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International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2023Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening or even fatal systemic hypersensitivity reaction. The incidence of anaphylaxis has risen at an alarming rate in the past decades in the... (Review)
Review
Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening or even fatal systemic hypersensitivity reaction. The incidence of anaphylaxis has risen at an alarming rate in the past decades in the majority of countries. Generally, the most common causes of severe or fatal anaphylaxis are medication, foods and venoms. Anaphylactic reactions are characterized by the activation of mast cells and basophils and the release of mediators. These cells express a variety of receptors that enable them to respond to a wide range of stimulants. Most studies of anaphylaxis focus on IgE-dependent reactions. The mast cell has long been regarded as the main effector cell involved in IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. This paper reviews IgE-independent anaphylaxis, with special emphasis on mast cells, basophils, anaphylactic mediators, risk factors, triggers, and management.
Topics: Humans; Anaphylaxis; Mast Cells; Basophils; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Immunoglobulin E
PubMed: 37628983
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612802 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) describes the establishment of peripheral tolerance through repeated allergen exposure, which qualifies as the only curative... (Review)
Review
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) describes the establishment of peripheral tolerance through repeated allergen exposure, which qualifies as the only curative treatment for allergic diseases. Although conventional subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) have been approved to treat respiratory allergies clinically, the progress made is far from satisfactory. Epicutaneous immunotherapy (EPIT) exploits the skin's immune properties to modulate immunological response, which is emerging as a promising alternative and has shown effectiveness in many preclinical and clinical studies for both respiratory and food allergies. It is worth noting that the stratum corneum (SC) barrier impedes the effective delivery of allergens, while disrupting the SC layer excessively often triggers unexpected Th2 immune responses. This work aims to comprehend the immunological mechanisms of EPIT, and summarize the innovative system for sufficient delivery of allergens as well as tolerogenic adjuvants. Finally, the safety, acceptability, and cost-effectiveness of these innovative delivery systems are discussed, which directs the development of future immunotherapies with all desirable characteristics.
Topics: Humans; Hypersensitivity; Adjuvants, Immunologic; Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; Desensitization, Immunologic; Epidermis
PubMed: 37675117
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1238022 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and... Dec 2023Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) can hamper therapeutic strategy, contribute to multiple drug... (Review)
Review
Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) can hamper therapeutic strategy, contribute to multiple drug resistance and serious public health burden. Diagnosis (including allergy assessment) and management of these two severe hypersensitivity reactions in clinical practice are somewhat difficult and published scientific evidence is rather weak and limited. The first step is always represented by stopping all anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs, treating reaction with systemic corticosteroids, and identifying the offending drug, even if it is often complicated by the patient's simultaneous intake of antibiotics. Patch tests and in vitro tests, such as lymphocyte transformation test, could bridge this diagnostic gap, but the available data are scarce and their sensitivity low. The re-challenge test is often necessary but places patients at risk for serious adverse reactions. The desensitization protocols are quite varied and not universally accepted. In this narrative review, we provide an update to the literature data on the management of DRESS and DILI with particular attention to the allergological work-up in the last decade.
Topics: Humans; Antitubercular Agents; Drug Hypersensitivity Syndrome; Eosinophilia; Hypersensitivity
PubMed: 37874314
DOI: 10.12932/AP-010423-1582 -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Sep 2023The epigenome is at the intersection of the environment, genotype, and cellular response. DNA methylation of cytosine nucleotides, the most studied epigenetic... (Review)
Review
The epigenome is at the intersection of the environment, genotype, and cellular response. DNA methylation of cytosine nucleotides, the most studied epigenetic modification, has been systematically evaluated in human studies by using untargeted epigenome-wide association studies (EWASs) and shown to be both sensitive to environmental exposures and associated with allergic diseases. In this narrative review, we summarize findings from key EWASs previously conducted on this topic; interpret results from recent studies; and discuss the strengths, challenges, and opportunities regarding epigenetics research on the environment-allergy relationship. The majority of these EWASs have systematically investigated select environmental exposures during the prenatal and early childhood periods and allergy-associated epigenetic changes in leukocyte-isolated DNA and more recently in nasal cells. Overall, many studies have found consistent DNA methylation associations across cohorts for certain exposures, such as smoking (eg, aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor gene [AHRR] gene), and allergic diseases (eg, EPX gene). We recommend the integration of both environmental exposures and allergy or asthma within long-term prospective designs to strengthen causality as well as biomarker development. Future studies should collect paired target tissues to examine compartment-specific epigenetic responses, incorporate genetic influences in DNA methylation (methylation quantitative trait locus), replicate findings across diverse populations, and carefully interpret epigenetic signatures from bulk, target tissue or isolated cells.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Child, Preschool; Epigenome; Genome-Wide Association Study; Epigenesis, Genetic; Hypersensitivity; DNA Methylation
PubMed: 37295475
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.05.020 -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Jan 2024
Topics: Humans; Animals; Ticks; Food Hypersensitivity
PubMed: 38286489
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.231067-f -
Chinese Medical Journal May 2024
Topics: Humans; Food Hypersensitivity
PubMed: 38533584
DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000003063 -
The International Journal of... Nov 2023Respiratory diseases of infectious, allergic, neoplastic or degenerative origin are due to the interaction of environmental and occupational risk factors, individual...
Respiratory diseases of infectious, allergic, neoplastic or degenerative origin are due to the interaction of environmental and occupational risk factors, individual susceptibility and other co-factors and comorbidities. Asthma and other respiratory pathologies can be worsened by climate change and exposure to other agents in occupational environments. PubMed and Scopus, and several websites on public and occupational health were queried to find publications and documents on work-related respiratory diseases, asthma, rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pneumoconiosis and allergic alveolitis in association with climate change. Most of the retrieved articles concerned asthma (75 in Scopus), while the other topics were less frequently covered in the scientific literature, with a maximum of 29 papers for rhinitis and 23 for COPD. The most important terms highlighted by the word clouds were 'health', 'air', 'pollution', and, only for asthma and rhinitis, 'pollen' and 'allergic/allergy'. Website data on public and occupational health, and climate change were reported. Assessment and management of respiratory diseases that recognise occupational exposures should be improved, and more research into integrated approaches should be favoured. Health surveillance practices for workers exposed to agents that cause respiratory diseases should be implemented. The development of biomarkers of exposure, effect and susceptibility needs further study.
Topics: Humans; Rhinitis; Climate Change; Asthma; Hypersensitivity; Respiration Disorders; Occupational Diseases; Occupational Exposure; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Respiratory Tract Diseases
PubMed: 37880894
DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.23.0131 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2023Proteomics in respiratory allergic diseases has such a battery of techniques and programs that one would almost think there is nothing impossible to find, invent or... (Review)
Review
Proteomics in respiratory allergic diseases has such a battery of techniques and programs that one would almost think there is nothing impossible to find, invent or mold. All the resources that we document here are involved in solving problems in allergic diseases, both diagnostic and prognostic treatment, and immunotherapy development. The main perspectives, according to this version, are in three strands and/or a lockout immunological system: (1) Blocking the diapedesis of the cells involved, (2) Modifications and blocking of paratopes and epitopes being understood by modifications to antibodies, antagonisms, or blocking them, and (3) Blocking FcεRI high-affinity receptors to prevent specific IgEs from sticking to mast cells and basophils. These tools and targets in the allergic landscape are, in our view, the prospects in the field. However, there are still many allergens to identify, including some homologies between allergens and cross-reactions, through the identification of structures and epitopes. The current vision of using proteomics for this purpose remains a constant; this is also true for the basis of diagnostic and controlled systems for immunotherapy. Ours is an open proposal to use this vision for treatment.
Topics: Humans; Proteomics; Hypersensitivity; Respiration Disorders; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Epitopes; Allergens
PubMed: 37629105
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612924 -
Anesthesiology Sep 2023
Topics: Humans; Anaphylaxis; Drug Hypersensitivity; Perioperative Period
PubMed: 37247347
DOI: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000004597 -
Chinese Medical Journal Jul 2023
Topics: Humans; Dapsone; Drug Hypersensitivity; Hypersensitivity; Syndrome
PubMed: 37057725
DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002492