types, as well as obtain evidence-based information that can help in the development of personalized treatment. Treatment resources should be developed, and professionals should be trained to provide integrated individualized treatment.
Topics: Humans; Male; Behavior, Addictive; Video Games; Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders; International Classification of Diseases; Impulsive Behavior
PubMed: 37934288
DOI: 10.1556/2006.2023.00059 -
The Urge to Splurge in Time of COVID-19: Emotional Spending, Revenge Buying and Compulsive Shopping.Psychiatria Danubina Oct 2023Shopping is a reality for all of us; it can also be a pleasure or a source of problem, depending on the psychology behind it and our decision making. Furthermore, our... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Shopping is a reality for all of us; it can also be a pleasure or a source of problem, depending on the psychology behind it and our decision making. Furthermore, our spending patterns were seriously shaken and impacted by the COVID pandemic; restrictions, safety measures and lockdown generated changes in the way we buy. So, what has changed and why?
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Between January 2023 and May 2023, a literature search based on electronic bibliographic databases as well as other sources of information (grey literature) was conducted in order to investigate the most recent data on shopping habits and especially how they were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.
RESULTS
Various shopping behaviors observed post COVID, such as the urge to splurge, emotional spending, revenge buying and problematic shopping behavior, can be read and explained via psychology. Customers's socio-demographic characteristics play considerable roles in new buying patterns, but some general changes show that online shopping and contactless payment have certainly increased, consumers are more aware of their spending habits, looking for value first and not remaining loyal to brand, homebody economy has risen and money is rather spent on domestic tourism instead of foreign holidays.
CONCLUSIONS
A lot of buying habits have changed during COVID-19 and many of these modifications will remain in a post pandemic world. If many consumers gained some insight in their spending behaviors and are looking for durability and sustainability as preferred choices, luxury products will always attract clients. Shopping being emotionally driven, money should rather been spent on experiences (rather than things) and on others (rather than ourselves) in order to make happy.
Topics: Humans; Behavior, Addictive; Communicable Disease Control; COVID-19; Pandemics; Population Health
PubMed: 37800236
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Athletic Training Oct 2023Exercise dependence (EXD) is a compulsive and addictive behavior that can negatively affect physical and mental health, leading to significant impairment or distress....
CONTEXT
Exercise dependence (EXD) is a compulsive and addictive behavior that can negatively affect physical and mental health, leading to significant impairment or distress. Exercise dependence has been associated with symptoms of eating disorders (EDs). Student-athletes are an at-risk population for EXD and EDs given the physical and psychological demands of competitive sports.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the EXD and ED risks in student-athletes across sex and sport category and to determine the association between EXD and ED.
DESIGN
Cross-sectional study.
SETTING
Collegiate athletics.
PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS
National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I and II student-athletes (n = 1885; age = 19.8 ± 1.4 years; females = 69.6%, n = 1312; males = 30.4%, n = 573).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)
A web-based survey including demographics, the Exercise Dependence Scale-21, the Eating Attitudes Test-26, and questions about pathogenic behaviors.
RESULTS
Overall, 4.9% (n = 92) of the student-athletes were categorized as at risk for EXD (females = 4.8%, n = 63/1312; males = 5.1%, n = 29/573), with differences across sex and sport categories (all: χ28,1885 = 99.1, P < .001). The ED risk in student-athletes (Eating Attitudes Test-2, pathogenic behavior use, or both) was 22.7% (n = 428; females = 25.5%, n = 334/1312; males = 16.4%, n = 94/573), with differences by sex (χ24,1885 = 10.1, P = .039). Multiple logistic regressions indicated a significant association between the risks of EXD and ED for all student-athletes; athletes at risk for EXD were also at greater risk for EDs (odds ratio = 5.104; 95% CI = 3.237, 8.046) than nondependent-asymptomatic athletes (odds ratio = 2.4068; 95% CI = 1.5618, 3.7089).
CONCLUSIONS
Although physical activity has become a public health intervention to improve overall health in populations, EXD can be considered a problem related to physical activity. Exercise dependence can negatively affect physical and mental health, whereas EDs may be psychiatric disorders influenced by EXD, as exercise can be a compensatory behavior to achieve weight loss. To minimize the overall risk of EDs in student-athletes, additional education and awareness are needed. Special attention should be given to any student-athletes, in particular females, who display signs of EXD.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Adolescent; Young Adult; Adult; Prevalence; Cross-Sectional Studies; Athletes; Exercise; Students; Feeding and Eating Disorders
PubMed: 36827616
DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0553.22 -
Translational Psychiatry Dec 2023Since its rediscovery at the beginning of the 21 Century, memory reconsolidation has been proposed to be a therapeutic target for reducing the impact of emotional... (Review)
Review
Since its rediscovery at the beginning of the 21 Century, memory reconsolidation has been proposed to be a therapeutic target for reducing the impact of emotional memories that can go awry in mental health disorders such as drug addiction (substance use disorder, SUD). Addiction can be conceptualised as a disorder of learning and memory, in which both pavlovian and instrumental learning systems become hijacked into supporting drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviours. The past two decades of research have characterised the details of the molecular pathways supporting the reconsolidation of pavlovian cue-drug memories, with more recent work indicating that the reconsolidation of instrumental drug-seeking memories also relies upon similar mechanisms. This narrative review considers what is known about the mechanisms underlying the reconsolidation of pavlovian and instrumental memories associated with drug use, how these approaches have translated to experimental medicine studies, and the challenges and opportunities for the clinical use of reconsolidation-based therapies.
Topics: Humans; Conditioning, Operant; Learning; Substance-Related Disorders; Behavior, Addictive; Emotions
PubMed: 38040677
DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02666-1 -
European Review For Medical and... Sep 2023The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between anorexia nervosa, food addiction, and emotional eating.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between anorexia nervosa, food addiction, and emotional eating.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
The study was carried out with 395 university students. The Eating Attitude Test (EAT)-26 was used to determine the risk of anorexia nervosa in individuals. Yale Eating Addiction Scale (YFAS) and The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) were used to determine the eating behaviors that may be effective in anorexia nervosa. Digital scales were used for weight measurement, and a non-stretchable tape measure according to standard techniques was used for measuring height, waist, and hip circumferences.
RESULTS
In this study, in which individuals at (high and medium) risk of anorexia nervosa were examined, 62.03% were females, and the mean age was 25.21±4.33 years. The mean BMI value was 22.25±3.48 kg/cm2. In the study, 8.35% of people with both anorexia nervosa (AN) risk and food addiction made up 19.75% of the food addict population (p=0.023). The distribution of DEBQ scores by sub-dimension shows that AN risk decreases as external eating score decreases. The group at the highest risk for AN also had the highest emotional eating score (p=0.029). In the multiple linear regression analyses, emotional eating behavior, gender, and BMI were predictive factors for eating attitude or anorexia nervosa risk.
CONCLUSIONS
Food addiction increases the risk of eating disorders and the most important factor affecting them is BMI. Women were more likely than men to have anorexia nervosa and food addiction. This study informed young adults about food addiction, eating disorders, and anorexia nervosa.
Topics: Male; Young Adult; Humans; Female; Adult; Food Addiction; Anorexia Nervosa; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Emotions; Behavior, Addictive
PubMed: 37750636
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202309_33568 -
Addictive Behaviors Reports Dec 2023Despite similarities between compulsive sexual disorder and substance use disorder, the issue whether problematic sexual behavior should be viewed within an addiction... (Review)
Review
Despite similarities between compulsive sexual disorder and substance use disorder, the issue whether problematic sexual behavior should be viewed within an addiction framework continues to be a subject of debate with no consensus regarding its conceptualization and diagnosis criteria. Examining the presence of addiction criteria among clinical and no clinical samples in the existing literature could permit to ascertain clinical validity of sex addiction diagnosis and support its overlapping feature with other addictive disorders. The aim of this systematic review was to examine this issue by assessing DSM-5 criteria of substance use disorder among individuals engaged in problematic sexual activity. Using PRISMA criteria, three databases were comprehensively searched up to April 2022, in order to identify all candidate studies based on broad key words. Resulting studies were then selected if they examined problematic sexual behavior within the framework of DSM-5 addiction criteria. Twenty articles matched the selection criteria and were included in this review. DSM-5 criteria of addictive disorders were found to be highly prevalent among problematic sex users, particularly craving, loss of control over sex use, and negative consequences related to sexual behavior. Exposition to sexual cues was also shown to trigger craving, with an association to problematic use and symptom severity. More studies should been done to assess homogeneously according to the DSM-5 criteria the addiction-like features of problematic sexual behaviors in clinical and no-clinical populations. Furthermore, this work argues for the need of further research to examine the extent to which anti-craving interventions could be effective in improving clinical outcomes.
PubMed: 37519859
DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2023.100510 -
Clinical Psychology Review Dec 2023The co-existence of gaming disorder (GD) with other mental health problems has been widely reported. Despite the growing research interest in the comorbidity of GD with... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The co-existence of gaming disorder (GD) with other mental health problems has been widely reported. Despite the growing research interest in the comorbidity of GD with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), to date, no quantitative synthesis has been performed. The present study comprised a systematic literature search using Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and PubMed databases. Three types of studies were included in the analyses: studies reporting (i) correlation coefficients between the symptoms of GD and ADHD, (ii) means, and standard deviations for comparison of GD severity between ADHD/non-ADHD individuals, and (iii) comparison of ADHD severity between GD/non-GD individuals. The results indicated a moderate relationship between GD and ADHD symptom severity when both subdomains of ADHD were combined (r = 0.296), and also when only inattention (r = 0.306) or hyperactivity (r = 0.266) symptoms were analyzed, which was also confirmed in a structural equation model meta-analysis. Studies showed a large average difference comparing the GD symptom severity of ADHD and non-ADHD individuals (g = 0.693), or ADHD symptom severity of GD and non-GD individuals (g = 0.854). In some cases, higher estimates of association were reported among studies that (i) had a higher proportion of males, (ii) assessed problematic internet use among predominantly videogame player samples rather than assessing only GD, and (iii) had been more recently published. The present review shows that this is an emerging field demonstrating significant results in cross-sectional correlational studies. However, future research should apply more rigorous methodologies to investigate the relationship further (e.g., longitudinal studies and studies using professional/clinical ratings and diagnosis). These results suggest that screening and treatment for ADHD among individuals with gaming disorder is necessary, and individuals with ADHD should be made aware of their higher susceptibility to gaming disorder.
Topics: Male; Humans; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Cross-Sectional Studies; Comorbidity; Cognition; Behavior, Addictive
PubMed: 37883910
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102343