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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Sep 2023and belong to the genus , which comprises 14 other species. is responsible for whooping cough in humans, a severe infection in children and less severe or chronic in... (Review)
Review
and belong to the genus , which comprises 14 other species. is responsible for whooping cough in humans, a severe infection in children and less severe or chronic in adults. These infections are restricted to humans and currently increasing worldwide. is involved in diverse respiratory infections in a wide range of mammals. For instance, the canine infectious respiratory disease complex (CIRDC), characterized by a chronic cough in dogs. At the same time, it is increasingly implicated in human infections, while remaining an important pathogen in the veterinary field. Both can evade and modulate host immune responses to support their persistence, although it is more pronounced in infection. The protective immune responses elicited by both pathogens are comparable, while there are important characteristics in the mechanisms that differ. However, pathogenesis is more difficult to decipher in animal models than those of because of its restriction to humans. Nevertheless, the licensed vaccines for each are different in terms of formulation, route of administration and immune responses induced, with no known cross-reaction between them. Moreover, the target of the mucosal tissues and the induction of long-lasting cellular and humoral responses are required to control and eliminate . In addition, the interaction between both veterinary and human fields are essential for the control of this genus, by preventing the infections in animals and the subsequent zoonotic transmission to humans.
Topics: Child; Animals; Dogs; Humans; Bordetella pertussis; Bordetella bronchiseptica; Whooping Cough; Bordetella Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Vaccines; Mammals
PubMed: 37306571
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00164-22 -
Current Opinion in Immunology Oct 2023Whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis, is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines induce potent... (Review)
Review
Whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis, is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines induce potent circulating IgG and prevent severe disease in children/adults and in infants born to vaccinated mothers. However, they do not prevent nasal infection, allowing asymptomatic transmission of B. pertussis. Studies in animal models have demonstrated that, unlike natural infection, immunization with aP vaccines fails to induce secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) or interleukin-17 (IL-17)-secreting tissue-resident memory CD4 T (T) cells, required for sustained sterilizing immunity in the nasal mucosa. Live-attenuated vaccines or aP vaccines formulated with novel adjuvants that induce respiratory IgA and T cells, especially when delivered by the nasal route, are in development and have considerable promise as next-generation vaccines against pertussis.
Topics: Child; Animals; Humans; Whooping Cough; Pertussis Vaccine; Bordetella pertussis; Immunization; Immunoglobulin A
PubMed: 37307651
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2023.102355 -
Annals of Medicine Dec 2024Pertussis (Whooping Cough) is a respiratory infection caused by . Pertussis usually occurs in childhood; severe infections are most common in infants. It can be fatal... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Pertussis (Whooping Cough) is a respiratory infection caused by . Pertussis usually occurs in childhood; severe infections are most common in infants. It can be fatal with severe complications such as pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, and encephalitis.
OBJECTIVES
We sought to synthesize the existing literature on severe pertussis in infants and inform further study.
METHODS
A scoping review was performed based on the methodological framework developed by Arksey & O'Malley. Search in Pubmed and Embase databases, with no restrictions on the language and date of publication.
RESULTS
Of the 1299 articles retrieved, 64 were finally included. The selected articles were published between 1979 and 2022, with 90.6% (58/64) of the studies in the last two decades. The studies covered epidemiology, pathology, clinical characteristics, risk factors, treatments, and burden of disease.
CONCLUSION
The literature reviewed suggests that studies on severe pertussis in infants covered a variety of clinical concerns. However, these studies were observational, and experimental studies are needed to provide high-quality evidence.
Topics: Humans; Whooping Cough; Infant; Bordetella pertussis; Risk Factors; Severity of Illness Index; Pertussis Vaccine
PubMed: 38728617
DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2352606 -
Microbial Genomics Dec 2023Pertussis remains a public health concern in South Africa, with an increase in reported cases and outbreaks in recent years. Whole genome sequencing was performed on 32...
Pertussis remains a public health concern in South Africa, with an increase in reported cases and outbreaks in recent years. Whole genome sequencing was performed on 32 isolates sourced from three different surveillance programmes in South Africa between 2015 and 2019. Genome sequences were characterized using multilocus sequence typing, vaccine antigen genes (, , , and ) and overall genome structure. All isolates were sequence type 2 and harboured the pertussis toxin promoter allele . The dominant genotype was 3122 (31/32, 96.9 %), with no pertactin-deficient or other mutations in vaccine antigen genes identified. Amongst 21 isolates yielding closed genome assemblies, eight distinct genome structures were detected, with 61.9 % (13/21) of the isolates exhibiting three predominant structures. Increases in case numbers are probably not due to evolutionary changes in the genome but possibly due to other factors such as the cyclical nature of disease, waning immunity due to the use of acellular vaccines and/or population immunity gaps.
Topics: Humans; Bordetella pertussis; Whooping Cough; South Africa; Pertussis Vaccine; Genomics
PubMed: 38117675
DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001162 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases May 2024To determine changes in Bordetella pertussis and B. parapertussis detection rates, we analyzed 1.43 million respiratory multiplex PCR test results from US facilities...
To determine changes in Bordetella pertussis and B. parapertussis detection rates, we analyzed 1.43 million respiratory multiplex PCR test results from US facilities from 2019 through mid-2023. From mid-2022 through mid-2023, Bordetella spp. detection increased 8.5-fold; 95% of detections were B. parapertussis. While B. parapertussis rates increased, B. pertussis rates decreased.
Topics: Bordetella parapertussis; United States; Humans; Bordetella Infections; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Bordetella pertussis; History, 21st Century; Child; Child, Preschool; Whooping Cough; Adult; Adolescent; Infant; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Young Adult
PubMed: 38666607
DOI: 10.3201/eid3005.231278 -
Viruses Jul 2023species colonization of Cystic Fibrosis respiratory airways is an increasing concern. Two adult patients with Cystic Fibrosis colonized by CF418 or CF116 experienced...
species colonization of Cystic Fibrosis respiratory airways is an increasing concern. Two adult patients with Cystic Fibrosis colonized by CF418 or CF116 experienced fatal exacerbations. spp. are naturally resistant to several antibiotics. Therefore, phages could be valuable as therapeutics for the control of . In this study, thirteen lytic phages were isolated and characterized at the morphological and genomic levels for potential future use in phage therapy. They are presented here as the Kumeyaay phage collection. Six distinct phage genome clusters were identified based on a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Kumeyaay collection as well as the publicly available phages. The infectivity of all phages in the Kumeyaay collection was tested in 23 clinical isolates; 78% of these isolates were lysed by at least one phage. A cryptic prophage was induced in CF418 when infected with some of the lytic phages. This prophage genome was characterized and is presented as phage CF418-P1. Prophage induction during lytic phage preparation for therapy interventions require further exploration. Large-scale production of phages and removal of endotoxins using an octanol-based procedure resulted in a phage concentrate of 1 × 10 plaque-forming units per milliliter with an endotoxin concentration of 65 endotoxin units per milliliter, which is below the Food and Drugs Administration recommended maximum threshold for human administration. This study provides a comprehensive framework for the isolation, bioinformatic characterization, and safe production of phages to kill spp. in order to potentially manage Cystic Fibrosis (CF) pulmonary infections.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Bacteriophages; Cystic Fibrosis; Phylogeny; Achromobacter; Achromobacter denitrificans; Prophages; Endotoxins
PubMed: 37632008
DOI: 10.3390/v15081665 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Oct 2023The pathogenic bacteria and cause pertussis (whooping cough) and pertussis-like disease, respectively, both of which are characterized by paroxysmal coughing. We...
The pathogenic bacteria and cause pertussis (whooping cough) and pertussis-like disease, respectively, both of which are characterized by paroxysmal coughing. We previously reported that pertussis toxin (PTx), which inactivates heterotrimeric GTPases of the G family through ADP-ribosylation of their α subunits, causes coughing in combination with Vag8 and lipid A in infection. In contrast, the mechanism of cough induced by , which produces Vag8 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) containing lipid A, but not PTx, remained to be elucidated. Here, we show that a toxin we named deacylating autotransporter toxin (DAT) of inactivates heterotrimeric G GTPases through demyristoylation of their α subunits and contributes to cough production along with Vag8 and LPS. These results indicate that DAT plays a role in infection in place of PTx.
Topics: Humans; Bordetella parapertussis; Whooping Cough; Type V Secretion Systems; Cough; Lipid A; Lipopolysaccharides; Bordetella pertussis; Pertussis Toxin; Toxins, Biological
PubMed: 37748060
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308260120 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2023causes pertussis (or whooping cough), a severe respiratory infectious disease in infants, although it can be prevented by whole cell and acellular vaccines. The recent...
causes pertussis (or whooping cough), a severe respiratory infectious disease in infants, although it can be prevented by whole cell and acellular vaccines. The recent pertussis resurgence in industrialised countries is partly attributed to pathogen adaptation to vaccines, while emergence of antimicrobial resistance, specifically to macrolides in China, has become a concern. Surveillance of current circulating and emerging strains is therefore vital to understand the risks they pose to public health. Although the use of genomics-based typing is increasing a genomic nomenclature for this pathogen has not been well established. Here, we implemented the multilevel genome typing (MGT) system for with five levels of resolution, which provide targeted typing of relevant lineages and discrimination of closely related strains at the finest scale. The lower resolution levels (MGT2 and MGT3) describe the distribution of major vaccine antigen alleles including , and as well as temporal and spatial trends within the global population. Mid-resolution levels (MGT3 and MGT4) enable typing of antibiotic-resistant lineages and Prn deficient lineages within the clade. The high-resolution level (MGT5) can capture finer-scale epidemiology such as outbreaks and local transmission events, with comparable resolution to existing genomic methods of strain-relatedness assessment. The scheme offers stable MGT-type assignments aiding harmonisation of typing and communication between laboratories. The scheme is available at https://mgtdb.unsw.edu.au/pertussis, is regularly updated from global data repositories and accepts public submissions. The MGT scheme provides a comprehensive, robust, and scalable system for global surveillance of .
Topics: Infant; Humans; Bordetella pertussis; Whooping Cough; Pertussis Vaccine; Genomics; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 37483082
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2239945 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Jul 2023We conducted antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 267 isolates for 16 antibiotics from 2017 to 2022. The highest susceptibility was found for...
We conducted antimicrobial susceptibility testing of 267 isolates for 16 antibiotics from 2017 to 2022. The highest susceptibility was found for piperacillin-tazobactam (70%) and ceftazidime-avibactam (62%). Between 30% and 49% of strains were susceptible to tigecycline, ceftazidime, and meropenem. We applied species-specific Achromobacter xylosoxidans breakpoints for piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and EUCAST pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) breakpoints for the others. A. xylosoxidans was the most frequently isolated species, followed by Achromobacter insuavis and Achromobacter ruhlandii.
Topics: Humans; Meropenem; Cystic Fibrosis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Achromobacter; Piperacillin; Tazobactam
PubMed: 37310234
DOI: 10.1128/aac.00379-23 -
Infection and Immunity Jul 2023Achromobacter xylosoxidans (Ax) is an opportunistic pathogen and causative agent of numerous infections particularly in immunocompromised individuals with increasing...
Achromobacter xylosoxidans (Ax) is an opportunistic pathogen and causative agent of numerous infections particularly in immunocompromised individuals with increasing prevalence in cystic fibrosis (CF). To date, investigations have focused on the clinical epidemiology and genomic comparisons of Ax isolates, yet little is known about disease pathology or the role that specific virulence factors play in tissue invasion or damage. Here, we model an acute Ax lung infection in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice and immunocompromised CF mice, revealing a link between cytotoxicity and disease in an intact host. Mice were intratracheally challenged with sublethal doses of a cytotoxic (GN050) or invasive (GN008) strain of Ax. Bacterial burden, immune cell populations, and inflammatory markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung homogenates were measured at different time points to assess disease severity. CF mice had a similar but delayed immune response toward both Ax strains compared to C57BL/6J mice. GN050 caused more severe disease and higher mortality which correlated with greater bacterial burden and increased proinflammatory responses in both mouse models. In agreement with the cytotoxicity of GN050 toward macrophages , mice challenged with GN050 had fewer macrophages. Mutants with transposon insertions in predicted virulence factors of GN050 showed that disease severity depended on the type III secretion system, Vi capsule, antisigma-E factor, and partially on the ArtA adhesin. The development of an acute infection model provides an essential tool to better understand the infectivity of diverse Ax isolates and enable improved identification of virulence factors important to bacterial persistence and disease.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Achromobacter denitrificans; Virulence Factors; Disease Models, Animal; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Cystic Fibrosis
PubMed: 37255468
DOI: 10.1128/iai.00037-23