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PloS One 2023Species of the genus Tulostoma are easily recognizable by the presence of a spore sac, with a mouth from which spores are released, attached to a stipe. Tulostoma is a...
Species of the genus Tulostoma are easily recognizable by the presence of a spore sac, with a mouth from which spores are released, attached to a stipe. Tulostoma is a species-diverse genus with a worldwide distribution, and some attempts were made to delimitate species and to evaluate reliable taxonomic-informative characteristics for species identification. However, there is a notable information gap regarding Neotropical species, especially for geographic distribution and DNA data, which hampers further understanding of the infrageneric diversity, evolution, and ecology of this genus. Based on morphological analysis, molecular phylogenetics and geographic distribution, we propose here two new species of Tulostoma with reticulated spores, from the two threatened Brazilian geographical areas, Atlantic Forest and "campos rupestres" (rupestrian grassland), as well as we provide notes on the taxonomic rank of Tulostoma exasperatum var. ridleyi.
Topics: Spores, Fungal; Phylogeny; DNA; Agaricales; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 38091271
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294672 -
Microbiology Spectrum Dec 2023is an economically important edible mushroom and manipulating its developmental patterns is crucial for maximizing yield and quality. One of the potential strategies...
is an economically important edible mushroom and manipulating its developmental patterns is crucial for maximizing yield and quality. One of the potential strategies for achieving such a goal is passaging microbial communities in compost or casing. The current study demonstrated that passaging substrates develop enriched microbial communities, and after a few passages, certain levels of changes in mushroom developmental patterns (the timing of fruiting bodies formation) were observed as well as shifts in the bacterial communities. Overall, a better understanding of the complex interactions between microorganisms present in the cultivation system may help farmers and researchers to develop more efficient and sustainable cultivation practices that can both benefit the environment and human health.
Topics: Humans; Microbiota; Agaricus; Composting; Bacteria; Soil
PubMed: 37831469
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01978-23 -
Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista... 2023Consumption of wild mushrooms has increased in recent years; however, not all of them are edible and there is no precise information on those that may cause poisoning....
Consumption of wild mushrooms has increased in recent years; however, not all of them are edible and there is no precise information on those that may cause poisoning. Therefore, studies to obtain data about their toxicity are needed. For this purpose, we used the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana, a crustacean employed in toxicity tests and with wide application in the toxin detection, including mycotoxins. Mushrooms were collected in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, with which aqueous extracts were prepared. Dilutions of the stock solution of each extract were made to final concentrations of 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 µg/mL. Potassium dichromate (PD) was used as positive control and artificial seawater as negative control. The median lethal dose (LD50) of extracts on nauplii of A. franciscana was calculated. The aqueous extracts obtained from Amanita amerivirosa, A. muscaria, Chlorophyllum molybdites, and Leucopaxillus amarus showed a LD50 < 70 µg/mL, similar to PD (LD50 = 37 µg/mL). This is the first indication of the probable toxicity of Leucopaxillus amarus in humans. Cantharellus cibarius and Scleroderma texense caused the lower toxicity to the nauplii. The brine shrimp bioassay was effective in evaluating the toxicity of Basidiomycota. Scleroderma texense has been reported to be toxic, but it was not for this crustacean nauplii, and probably not to humans either, as recent literature has reported.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Artemia; Agaricales; Basidiomycota
PubMed: 38126634
DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.275156 -
PloS One 2023In many Gram-negative bacteria, the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, σS/RpoS, remodels global gene expression to reshape the physiology of stationary phase cells...
In many Gram-negative bacteria, the stress sigma factor of RNA polymerase, σS/RpoS, remodels global gene expression to reshape the physiology of stationary phase cells and ensure their survival under non-optimal growth conditions. In the foodborne pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, σS is also required for biofilm formation and virulence. We have recently shown that a ΔrpoS mutation decreases the magnesium content and expression level of the housekeeping Mg2+-transporter CorA in stationary phase Salmonella. The other two Mg2+-transporters of Salmonella are encoded by the PhoP-activated mgtA and mgtB genes and are expressed under magnesium starvation. The σS control of corA prompted us to evaluate the impact of CorA in stationary phase Salmonella cells, by using global and analytical proteomic analyses and physiological assays. The ΔcorA mutation conferred a competitive disadvantage to exit from stationary phase, and slightly impaired motility, but had no effect on total and free cellular magnesium contents. In contrast to the wild-type strain, the ΔcorA mutant produced MgtA, but not MgtB, in the presence of high extracellular magnesium concentration. Under these conditions, MgtA production in the ΔcorA mutant did not require PhoP. Consistently, a ΔmgtA, but not a ΔphoP, mutation slightly reduced the magnesium content of the ΔcorA mutant. Synthetic phenotypes were observed when the ΔphoP and ΔcorA mutations were combined, including a strong reduction in growth and motility, independently of the extracellular magnesium concentration. The abundance of several proteins involved in flagella formation, chemotaxis and secretion was lowered by the ΔcorA and ΔphoP mutations in combination, but not alone. These findings unravel the importance of PhoP-dependent functions in the absence of CorA when magnesium is sufficient. Altogether, our data pinpoint a regulatory network, where the absence of CorA is sensed by the cell and compensated by MgtA and PhoP- dependent mechanisms.
Topics: Magnesium; Proteomics; Salmonella typhimurium; Agaricales; Biological Assay; Membrane Transport Proteins
PubMed: 37713445
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291736 -
The Science of the Total Environment Sep 2023This study aimed to investigate the potential of three bioamendments (rice husk biochar, wheat straw biochar, and spent mushroom compost) to enhance microbial...
This study aimed to investigate the potential of three bioamendments (rice husk biochar, wheat straw biochar, and spent mushroom compost) to enhance microbial degradation of crude oil in saline soil. A soil microcosm experiment was conducted, comparing the response of soil microorganisms to crude oil under saline (1 % NaCl) and non-saline conditions. The soils were amended with different bioamendments at varying concentrations (2.5 % or 5 %), and degradation rates were monitored over a 120-day period at 20 °C. The results showed that the bioamendments significantly influenced the degradation of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in both non-saline and saline soils by 67 % and 18 % respectively. Non-saline soils exhibited approximately four times higher TPH biodegradation compared to saline soils. Among the bioamendments, rice husk biochar and spent mushroom compost had the greatest impact on biodegradation in saline soil, while wheat straw and rice husk biochar combined with spent mushroom compost showed the most significant effects in non-saline soil. The study also revealed that the bioamendments facilitated changes in the microbial community structure, particularly in the treatments with rice husk biochar and wheat straw biochar. Actinomycetes and fungi were found to be more tolerant to soil salinity, especially in the treatments with rice husk biochar and wheat straw biochar. Additionally, the production of CO, indicating microbial activity, was highest (56 % and 60 %) in the treatments combining rice husk biochar or wheat straw biochar with spent mushroom compost in non-saline soil, while in saline soil rice husk biochar treatment (50 %) was the highest. Overall, this research demonstrates that the application of bioamendments, particularly rice husk biochar and wheat straw biochar combined with spent mushroom compost, can effectively enhance the biodegradation of crude oil in saline soil. These findings highlight the potential of such bioamendments as green and sustainable solutions for soil pollution, especially in the context of climate change-induced impacts on high-salinity soils, including coastal soils.
Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Salinity; Soil; Charcoal; Triticum; Oryza; Agaricales; Petroleum; Soil Pollutants
PubMed: 37302607
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164720 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023This study explores the antifungal properties of Murrill, a valuable medicinal and edible fungus. Six compounds (-) were first isolated from using various isolation...
This study explores the antifungal properties of Murrill, a valuable medicinal and edible fungus. Six compounds (-) were first isolated from using various isolation techniques and identified using spectroscopic methods. These compounds include linoleic acid, 1,1'-oxybis(2,4-di-tert-butylbenzene), glycerol monolinoleate, volemolide (17R)-17-methylincisterol, (24s)-ergosta-7-en-3-ol, and dibutyl phthalate. This study also assesses the antifungal activities of these compounds against , , , and . The results demonstrate varied sensitivities against these pathogenic fungi, with compound showing significant inhibition against , compound showing significant inhibition against , and compound showing significant inhibition against . This study underscores the medicinal potential of as an antifungal agent and sheds light on its valuable research implications.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Agaricus; Candida albicans; Trichophyton
PubMed: 37959740
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217321 -
Botanical Studies Jul 2023Globally, many undescribed fungal taxa reside in the hyperdiverse, yet undersampled, tropics. These species are under increasing threat from habitat destruction by...
BACKGROUND
Globally, many undescribed fungal taxa reside in the hyperdiverse, yet undersampled, tropics. These species are under increasing threat from habitat destruction by expanding extractive industry, in addition to global climate change and other threats. Reserva Los Cedros is a primary cloud forest reserve of ~ 5256 ha, and is among the last unlogged watersheds on the western slope of the Ecuadorian Andes. No major fungal survey has been done there, presenting an opportunity to document fungi in primary forest in an underrepresented habitat and location. Above-ground surveys from 2008 to 2019 resulted in 1760 vouchered collections, cataloged and deposited at QCNE in Ecuador, mostly Agaricales sensu lato and Xylariales. We document diversity using a combination of ITS barcode sequencing and digital photography, and share the information via public repositories (GenBank & iNaturalist).
RESULTS
Preliminary identifications indicate the presence of at least 727 unique fungal species within the Reserve, representing 4 phyla, 17 classes, 40 orders, 101 families, and 229 genera. Two taxa at Los Cedros have recently been recommended to the IUCN Fungal Red List Initiative (Thamnomyces chocöensis Læssøe and "Lactocollybia" aurantiaca Singer), and we add occurrence data for two others already under consideration (Hygrocybe aphylla Læssøe & Boertm. and Lamelloporus americanus Ryvarden).
CONCLUSIONS
Plants and animals are known to exhibit exceptionally high diversity and endemism in the Chocó bioregion, as the fungi do as well. Our collections contribute to understanding this important driver of biodiversity in the Neotropics, as well as illustrating the importance and utility of such data to conservation efforts.
RESUMEN
Antecedentes: A nivel mundial muchos taxones fúngicos no descritos residen en los trópicos hiper diversos aunque continúan submuestreados. Estas especies están cada vez más amenazadas por la destrucción del hábitat debido a la expansión de la industria extractivista además del cambio climático global y otras amenazas. Los Cedros es una reserva de bosque nublado primario de ~ 5256 ha y se encuentra entre las últimas cuencas hidrográficas no explotadas en la vertiente occidental de los Andes ecuatorianos. Nunca antes se ha realizado un estudio de diversidad micológica en el sitio, lo que significa una oportunidad para documentar hongos en el bosque primario, en hábitat y ubicación subrepresentatadas. El presente estudio recopila información entre el 2008 y 2019 muestreando material sobre todos los sustratos, reportando 1760 colecciones catalogadas y depositadas en el Fungario del QCNE de Ecuador, en su mayoría Agaricales sensu lato y Xylariales; además se documenta la diversidad mediante secuenciación de códigos de barras ITS y fotografía digital, la información está disponible en repositorios públicos digitales (GenBank e iNaturalist).
RESULTADOS
La identificación preliminar indica la presencia de al menos 727 especies únicas de hongos dentro de la Reserva, que representan 4 filos, 17 clases, 40 órdenes, 101 familias y 229 géneros. Recientemente dos taxones en Los Cedros se recomendaron a la Iniciativa de Lista Roja de Hongos de la UICN (Thamnomyces chocöensis Læssøe y "Lactocollybia" aurantiaca Singer) y agregamos datos de presencia de otros dos que ya estaban bajo consideración (Hygrocybe aphylla Læssøe & Boertm. y Lamelloporus americanus Ryvarden).
CONCLUSIONES
Se sabe que plantas y animales exhiben una diversidad y endemismo excepcionalmente altos en la bioregión del Chocó y los hongos no son la excepción. Nuestras colecciones contribuyen a comprender este importante promotor de la biodiversidad en el Neotrópico además de ilustrar la importancia y utilidad de dichos datos para los esfuerzos de conservación.
PubMed: 37410314
DOI: 10.1186/s40529-023-00390-z -
PloS One 2023In practical production, cane stems with buds are generally used as seed for propagation. However, long-terms cane stems only easily lead to some problems such as...
In practical production, cane stems with buds are generally used as seed for propagation. However, long-terms cane stems only easily lead to some problems such as disease sensitivity, quality loss, etc. Recently, cane seedings, which are produced by tissue culture were used in sugarcane production, but few studies on cane health related to tissue culture seedings. Therefore, to evaluate the immunity and health of sugarcanes growing from different reproduction modes, the endophytic microbial compositions in cane roots between stem and tissue culture seedlings were analyzed using high-throughput techniques. The results showed that the endophytic microbial compositions in cane roots were significant differences between stem and tissue culture seedlings. At the genus level, Pantoea, Bacillus, Streptomyces, Lechevalieria, Pseudomonas, Nocardioides, unclassified_f__Comamonadaceae enriched as the dominant endophytic bacterial genera, and Rhizoctonia, Sarocladium, Scytalidium, Wongia, Fusarium, unclassified_f__Phaeosphaer, unclassified_c__Sordariom, unclassified_f__Stachybot, Poaceascoma, Microdochium, Arnium, Echria, Mycena and Exophiala enriched as the dominant endophytic fungal genera in cane roots growing from the tissue culture seedlings. In contrast, Mycobacterium, Massilia, Ralstonia, unclassified_f__Pseudonocardiacea, norank_f__Micropepsaceae, Leptothrix and Bryobacter were the dominant endophytic bacterial genera, and unclassified_k__Fungi, unclassified_f__Marasmiaceae, Talaromyces, unclassified_c__Sordariomycetes and Trichocladium were the dominant endophytic fungal genera in cane roots growing from stem seedlings. Additionally, the numbers of bacterial and fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in cane roots growing from tissue culture seedlings were significantly higher than those of stem seedlings. It indicates that not only the endophytic microbial compositions in cane roots can be shaped by different propagation methods, but also the stress resistance of sugarcanes can be improved by the tissue culture propagation method.
Topics: Canes; Ascomycota; Fusarium; Actinomycetales; Plant Roots; Streptomyces; Agaricales; Fungi, Unclassified; Sordariales; Endophytes
PubMed: 37582116
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290167 -
BMC Microbiology Aug 2023The most serious challenges in medicinal 'Sanghuang' mushroom production are the fungal diseases caused by various molds. Application of biological agents has been...
BACKGROUND
The most serious challenges in medicinal 'Sanghuang' mushroom production are the fungal diseases caused by various molds. Application of biological agents has been regarded as a potential crop disease management strategy. Here, the soil microbiome associated with 'Sanghuang' mushroom affected by fungal diseases grown under field cultivation (FC) and hanging cultivation (HC) was characterized using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods.
RESULTS
A total of 12,525 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 168 pure cultures were obtained using high-throughput sequencing and a culture-dependent method, respectively. From high-throughput sequencing, we found that HC samples had more OTUs, higher α-diversity, and greater microbial community complexity than FC samples. Analysis of β-diversity divided the soil microbes into two groups according to cultivation mode. Basidiomycota (48.6%) and Ascomycota (46.5%) were the two dominant fungal phyla in FC samples, with the representative genera Trichoderma (56.3%), Coprinellus (29.4%) and Discosia (4.8%), while only the phylum Ascomycota (84.5%) was predominant in HC samples, with the representative genera Discosia (34.0%), Trichoderma (30.2%), Penicillium (14.9%), and Aspergillus (7.8%). Notably, Trichoderma was predominant in both the culture-independent and culture-dependent analyses, with Trichoderma sp. FZ0005 showing high host pathogenicity. Among the 87 culturable bacteria, 15 exhibited varying extents of antifungal activity against Trichoderma sp. FZ0005, with three strains of Bacillus spp. (HX0037, HX0016, and HX0039) showing outstanding antifungal capacity.
CONCLUSIONS
Overall, our results suggest that Trichoderma is the major causal agent of 'Sanghuang' fungal diseases and that Bacillus strains may be used as biocontrol agents in 'Sanghuang' cultivation.
Topics: Agaricales; Soil; Antifungal Agents; Ascomycota; Mycoses; Microbiota; Trichoderma; Bacillus; Soil Microbiology
PubMed: 37573330
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02965-z -
Toxins Jan 2024poisoning is a serious health problem with a mortality rate of 10-40%. Poisonings are characterized by severe liver and kidney toxicity. The effect of poisonings on...
INTRODUCTION
poisoning is a serious health problem with a mortality rate of 10-40%. Poisonings are characterized by severe liver and kidney toxicity. The effect of poisonings on hematological parameters has not been systematically evaluated thus far.
METHODS
Patients with suspected poisonings were retrospectively selected from the hospital database of the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG). Medical data-including demographics; liver, kidney, and blood parameters; treatment; and outcomes-were collected. The severity of the poisoning was scored using the poison severity score.
RESULTS
Twenty-eight patients were identified who were admitted to the UMCG with suspected poisoning between 1994 and 2022. A time-dependent decrease was observed for hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations, leukocytes, and platelets. Six out of twenty-eight patients developed acute liver failure (ALF). Patients with ALF showed a higher increase in liver enzymes, international normalized ratios, and PSS compared to patients without ALF. Conversely, hemoglobin and platelet numbers were decreased even further in these patients. Three out of six patients with ALF died and one patient received a liver transplant.
CONCLUSION
Our study shows that poisonings may be associated with hematotoxicity in patients. The quantification of hematological parameters is of relevance in intoxicated patients, especially in those with ALF.
Topics: Humans; Retrospective Studies; Liver Failure, Acute; Hemoglobins; Mushroom Poisoning; Amanita
PubMed: 38393145
DOI: 10.3390/toxins16020067