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International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2023The family , consisting of five genera including , is a unique group of mushrooms commonly referred to as bird's nest fungi due to their striking resemblance to bird's...
The family , consisting of five genera including , is a unique group of mushrooms commonly referred to as bird's nest fungi due to their striking resemblance to bird's nests. These mushrooms are considered medicinal mushrooms in Chinese medicine and have received attention in recent years for their anti-neurodegenerative properties. However, despite the interest in these mushrooms, very little is known about their mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes). This study is the first comprehensive investigation of the mitogenomes of five species with circular genome structures ranging in size from 114,236 bp to 129,263 bp. Comparative analyses based on gene content, gene length, tRNA, and codon usage indicate convergence within the family and heterogeneity within the order . Phylogenetic analysis based on a combined mitochondrial conserved protein dataset provides a well-supported phylogenetic tree for the Basidiomycetes, which clearly demonstrates the evolutionary relationships between and other members of . Furthermore, phylogenetic inferences based on four different gene sets reveal the stability and proximity of evolutionary relationships within . These results reveal the uniqueness of the family and its similarity to other members of ; provide valuable insights into the origin, evolution, and genetics of species; and enrich the fungal mitogenome resource. This study will help to expand the knowledge and understanding of the mitogenomes in mushrooms.
Topics: Agaricales; Phylogeny; Genome, Mitochondrial; Introns; Gene Rearrangement; Mitochondrial Proteins
PubMed: 37628782
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612599 -
Toxins Jan 2024poisonings account for the majority of fatal mushroom poisonings. Recently, we identified hematotoxicity as a relevant aspect of poisonings. In this study, we...
poisonings account for the majority of fatal mushroom poisonings. Recently, we identified hematotoxicity as a relevant aspect of poisonings. In this study, we investigated the effects of the main toxins of , α- and β-amanitin, on hematopoietic cell viability in vitro. Hematopoietic cell lines were exposed to α-amanitin or β-amanitin for up to 72 h with or without the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD(OH)-FMK, antidotes N-acetylcysteine, silibinin, and benzylpenicillin, and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3) inhibitors rifampicin and cyclosporin. Cell viability was established by trypan blue exclusion, annexin V staining, and a MTS assay. Caspase-3/7 activity was determined with Caspase-Glo assay, and cleaved caspase-3 was quantified by Western analysis. Cell number and colony-forming units were quantified after exposure to α-amanitin in primary CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. In all cell lines, α-amanitin concentration-dependently decreased viability and mitochondrial activity. β-Amanitin was less toxic, but still significantly reduced viability. α-Amanitin increased caspase-3/7 activity by 2.8-fold and cleaved caspase-3 by 2.3-fold. Z-VAD(OH)-FMK significantly reduced α-amanitin-induced toxicity. In CD34+ stem cells, α-amanitin decreased the number of colonies and cells. The antidotes and OATP1B3 inhibitors did not reverse α-amanitin-induced toxicity. In conclusion, α-amanitin induces apoptosis in hematopoietic cells via a caspase-dependent mechanism.
Topics: Humans; Alpha-Amanitin; Caspase 3; Antidotes; Amanita; Mushroom Poisoning
PubMed: 38276537
DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010061 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Feb 2024Pleurotus ostreatus, also known as the oyster mushroom, is a popular edible mushroom cultivated worldwide. This review aims to survey recent progress in the molecular... (Review)
Review
Pleurotus ostreatus, also known as the oyster mushroom, is a popular edible mushroom cultivated worldwide. This review aims to survey recent progress in the molecular genetics of this fungus and demonstrate its potential as a model mushroom for future research. The development of modern molecular genetic techniques and genome sequencing technologies has resulted in breakthroughs in mushroom science. With efficient transformation protocols and multiple selection markers, a powerful toolbox, including techniques such as gene knockout and genome editing, has been developed, and numerous new findings are accumulating in P. ostreatus. These include molecular mechanisms of wood component degradation, sexual development, protein secretion systems, and cell wall structure. Furthermore, these techniques enable the identification of new horizons in enzymology, biochemistry, cell biology, and material science through protein engineering, fluorescence microscopy, and molecular breeding. KEY POINTS: • Various genetic techniques are available in Pleurotus ostreatus. • P. ostreatus can be used as an alternative model mushroom in genetic analyses. • New frontiers in mushroom science are being developed using the fungus.
Topics: Pleurotus; Agaricales; Materials Science; Cell Wall; DNA Shuffling
PubMed: 38372792
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13034-4 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023The use of natural products isolated from mushrooms against infection, cancer diseases and other oxidative-stress-related diseases is one of the cornerstones of modern...
The use of natural products isolated from mushrooms against infection, cancer diseases and other oxidative-stress-related diseases is one of the cornerstones of modern medicine. Therefore, we tried to establish a combination of medicinal mushrooms and nanotechnology possibly with the field of medicine for the development of antibacterial agents against these MDR strains. The aim of the research was to understand the molecular identification, characterization and antibacterial action of and . The identification of fruiting body species via morpho-anatomical and molecular methods was necessary to analyze the genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships of mushrooms. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that from Hunza, Pakistan, exhibited 98% resemblance to the previously discovered (DQ112623) and (LN714562) from northern Europe, and (Pakistan) showed a 97% similarity to (MF686520) and (MW448623) from the USA. UV-vis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used for AgNPs' characterization. The UV-vis absorption peak of 500-600 nm indicates the AgNPs' presence. XRD results determined AgNPs were nanocrystals and seems to be amorphous. In addition, SEM results showed the cubic morphology of with a diameter of 65 nm, and the FTIR spectra of fruiting body revealed the presence of functional groups-carboxyl, nitro, and hydroxyl-in AgNPs, which catalyzed the reduction of Ag+ to Ag0. Further antibacterial activity of mushrooms against MDR strains was determined via agar well diffusion assay, and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was estimated by qualitative experimentation using the broth dilution method. All experiments were conducted in triplicate. The results showed that the mushroom AgNPs, along with their synergy and nano-composites (with the exception of Ethyl-acetate), were shown to have zones of inhibition from 4 mm to 29 mm against multidrug-resistant pathogens such as , , , , , and . The mushroom composites were active against most of the tested microorganisms whilst the lowest MIC value (10-40 mg/mL) was recorded against MDR strains. Hence, the present study suggested the possibility of employing compounds present in mushrooms for the development of new antibacterial agents, as well as efflux pump inhibitors.
Topics: Silver; Metal Nanoparticles; Phylogeny; Anti-Infective Agents; Agaricales; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia coli
PubMed: 37687119
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176291 -
International Journal of Food... Feb 2024Microbial multispecies communities consisting of background microbiota and Listeria monocytogenes could be established on materials used in food processing environments....
Microbial multispecies communities consisting of background microbiota and Listeria monocytogenes could be established on materials used in food processing environments. The presence, abundance and diversity of the strains within these microbial multispecies communities may be affected by mutual interactions and differences in resistance towards regular cleaning and disinfection (C&D) procedures. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the growth and diversity of a L. monocytogenes strain cocktail (n = 6) during biofilm formation on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and stainless steel (SS) without and with the presence of a diverse set of background microbiota (n = 18). L. monocytogenes and background microbiota strains were isolated from mushroom processing environments and experiments were conducted in simulated mushroom processing environmental conditions using mushroom extract as growth medium and ambient temperature (20 °C) as culturing temperature. The L. monocytogenes strains applied during monospecies biofilm incubation formed biofilms on both PVC and SS coupons, and four cycles of C&D treatment were applied with a chlorinated alkaline cleaning agent and a disinfection agent based on peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. After each C&D treatment, the coupons were re-incubated for two days during an incubation period for 8 days in total, and C&D resulted in effective removal of biofilms from SS (reduction of 4.5 log CFU/cm or less, resulting in counts below detection limit of 1.5 log CFU/cm after every C&D treatment), while C&D treatments on biofilms formed on PVC resulted in limited reductions (reductions between 1.2 and 2.4 log CFU/cm, which equals a reduction of 93.7 % and 99.6 %, respectively). Incubation of the L. monocytogenes strains with the microbiota during multispecies biofilm incubation led to the establishment of L. monocytogenes in the biofilm after 48 h incubation with corresponding high L. monocytogenes strain diversity in the multispecies biofilm on SS and PVC. C&D treatments removed L. monocytogenes from multispecies biofilm communities on SS (reduction of 3.5 log CFU/cm or less, resulting in counts below detection limit of 1.5 log CFU/cm after every C&D treatment), with varying dominance of microbiota species during different C&D cycles. However, C&D treatments of multispecies biofilm on PVC resulted in lower reductions of L. monocytogenes (between 0.2 and 2.4 log CFU/cm) compared to single species biofilm, and subsequent regrowth of L. monocytogenes and stable dominance of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas. In addition, planktonic cultures of L. monocytogenes were deposited and desiccated on dry surfaces without and with the presence of planktonic background microbiota cultures. The observed decline of desiccated cell counts over time was faster on SS compared to PVC. However, the application of C&D resulted in counts below the detection limit of 1.7 log CFU/coupon on both surfaces (reduction of 5.9 log CFU/coupon or less). This study shows that L. monocytogenes is able to form single and multispecies biofilms on PVC with high strain diversity following C&D treatments. This highlights the need to apply more stringent C&D regime treatments for especially PVC and similar surfaces to efficiently remove biofilm cells from food processing surfaces.
Topics: Disinfection; Listeria monocytogenes; Agaricales; Desiccation; Biofilms; Microbiota; Stainless Steel; Colony Count, Microbial; Food Microbiology
PubMed: 38101188
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110509 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2023The research investigates the potential use of maize cobs (or corncobs) from five genotypes, including the B73 inbred line and four locally cultivated landraces from...
The research investigates the potential use of maize cobs (or corncobs) from five genotypes, including the B73 inbred line and four locally cultivated landraces from Northern Italy, as substrate for implementing Solid State fermentation processes with four Medicinal Mushrooms (MMs). The corncobs were characterized based on their proximate composition, lignin, phenolics content (both free and bound), and total antioxidant capacity. Among the MMs tested, Pleurotus ostreatus and Ganoderma annularis demonstrated the most robust performance. Their growth was parametrized using Image Analysis technique, and chemical composition of culture samples was characterized compared to that of corncobs alone. In all culture samples, the growth of MMs led to a significant reduction (averaging 40%) in the total phenolics contents compared to that measured in corncobs alone. However, the high content of free phenolics in the cobs negatively impacted the growth of P. ostreatus. The final MM-corncob matrix exhibited reduced levels of free sugars and starch (≤ 2.2% DW, as a sum) and increased levels of proteins (up to 5.9% DW) and soluble dietary fiber (up to 5.0% DW), with a notable trend toward higher levels of β-glucan compared to corncobs alone. This research paves the way for the use of this matrix as an active ingredient to enhance the nutritional value of food preparations.
Topics: Agaricales; Zea mays; Pleurotus; Antioxidants; Agriculture; Phenols
PubMed: 38036649
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48252-9 -
BMC Public Health Oct 2023Mushroom poisoning is a major public health issue in China. The integration of medical resources from different institutes of different levels is crucial in reducing the...
BACKGROUND
Mushroom poisoning is a major public health issue in China. The integration of medical resources from different institutes of different levels is crucial in reducing the harm of mushroom poisoning. However, few studies have provided comprehensive implementation procedures and postimplementation effectiveness evaluations. To reduce the harm caused by mushroom poisoning, a network system for the prevention and treatment of mushroom poisoning (NSPTMP) was established in Chuxiong, Yunnan Province, a high-risk area for mushroom poisoning.
METHODS
The NSPTMP consists of three types of institutions, namely, centers for disease prevention, hospitals, and health administration departments, with each kind of institution comprising prefecture, county/city, town, and village levels. After three years of implementation, the network was evaluated by comparing the indices before and after network implementation using data from the "Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System" and 17 hospitals in Chuxiong. The indices included the fatalities caused by mushroom poisoning, the composition ratios of different types of mushrooms for both outpatients and inpatients and the hospitalization rates.
RESULTS
Compared to the average fatality rate of mushroom poisoning from 2015 to 2017, the average fatality rate from 2018 to 2020 significantly decreased from 0.57 to 0.06% (P < 0.001). Regarding the poisonous genus containing lethal mushrooms, the outpatient and inpatient composition ratios significantly decreased for Amanita (9.36-2.91% and 57.23-17.68%, respectively) and Russula (15.27-8.41%) (P < 0.05). Regarding poisonous mushrooms that caused mild symptoms, the outpatient and inpatient composition ratios significantly increased for Scleroderma (5.13-13.90% and 2.89-18.90%, respectively) and Boletaceae (19.08-31.71%) (P < 0.05), and the hospitalization rates significantly increased for Scleroderma (6.33-18.02%) and Boletaceae (5.65-12.71%) (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that the NSPTMP effectively reduced the harm caused by mushroom poisoning. In addition to the integration of medical resources, the development of poisonous mushroom identification, hierarchical treatment systems in hospitals, public education, and professional training also played important roles in improving the system's effectiveness. The establishment and evaluation of the NSPTMP in Chuxiong Prefecture can provide valuable insights and serve as a model for other regions facing similar challenges in managing mushroom poisoning.
Topics: Humans; Mushroom Poisoning; China; Amanita; Disease Outbreaks; Health Facilities
PubMed: 37821850
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16042-7 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Mar 2024The increasing and diversified use of rare earth elements (REE) is considered a potential source of pollution of environmental media including soils. This work documents... (Review)
Review
The increasing and diversified use of rare earth elements (REE) is considered a potential source of pollution of environmental media including soils. This work documents critically overview data on the occurrence of REE in the fruiting bodies of wild and farmed species of edible and medicinal mushrooms, as this was identified as the largest published dataset of REE occurrence in foodstuff. Most of the literature reported occurrences of cerium (Ce) and lanthanum (La), but a number of studies lacked data on all lanthanides. The Ce, La, and summed REE occurrences were assessed through the criteria of environmental geochemistry, analytical chemistry, food toxicology, mushroom systematics, and ecology. Ce and La accumulate similarly in fruiting bodies and are not fractionated during uptake, maintaining the occurrence patterns of their growing substrates. Similarly, there is no credible evidence of variable REE uptake because the evaluated species data show natural, unfractionated patterns in accordance with the Oddo-Harkins' order of environmental lanthanide occurrence. Thus, lithosphere occurrence patterns of Ce and La as the first and the third most abundant lanthanides are reflected in wild and farmed mushrooms regardless of substrate and show that Ce is around twice more abundant than La. The current state of knowledge provides no evidence that mushroom consumption at these REE occurrence levels poses a health risk either by themselves or when included with other dietary exposure. Macromycetes appear to bio-exclude lanthanides because independently reported bioconcentration factors for different species and collection sites, typically range from < 1 to 0.001. This is reflected in fruiting body concentrations which are four to two orders of magnitude lower than growing substrates. KEY POINTS: •Original REE occurrence patterns in soils/substrates are reflected in mushrooms •No evidence for the fractionation of REE during uptake by fungi •Mushrooms bio-exclude REE in fruiting bodies.
Topics: Cerium; Lanthanum; Metals, Rare Earth; Agaricales; Soil
PubMed: 38506962
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13087-5 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2023Mushroom poisoning is a public health concern worldwide that not only harms the physical and mental health of those who are poisoned but also increases the medical and...
Mushroom poisoning is a public health concern worldwide that not only harms the physical and mental health of those who are poisoned but also increases the medical and financial burden on families and society. The present study aimed to describe and analyze the current situations and factors influencing mushroom poisoning outbreaks in Guizhou province, Southwest China, between January 2012 and June 2022, and to predict the future trends of its occurrence. Our study provides a basis for the rational formulation of prevention and control and medical resource allocation policies for mushroom poisoning. The epidemiological characteristics and factors influencing mushroom poisoning incidence were analyzed using descriptive epidemiological methods and the chi-squared test, respectively. Then, future occurrence trends were predicted using the SARIMA and Prophet models. In total, 1577 mushroom poisoning incidents were recorded in Guizhou Province, with 7347 exposures, 5497 cases, 3654 hospitalizations, and 93 fatalities. The mortality rate was 4.45% in 1 ~ 6 years higher than other age groups. There were notable geographic and seasonal characteristics, with the number of occurrences much higher in rural areas (1198) than in cities (379), and poisoning cases were more common during the rainy season (June to September). The mortality rate of household poisoning cases was 1.86%, with the most deaths occurring in households. Statistically significant differences were observed in the incidence across various cities, periods, and poisoning locations (P < 0.05). Both models had advantages and disadvantages for prediction. Nevertheless, the SARIMA model had better overall prediction results than the Prophet model (R > 0.9, the residual plot of the prediction results was randomly distributed, and RMSE < RMSE). However, the prediction result plot of the Prophet model was more explanatory than the SARIMA model and could visualize overall and seasonal trends. Both models predicted that the prevalence of mushroom poisoning would continue to increase in the future; however, the number of fatalities is generally declining. Seasonal patterns indicated that a high number of deaths from gooseberry mushroom poisoning occurred in October. The epidemiological trends of mushroom poisoning remain severe, and health education on related knowledge must be strengthened in rural areas, with June to October as the key prevention and control phase. Further, medical treatment of mushroom poisoning cases with clinical symptoms should pay attention to inquiries to check whether the mushroom is similar in appearance to the Amanita, particularly in October.
Topics: Humans; Mushroom Poisoning; Amanita; Disease Outbreaks; China; Hospitalization
PubMed: 38110518
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49095-0 -
Biomolecules Dec 2023Green-synthesized gold nanoparticles demonstrate several therapeutic benefits due to their safety, non-toxicity, accessibility, and ecological acceptance. In our study,...
Green-synthesized gold nanoparticles demonstrate several therapeutic benefits due to their safety, non-toxicity, accessibility, and ecological acceptance. In our study, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were created using an extracellular extract from the fungus (). The reaction color was observed to be a reddish pink after a 24 h reaction, demonstrating the synthesis of the nanoparticles. The myco-produced nanoparticles were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and UV-visible spectroscopy. The TEM pictures depicted sphere-like shapes with sizes ranging from 60 and 120 nm, with an average diameter of 90 nm, which is in agreement with the DLS results. Furthermore, the efficiency of the AuNPs' antifungal and cytotoxic properties, as well as their production of intracellular ROS, was evaluated. Our findings showed that the AuNPs have strong antifungal effects against sp. and at increasing doses. Additionally, the AuNPs established a dose-dependent activity against human alveolar basal epithelial cells with adenocarcinoma (), demonstrating the potency of synthesized AuNPs as a cytotoxic agent. After 4 h of incubation with AuNPs, a significant increase in intracellular ROS was observed in cancer cells. Therefore, these metallic AuNPs produced by fungus () can be used as an effective antifungal, anticancer, and non-toxic immunomodulatory delivery agent.
Topics: Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Gold; Schizophyllum; Metal Nanoparticles; Antifungal Agents; Reactive Oxygen Species; Plant Extracts; Green Chemistry Technology
PubMed: 38136655
DOI: 10.3390/biom13121785