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International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2023is a valuable mushroom known for its strong bioactive properties. It shows promising potential as an excellent neuroprotective agent, capable of stimulating nerve... (Review)
Review
is a valuable mushroom known for its strong bioactive properties. It shows promising potential as an excellent neuroprotective agent, capable of stimulating nerve growth factor release, regulating inflammatory processes, reducing oxidative stress, and safeguarding nerve cells from apoptosis. The active compounds in the mushroom, such as erinacines and hericenones, have been the subject of research, providing evidence of their neuroprotective effects. Further research and standardization processes for dietary supplements focused on are essential to ensuring effectiveness and safety in protecting the nervous system. Advancements in isolation and characterization techniques, along with improved access to pure analytical standards, will play a critical role in achieving standardized, high-quality dietary supplements based on . The aim of this study is to analyze the protective and nourishing effects of on the nervous system and present the most up-to-date research findings related to this topic.
Topics: Neuroprotective Agents; Agaricales; Neurons; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 37958943
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115960 -
Nutrients Nov 2023Given the bioactive properties and limited work to date, (Lion's mane) shows promise in improving cognitive function and mood. However, much of the human research has... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The Acute and Chronic Effects of Lion's Mane Mushroom Supplementation on Cognitive Function, Stress and Mood in Young Adults: A Double-Blind, Parallel Groups, Pilot Study.
BACKGROUND
Given the bioactive properties and limited work to date, (Lion's mane) shows promise in improving cognitive function and mood. However, much of the human research has concentrated on chronic supplementation in cognitively compromised cohorts.
OBJECTIVE
The current pilot study investigated the acute and chronic (28-day) cognitive and mood-enhancing effects of in a healthy, young adult cohort.
DESIGN
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-groups design investigated the acute (60 min post dose) and chronic (28-day intervention) effects of 1.8 g in 41 healthy adults aged 18-45 years.
RESULTS
Analysis revealed that following a single dose of , participants performed quicker on the Stroop task ( = 0.005) at 60 min post dose. A trend towards reduced subjective stress was observed following 28-day supplementation ( = 0.051).
CONCLUSIONS
The findings tentatively suggest that may improve speed of performance and reduce subjective stress in healthy, young adults. However, null and limited negative findings were also observed. Given the small sample size, these findings should be interpreted with caution. Further investigation in larger sample sizes is crucial, however the findings of this trial offer a promising avenue of interest.
Topics: Young Adult; Humans; Agaricales; Pilot Projects; Cognition; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 38004235
DOI: 10.3390/nu15224842 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2023Medicinal mushrooms, e.g., Lion's Mane ( (Bull.) Pers.), Reishi ( (Curtis) P. Karst.), Chaga ( (Ach. ex Pers.) Pilát), Cordyceps ( (Berk.) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung,... (Review)
Review
Medicinal mushrooms, e.g., Lion's Mane ( (Bull.) Pers.), Reishi ( (Curtis) P. Karst.), Chaga ( (Ach. ex Pers.) Pilát), Cordyceps ( (Berk.) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones and Spatafora), Shiitake ( (Berk.) Pegler), and Turkey Tail ( (L.) Lloyd), are considered new-generation foods and are of growing interest to consumers. They are characterised by a high content of biologically active compounds, including (1,3)(1,6)-β-d-glucans, which are classified as dietary fibre, triterpenes, phenolic compounds, and sterols. Thanks to their low-fat content, they are a low-calorie product and are classified as a functional food. They have a beneficial effect on the organism through the improvement of its overall health and nutritional level. The biologically active constituents contained in medicinal mushrooms exhibit anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and immunomodulatory effects. In addition, these mushrooms accelerate metabolism, help fight obesity, and slow down the ageing processes thanks to their high antioxidant activity. The vast therapeutic properties of mushrooms are still not fully understood. Detailed mechanisms of the effects of medicinal mushrooms on the human organism still require long-term clinical studies to confirm their nutraceutical effects, their safety of use, and their dosage. Medicinal mushrooms have great potential to be used in the design of innovative functional foods. There is a need for further research on the possibility of incorporating mushrooms into food products to assess the interactions of their bioactive substances with ingredients in the food matrix. This review focuses on the properties of selected medicinal mushrooms and their effects on the human organism and presents current knowledge on the possibilities of their use in the production of functional foods.
Topics: Humans; Agaricales; Functional Food; Trametes; Antioxidants; Reishi; Nutritive Value
PubMed: 37513265
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145393 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Mar 2024Mushrooms contain bioactive compounds with documented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Here, we present a systematic evaluation of epidemiological and clinical... (Review)
Review
Mushrooms contain bioactive compounds with documented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Here, we present a systematic evaluation of epidemiological and clinical studies that investigate the role of mushrooms, either as a separate or integral dietary component, on neurocognition and mood. Following a search of four databases, a total of 34 human studies examining the effect of different mushrooms across varying age cohorts and health statuses were selected for inclusion. Epidemiological studies included in this review (n = 24) revealed a significant benefit of dietary patterns that included mushrooms of any species on cognition and mood in both healthy and compromised populations. However, the results obtained from intervention studies (n = 10) were mixed. Studies mainly investigated Lion's Mane (Hericium erinaceus), showing some enhancement of mood and cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults. Further acute and chronic human intervention studies are needed, using adequate sample sizes, employing appropriately sensitive neurocognitive tests, and investigating a range of dietary mushrooms, to confirm the effects of mushroom supplementation on neurocognition and mood in humans.
Topics: Humans; Middle Aged; Aged; Agaricales; Longevity; Antioxidants
PubMed: 38246232
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105548 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023Among the toxic metabolites of the fungal world, those that, due to their strong biological effect, can seriously (even fatally) damage the life processes of humans (and... (Review)
Review
Among the toxic metabolites of the fungal world, those that, due to their strong biological effect, can seriously (even fatally) damage the life processes of humans (and certain groups of animals) stand out. Amatoxin-containing mushrooms and the poisonings caused by them stand out from the higher fungi, the mushrooms. There are already historical data and records about such poisonings, but scientific research on the responsible molecules began in the middle of the last century. The goals of this review work are as follows: presentation of the cosmopolitan mushroom species that produce amanitins (which are known from certain genera of four mushroom families), an overview of the chemical structure and specific properties of amanitins, a summary of the analytical methods applicable to them, a presentation of the "medical history" of poisonings, and a summary of the therapeutic methods used so far. The main responsible molecules (the amanitins) are bicyclic octapeptides, whose structure is characterized by an outer loop and an inner loop (bridge). It follows from the unusual properties of amanitins, especially their extreme stability (against heat, the acidic pH of the medium, and their resistance to human, and animal, digestive enzymes), that they are absorbed almost without hindrance and quickly transported to our vital organs. Adding to the problems is that accidental consumption causes no noticeable symptoms for a few hours (or even 24-36 h) after consumption, but the toxins already damage the metabolism of the target organs and the synthesis of nucleic acid and proteins. The biochemical catastrophe of the cells causes irreversible structural changes, which lead to necrotic damage (in the liver and kidneys) and death. The scientific topicality of the review is due to the recent publication of new data on the probable antidote molecule (ICR: indocyanine green) against amanitins. Further research can provide a new foundation for the therapeutic treatment of poisonings, and the toxicological situation, which currently still poses a deadly threat, could even be tamed into a controllable problem. We also draw attention to the review conclusions, as well as the mycological and social tasks related to amanitin poisonings (prevention of poisonings).
Topics: Amanitins; Agaricales; Humans; Animals; Mushroom Poisoning
PubMed: 37570902
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155932 -
Nutrients Dec 2023, also known as "zombie fungus", is a non-poisonous mushroom that parasitizes insects for growth and development by manipulating the host system in a way that makes the... (Review)
Review
, also known as "zombie fungus", is a non-poisonous mushroom that parasitizes insects for growth and development by manipulating the host system in a way that makes the victim behave like a "zombie". These species produce promising bioactive metabolites, like adenosine, β-glucans, cordycepin, and ergosterol. has been used in traditional medicine due to its immense health benefits, as it boosts stamina, appetite, immunity, longevity, libido, memory, and sleep. Neuronal loss is the typical feature of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) (Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)) and neurotrauma. Both these conditions share common pathophysiological features, like oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and glutamatergic excitotoxicity. bioactives (adenosine, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine, ergosta-7, 9 (11), 22-trien-3β-ol, active peptides, and polysaccharides) exert potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities and display beneficial effects in the management and/or treatment of neurodegenerative disorders in vitro and in vivo. Although a considerable list of compounds is available from , only a few have been evaluated for their neuroprotective potential and still lack information for clinical trials. In this review, the neuroprotective mechanisms and safety profile of extracts/bioactives have been discussed, which might be helpful in the identification of novel potential therapeutic entities in the future.
Topics: Neuroprotective Agents; Cordyceps; Agaricales; Neuroprotection; Adenosine
PubMed: 38201932
DOI: 10.3390/nu16010102 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023is a fungus (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Agaricales, and Physalacriaceae) that is generally considered as a weak/opportunistic pathogen or saprophyte on many tree... (Review)
Review
is a fungus (Basidiomycota, Agaricomycetes, Agaricales, and Physalacriaceae) that is generally considered as a weak/opportunistic pathogen or saprophyte on many tree hosts. It widely occurs across the northwestern USA to southern British Columbia, Canada, but relatively little is known about its ecological role in the diverse forest ecosystems where it occurs. This review summarizes the biology and ecology of . , including its identification, life cycle, distribution, host associations, and bioclimatic models under climate change.
PubMed: 37755012
DOI: 10.3390/jof9090904 -
Nature Communications Nov 2023Magnesium ions (Mg) play an essential role in cellular physiology. In mitochondria, protein and ATP synthesis and various metabolic pathways are directly regulated by...
Magnesium ions (Mg) play an essential role in cellular physiology. In mitochondria, protein and ATP synthesis and various metabolic pathways are directly regulated by Mg. MRS2, a magnesium channel located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, mediates the influx of Mg into the mitochondrial matrix and regulates Mg homeostasis. Knockdown of MRS2 in human cells leads to reduced uptake of Mg into mitochondria and disruption of the mitochondrial metabolism. Despite the importance of MRS2, the Mg translocation and regulation mechanisms of MRS2 are still unclear. Here, using cryo-EM we report the structures of human MRS2 in the presence and absence of Mg at 2.8 Å and 3.3 Å, respectively. From the homo-pentameric structures, we identify R332 and M336 as major gating residues, which are then tested using mutagenesis and two cellular divalent ion uptake assays. A network of hydrogen bonds is found connecting the gating residue R332 to the soluble domain, potentially regulating the gate. Two Mg-binding sites are identified in the MRS2 soluble domain, distinct from the two sites previously reported in CorA, a homolog of MRS2 in prokaryotes. Altogether, this study provides the molecular basis for understanding the Mg translocation and regulatory mechanisms of MRS2.
Topics: Humans; Agaricales; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Magnesium; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial Membranes; Translocation, Genetic
PubMed: 37938562
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42599-3 -
Microbiological Research Sep 2023β-glucans are a large class of complex polysaccharides found in abundant sources. Our dietary sources of β-glucans are cereals that include oats and barley, and... (Review)
Review
β-glucans are a large class of complex polysaccharides found in abundant sources. Our dietary sources of β-glucans are cereals that include oats and barley, and non-cereal sources can consist of mushrooms, microalgae, bacteria, and seaweeds. There is substantial clinical interest in β-glucans; as they can be used for a variety of diseases including cancer and cardiovascular conditions. Suitable sources of β-glucans for biopharmaceutical applications include bacteria, microalgae, mycelium, and yeast. Environmental factors including culture medium can influence the biomass and ultimately β-glucan content. Therefore, cultivation conditions for the above organisms can be controlled for sustainable enhanced production of β-glucans. This review discusses the various sources of β-glucans and their cultivation conditions that may be optimised to exploit sustainable production. Finally, this article discusses the immune-modulatory potential of β-glucans from these sources.
Topics: Humans; beta-Glucans; Agaricales; Immunity; Neoplasms; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Pharmaceutical Preparations
PubMed: 37301079
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127424 -
Nutrition Journal Nov 2023Prior study reported that mushroom consumption was associated with a lower incidence of hyperuricemia, but there is limited evidence on this association. We conducted a...
Mushroom consumption and hyperuricemia: results from the National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007-2018).
BACKGROUND
Prior study reported that mushroom consumption was associated with a lower incidence of hyperuricemia, but there is limited evidence on this association. We conducted a collaborative study to investigate the association between mushroom intake and hyperuricemia in middle-aged and older populations.
METHODS
We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in the U.S. (2007-2018) and the National Institute for Longevity Sciences-Longitudinal Study of Aging (NILS-LSA) in Japan (1997-2012). Consumption of mushroom (g/day) were measured by one- or two-day dietary recall in NHANES and by 3-day dietary records in the NILS-LSA. Hyperuricemia was defined using uric acid levels as > 420 μmol/L and > 350 μmol/L in NHANES for men and women, respectively; in the NILS-LSA, serum uric acid was repeatedly measured at baseline and follow-up surveys. Hyperuricemia was defined as uric acid levels > 416.4 μmol/L for men and ≥ 356.9 μmol/L for women. Logistic regression models in NHANES (cross-sectionally) and Generalized Estimation Equations in NILS-LSA (longitudinally) were performed.
RESULTS
A total of 5,778 NHANES participants (mean (SD) age: 53.2 (9.6) years) and 1,738 NILS-LSA (mean (SD) age: 53.5 (11.2) years) were included. Mushrooms were consumed by 5.7% of participants in NHANES and 81.2% in NILS-LSA. We did not observe a significant association between mushroom intakes and hyperuricemia in the NHANES men and women. However, in the NILS-LSA, compared to non-consumers, a higher mushroom intake was associated with a lower risk of incident hyperuricemia in men under 65 years old. The adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) for non-consumers, participants with middle, and the highest consumption of mushrooms were 1.00 (Ref.), 0.77 (0.44, 1.36), and 0.55 (0.31, 0.99), respectively (P-trend = 0.036). No association was found in women in NILS-LSA.
CONCLUSIONS
Mushroom consumption was associated with a lower risk of incident hyperuricemia in Japanese men.
Topics: Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Agaricales; Aging; Hyperuricemia; Longevity; Longitudinal Studies; Nutrition Surveys; Risk Factors; Uric Acid; Adult
PubMed: 37990262
DOI: 10.1186/s12937-023-00887-0