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PloS One 2023Native Andean-Patagonian Nothofagus forests harbour a unique diversity of microorganisms with diverse ecological roles. Although ectomycorrhizal associations constitute...
Native Andean-Patagonian Nothofagus forests harbour a unique diversity of microorganisms with diverse ecological roles. Although ectomycorrhizal associations constitute an important fragment of the biota associated with these forests, the factors affecting such communities are largely unknown. We investigated the biodiversity, relative abundance, and composition of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in relation to two host tree species and ages and the soil properties in six monospecific and mixed evergreen-deciduous Nothofagus forests. We used the internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region by sequencing 9,600 ectomycorrhizae (ECM) root tips for the identification of fungi. In total, 1,125 fungal taxa at the genus level distributed over 131 orders were identified. The phyla Ascomycota (34.5%) and Basidiomycota (62.1%) were the most abundant, whereas Mucoromycota (3.1%), Chytridiomycota, Cryptomycota, Olpidiomycota, and Zoopagomycota occurred less frequently. The highest taxon diversity was found in old trees, whereas young trees often exhibited a lower diversity of the associated fungi. The fungal taxa were grouped into seven broad ecological categories, of which saprotrophic associations were most common, followed by pathotrophic, pathotrophic-saprotrophic-symbiotrophic, pathotrophic-saprotrophic, and symbiotrophic associations. We did not detect significant differences in the number of taxa in each category between young and old N. dombeyi and N. obliqua. Overall, the scale of the Illumina sequencing approach allowed us to detect a fungal taxa diversity that would not be possible to find through surveys of fruiting bodies alone and that have never been observed in Nothofagus forests before. Our findings suggest the impact of the proximity between sites, the similarity of the soil conditions, and anthropogenic use of the forests on the belowground fungal community's diversity and composition. Furthermore, there were differences between above- and belowground occurrences of the edible mushrooms B. loyo and Ramaria spp. However, future research, including on EMC tips found beneath fairy rings could provide significantly better correlations with the occurrence of aboveground fruiting body.
Topics: Forests; Trees; Agaricales; Mycorrhizae; Biodiversity; Fagales
PubMed: 37616236
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290398 -
Toxicon : Official Journal of the... Jan 2024In France, mushroom picking is part of the culture. The practice is not without risk, as around 1300 people are poisoned each year by eating wild mushrooms on the French...
In France, mushroom picking is part of the culture. The practice is not without risk, as around 1300 people are poisoned each year by eating wild mushrooms on the French mainland. However, this practice is not part of local culture on Reunion Island, a French territory located in the Indian Ocean. Indeed, there are practically no reports of mushroom poisoning on Reunion Island. Here we describe, through a retrospective study, cases of mushroom poisoning recorded in the Indian Ocean toxicosurveillance system database from 2020 to 2021. Overall, 19 people were poisoned following wild mushroom ingestion on Reunion Island: 15 in 2020 and 4 in 2021. Six events were recorded: the majority of poisonings involved clusters (n = 5) during a shared meal (pan-fried), only one case was single mushroom poisoning by ingesting a raw mushroom. Of all patients, 15 cases presented a gastrointestinal irritant syndrome (latency between 30 min and 3 h). Chlorophyllum molybdites was positively identified by mycologists in 4 cases, suspected by emergency doctor in 1 case and in one self-declared case, Volvariella volvacea was consumed. Poisoning following ingestion of wild mushrooms does occur on Reunion Island, and Chlorophyllum molybdites is the main culprit.
Topics: Humans; Mushroom Poisoning; Reunion; Retrospective Studies; Agaricales
PubMed: 38072316
DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107554 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2023Puberty is a critical developmental period of life characterized by marked physiological changes, including changes in the immune system and gut microbiota development....
Puberty is a critical developmental period of life characterized by marked physiological changes, including changes in the immune system and gut microbiota development. Exposure to inflammation induced by immune stressors during puberty has been found to stimulate central inflammation and lead to immune disturbance at distant sites from the gut; however, its enduring effects on gut immunity are not well explored. Therefore, in this study, we used a pubertal lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced inflammation mouse model to mimic pubertal exposure to inflammation and dysbiosis. We hypothesized that pubertal LPS-induced inflammation may cause long-term dysfunction in gut immunity by enduring dysregulation of inflammatory signaling and epigenetic changes, while prebiotic/probiotic intake may mitigate the gut immune system deregulation later in life. To this end, four-week-old female Balb/c mice were fed prebiotics/probiotics and exposed to LPS in the pubertal window. To better decipher the acute and enduring immunoprotective effects of biotic intake, we addressed the effect of treatment on interleukin (IL)-17 signaling related-cytokines and pathways. In addition, the effect of treatment on gut microbiota and epigenetic alterations, including changes in microRNA (miRNA) expression and DNA methylation, were studied. Our results revealed a significant dysregulation in selected cytokines, proteins, and miRNAs involved in key signaling pathways related to IL-17 production and function, including IL-17A and F, IL-6, IL-1β, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3), p-STAT3, forkhead box O1 (FOXO1), and miR-145 in the small intestine of adult mice challenged with LPS during puberty. In contrast, dietary interventions mitigated the lasting adverse effects of LPS on gut immune function, partly through epigenetic mechanisms. A DNA methylation analysis demonstrated that enduring changes in gut immunity in adult mice might be linked to differentially methylated genes, including , , , , , , and , involved in Th17 cell differentiation and IL-17 production and signaling. In addition, prebiotic administration prevented LPS-induced changes in the gut microbiota in pubertal mice. Together, these results indicate that following a healthy diet rich in prebiotics and probiotics is an optimal strategy for programming immune system function in the critical developmental windows of life and controlling inflammation later in life.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Female; Interleukin-17; Shiitake Mushrooms; Lipopolysaccharides; Sexual Maturation; Prebiotics; Signal Transduction; Cytokines; Inflammation; Epigenesis, Genetic
PubMed: 37834058
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914610 -
Nutrients Mar 2024Nutraceuticals represent an emerging and dynamic scientific field due to their important potential in integrated healthcare through nutritional and medicinal approaches... (Review)
Review
Nutraceuticals represent an emerging and dynamic scientific field due to their important potential in integrated healthcare through nutritional and medicinal approaches that interact and complement each other mutually. In an attempt to find new sources for such preparations, the present research focuses on the species (L.) Pers. (Cantharellaceae), also known as the black trumpet. This wild mushroom species is renowned for its culinary excellence and unique taste and is used especially in a dehydrated state. However, beyond its gastronomic value, recent scientific investigations have revealed its potential as a source of bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical and therapeutic significance. Our study aimed, therefore, to review the current data regarding the morphology, chemical profile, and medicinal potential of the black trumpet mushroom, highlighting its unique attributes. By conducting a comprehensive literature analysis, this paper contributes to the broader understanding of this remarkable fungal species as a potential functional food and its promising applications in the field of therapeutics.
Topics: Basidiomycota; Agaricales; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 38542742
DOI: 10.3390/nu16060831 -
Carbohydrate Polymers Jun 2024Mushroom polysaccharides are recognized as "biological response modifiers". Besides several bioactivities, a growing interest in their prebiotic potential has been... (Review)
Review
Mushroom polysaccharides are recognized as "biological response modifiers". Besides several bioactivities, a growing interest in their prebiotic potential has been raised due to the gut microbiota modulation potential. This review comprehensively summarizes mushroom polysaccharides' biological properties, structure-function relationship, and underlying mechanisms. It provides a recent overview of the key findings in the field (2018-2024). Key findings and limitations on structure-function correlation are discussed. Although most studies focus on β-glucans or extracts, α-glucans and chitin have gained interest. Prebiotic capacity has been associated with α-glucans and chitin, while antimicrobial and wound healing potential is attributed to chitin. However, further research is of utmost importance. Human fecal fermentation is the most reported approach to assess prebiotic potential, indicating impacts on intestinal biological, mechanical, chemical and immunological barriers. Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been directly connected with intestinal, cardiovascular, metabolic, and neurological diseases. Concerning gut microbiota modulation, animal experiments have suggested proinflammatory cytokines reduction and redox balance re-establishment. Most literature focused on the anticancer and immunomodulatory potential. However, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, hypocholesterolemic, antilipidemic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties are discussed. A significant overview of the gaps and research directions in synergistic effects, underlying mechanisms, structure-function correlation, clinical trials and scientific data is also given.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Prebiotics; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Agaricales; Polysaccharides; Chitin; Glucans; Anti-Infective Agents
PubMed: 38494231
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121978 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Feb 2024
Topics: Humans; Agaricales; Diarrhea
PubMed: 38359916
DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2023-075457 -
New Biotechnology Jul 2024Mushroom waste can account for up to 50% of the total mushroom mass. Spent mushroom substrate, misshapen mushrooms, and mushroom stems are examples of mushroom... (Review)
Review
Mushroom waste can account for up to 50% of the total mushroom mass. Spent mushroom substrate, misshapen mushrooms, and mushroom stems are examples of mushroom byproducts. In ancient cultures, fungi were prized for their medicinal properties. Aqueous extracts containing high levels of β-glucans as functional components capable of providing prebiotic polysaccharides and improved texture to foods have been widely used and new methods have been tested to improve extraction yields. Similarly, the addition of insoluble polysaccharides controls the glycemic index, counteracting the effects of increasingly high-calorie diets. Numerous studies support these benefits in vitro, but evidence in vivo is scarce. Nonetheless, many authors have created a variety of functional foods, ranging from yogurt to noodles. In this review, we focus on the pharmacological properties of edible mushroom by-products, and the possible risks derived from its consumption. By incorporating these by-products into human or animal feed formulations, mushroom producers will be able to fully optimize crop use and pave the way for the industry to move toward a zero-waste paradigm.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Agaricales; Polysaccharides; Animal Feed
PubMed: 38521182
DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2024.03.003 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2023MYB transcription factors (TFs) have been extensively studied in plant abiotic stress responses and growth and development. However, the role of MYB TFs in the heat...
MYB transcription factors (TFs) have been extensively studied in plant abiotic stress responses and growth and development. However, the role of MYB TFs in the heat stress response and growth and development of remains unclear. To investigate the function of , , and TFs in , mutant strains of , , and were generated using RNA interference (RNAi) and overexpression (OE) techniques. The results indicated that the mycelia of OE-, OE-, and RNAi- mutant strains exhibited positive effects under heat stress at 32 °C, 36 °C, and 40 °C. Compared to wild-type strains, the OE-, OE-, and RNAi- mutant strains promoted the growth and development of . These mutant strains also facilitated the recovery of growth and development of after 24 h of 36 °C heat stress. In conclusion, the expression of and supports the mycelium's response to heat stress and enhances the growth and development of , whereas produces the opposite effect.
Topics: Pleurotus; Heat-Shock Response; Mycelium; RNA Interference; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 37686365
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713559 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2023Globally, the species of are key components of ectomycorrhizal ecosystems. Some of them are widely known as poisonous or edible fungi. Although many new species from...
Globally, the species of are key components of ectomycorrhizal ecosystems. Some of them are widely known as poisonous or edible fungi. Although many new species from China have been described, the species diversity of Yanshan Mountains remains unknown. We here describe three new species, namely, sp. nov. (Sect. ), sp. nov. (Sect. ), and sp. nov. (Sect. ), based on morphological observations and molecular phylogenetic analyses. In addition, nine known species, namely, (Sect. ), (Sect. ), (Sect. ), (Sect. ), (Sect. ), (Sect. ), (Sect. ), var. (Sect. ), and (Sect. ), were reported from Yanshan Mountains for the first time. Our results emphasize that China has a high diversity of species and that additional studies are required to understand the exact species number. These findings play a crucial role in toxin research and ecological conservation. This study investigated the areas where species-related research is lacking. The study also attempted to better understand distribution and thus contribute to related research. This study enriches the species diversity of in Yanshan Mountains and offers additional data supporting the macrofungal systematics, toxin research, and diversity and ecological studies of in future studies.
PubMed: 37780523
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1226794 -
Microbiology Spectrum Apr 2024The present paper includes a meta-analysis of literature data on 318 species of fungi belonging to 34 orders in their response to 8 antifungal agents (amphotericin B,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
UNLABELLED
The present paper includes a meta-analysis of literature data on 318 species of fungi belonging to 34 orders in their response to 8 antifungal agents (amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, terbinafine, and voriconazole). Main trends of MIC results at the ordinal level were visualized. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) clinical breakpoints were used as the staff gauge to evaluate MIC values ranging from resistance to susceptibility, which were subsequently compared with a phylogenetic tree of the fungal kingdom. Several orders (, and ) invariably showed resistance. Also the basidiomycetous orders , and showed relatively high degrees of azole multi-resistance, while elsewhere in the fungal kingdom, including orders with numerous pathogenic and opportunistic species, that is, , and , in general were susceptible to azoles. In most cases, resistance vs susceptibility was consistently associated with phylogenetic distance, members of the same order showing similar behavior.
IMPORTANCE
A kingdom-wide the largest set of published wild-type antifungal data comparison were analyzed. Trends in resistance in taxonomic groups (monophyletic clades) can be compared with the phylogeny of the fungal kingdom, eventual relationships between fungus-drug interaction and evolution can be described.
Topics: Humans; Antifungal Agents; Phylogeny; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Fluconazole; Voriconazole; Azoles; Drug Resistance, Fungal
PubMed: 38445857
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02127-23