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Animal Nutrition (Zhongguo Xu Mu Shou... Sep 2023Alternatives to antibiotics for preventing bacteria-induced inflammation in early-weaned farm animals are sorely needed. Our previous study showed that L47 and inulin...
Alternatives to antibiotics for preventing bacteria-induced inflammation in early-weaned farm animals are sorely needed. Our previous study showed that L47 and inulin could alleviate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. To explore the protective effects of L47 and inulin on the ileal inflammatory response in weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic (ETEC), 28 weaned piglets were assigned into four groups, namely, CON group-orally given 10 mL/d phosphate buffer saline (PBS), LI47 group-orally given a mixture of 10 mL/d L47 and inulin, ECON group-orally given 10 mL/d PBS and challenged by ETEC, and ELI47 group-orally given 10 mL/d L47 and inulin mixture and challenged by ETEC. The results demonstrated that the combination of L47 and inulin reduced inflammatory responses and relieved the inflammatory damage caused by ETEC, including ileal morphological damage, reduced protein expression of ileal tight junction, decreased antioxidant capacity, and decreased anti-inflammatory factors. Transcriptome analysis revealed that L47 and inulin up-regulated the gene expression of phospholipase A2 group IIA (PLA2G2A) ( < 0.05) as well as affected alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) metabolism and linoleic acid metabolism. Moreover, L47 and inulin increased the levels of ALA ( < 0.05), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) ( < 0.05), and 12,13-epoxyoctadecenoic acid (12,13-EpOME) ( < 0.05) and the protein expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ( = 0.05) in the ileal mucosa. In conclusion, L47 and inulin together alleviated ETEC-induced ileal inflammation in piglets by up-regulating the levels of ALA and 12,13-EpOME via the LTA/TLR2/PLA2G2A pathway.
PubMed: 37635926
DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.06.008 -
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Nov 2023Omega-3 fatty acids are critical for brain function. Adolescence is increasingly believed to entail brain vulnerability to dietary intake. In contrast to the abundant...
Omega-3 fatty acids are critical for brain function. Adolescence is increasingly believed to entail brain vulnerability to dietary intake. In contrast to the abundant research on the omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in cognition, research on DHA and attention in healthy adolescents is scarce. In addition, the role of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), the vegetable omega-3 fatty acid, is unexplored. We examined associations between DHA and ALA and attention function among a healthy young population. In this cross-sectional study conducted in 372 adolescents (13.8 ± 0.9 years-old), we determined the red blood cell proportions of DHA and ALA by gas chromatography (objective biomarkers of their long-term dietary intake) and measured attention scores through the Attention Network Test. We constructed multivariable linear regression models to analyze associations, controlling for known confounders. Compared to participants at the lowest DHA tertile (reference), those at the highest DHA tertile showed significantly lower hit reaction time-standard error (higher attentiveness) (28.13 ms, 95% confidence interval [CI] = - 52.30; - 3.97), lower hit reaction time ( - 38.30 ms, 95% CI = - 73.28; - 3.33) and lower executive conflict response ( - 5.77 ms, 95% CI = - 11.44; - 0.09). In contrast, higher values were observed in those at the top tertile of ALA in hit reaction time compared to the lowest one (46.14 ms, 95% CI = 9.90; 82.34). However, a beneficial association was observed for ALA, with decreasing impulsivity index across tertiles. Overall, our results suggest that DHA (reflecting its dietary intake) is associated with attention performance in typically developing adolescents. The role of dietary ALA in attention is less clear, although higher blood levels of ALA appear to result in lower impulsivity. Future intervention studies are needed to determine the causality of these associations and to better shape dietary recommendations for brain health during the adolescence period.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Child; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Cross-Sectional Studies; alpha-Linolenic Acid; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Erythrocytes
PubMed: 35960396
DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-02064-w -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology Jul 2023The lipoxygenase (LOX) cascade is a source of bioactive oxylipins that play a regulatory role in plants, animals, and fungi. Soybean ( (L.) Merr.) LOXs are the classical...
The lipoxygenase (LOX) cascade is a source of bioactive oxylipins that play a regulatory role in plants, animals, and fungi. Soybean ( (L.) Merr.) LOXs are the classical models for LOX research. Progress in genomics has uncovered a large diversity of GmLOX isoenzymes. Most of them await biochemical investigations. The catalytic properties of recombinant soybean LOX2 (GmLOX2) are described in the present work. The GmLOX2 gene has been cloned before, but only for nucleotide sequencing, while the recombinant protein was not prepared and studied. In the present work, the recombinant GmLOX2 behavior towards linoleic, α-linolenic, eicosatetraenoic (20:4), eicosapentaenoic (20:5), and hexadecatrienoic (16:3) acids was examined. Linoleic acid was a preferred substrate. Oxidation of linoleic acid afforded 94% optically pure (13)-hydroperoxide and 6% racemic 9-hydroperoxide. GmLOX2 was less active on other substrates but possessed an even higher degree of regio- and stereospecificity. For example, it converted α-linolenic acid into (13)-hydroperoxide at about 98% yield. GmLOX2 showed similar specificity towards other substrates, producing (15)-hydroperoxides (with 20:4 and 20:5) or (11)-hydroperoxide (with 16:3). Thus, the obtained data demonstrate that soybean GmLOX2 is a specific (13)-LOX. Overall, the catalytic properties of GmLOX2 are quite similar to those of GmLOX1, but pH is optimum.
PubMed: 37623215
DOI: 10.3390/cimb45080396 -
World Journal of Diabetes May 2024The understanding of bile acid (BA) and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) profiles, as well as their dysregulation, remains elusive in individuals with type 2 diabetes...
BACKGROUND
The understanding of bile acid (BA) and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) profiles, as well as their dysregulation, remains elusive in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) coexisting with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Investigating these metabolites could offer valuable insights into the pathophy-siology of NAFLD in T2DM.
AIM
To identify potential metabolite biomarkers capable of distinguishing between NAFLD and T2DM.
METHODS
A training model was developed involving 399 participants, comprising 113 healthy controls (HCs), 134 individuals with T2DM without NAFLD, and 152 individuals with T2DM and NAFLD. External validation encompassed 172 participants. NAFLD patients were divided based on liver fibrosis scores. The analytical approach employed univariate testing, orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis, logistic regression, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, and decision curve analysis to pinpoint and assess the diagnostic value of serum biomarkers.
RESULTS
Compared to HCs, both T2DM and NAFLD groups exhibited diminished levels of specific BAs. In UFAs, particular acids exhibited a positive correlation with NAFLD risk in T2DM, while the ω-6:ω-3 UFA ratio demonstrated a negative correlation. Levels of α-linolenic acid and γ-linolenic acid were linked to significant liver fibrosis in NAFLD. The validation cohort substantiated the predictive efficacy of these biomarkers for assessing NAFLD risk in T2DM patients.
CONCLUSION
This study underscores the connection between altered BA and UFA profiles and the presence of NAFLD in individuals with T2DM, proposing their potential as biomarkers in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
PubMed: 38766436
DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v15.i5.898 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023Molecular structures, in chloroform and DMSO solution, of the free fatty acids (FFAs) caproleic acid, oleic acid, α-linolenic acid, eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and...
Structural Studies of Monounsaturated and ω-3 Polyunsaturated Free Fatty Acids in Solution with the Combined Use οf NMR and DFT Calculations-Comparison with the Liquid State.
Molecular structures, in chloroform and DMSO solution, of the free fatty acids (FFAs) caproleic acid, oleic acid, α-linolenic acid, eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are reported with the combined use of NMR and DFT calculations. Variable temperature and concentration chemical shifts of the COOH protons, transient 1D NOE experiments and DFT calculations demonstrate the major contribution of low molecular weight aggregates of dimerized fatty acids through intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions of the carboxylic groups, with parallel and antiparallel interdigitated structures even at the low concentration of 20 mM in CDCl. For the dimeric DHA, a structural model of an intermolecular hydrogen bond through carboxylic groups and an intermolecular hydrogen bond between the carboxylic group of one molecule and the ω-3 double bond of a second molecule is shown to play a role. In DMSO-d solution, NMR and DFT studies show that the carboxylic groups form strong intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions with a single discrete solvation molecule of DMSO. These solvation species form parallel and antiparallel interdigitated structures of low molecular weight, as in chloroform solution. This structural motif, therefore, is an intrinsic property of the FFAs, which is not strongly affected by the length and degree of unsaturation of the chain and the hydrogen bond ability of the solvent.
PubMed: 37630396
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166144 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Sep 2023Beef production in Uruguay is based on pasture (~85%) or concentrate (~15%), resulting in differences in meat quality. The objective of this study was to compare the...
Beef production in Uruguay is based on pasture (~85%) or concentrate (~15%), resulting in differences in meat quality. The objective of this study was to compare the oxidative stability and color of beef from these two systems during refrigerated retail display. For these purposes, the muscle was removed from ten Aberdeen Angus steers raised and fed on pasture (130 days prior to slaughter) and from another ten steers fed concentrate (100 days prior to slaughter), sliced. The muscles were placed in a refrigerated showcase for 3, 6, and 9 days. The contents of β-carotene, α-tocopherol, and fatty acids were determined before the meat was placed on display. Lipid and protein oxidation, color, and heme iron content were determined before and during display. The meat from pasture-fed steers had a lower intramuscular fat content (1.78 ± 0.15 vs. 4.52 ± 0.46), lower levels of monounsaturated fatty acids, a lower n-6/n-3 ratio, less lipid and protein oxidation, lower L* and a* values, and higher levels of α-linolenic acid, DHA, total n-3, β-carotene, and α-tocopherol. In conclusion, the meat from pasture-fed steers was more stable during retail display from an oxidative point of view, which may be due to its higher levels of antioxidant compounds such as β-carotene and α-tocopherol and had a healthier fatty acid profile for consumers.
PubMed: 37760372
DOI: 10.3390/ani13182972 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine May 2024: Lipid metabolism plays an important role in maternal health and fetal development. There is a gap in the knowledge of how lipid metabolism changes during pregnancy for...
: Lipid metabolism plays an important role in maternal health and fetal development. There is a gap in the knowledge of how lipid metabolism changes during pregnancy for Black women who are at a higher risk of adverse outcomes. We hypothesized that the comprehensive lipidome profiles would show variation across pregnancy indicative of requirements during gestation and fetal development. : Black women were recruited at prenatal clinics. Plasma samples were collected at 8-18 weeks (T), 22-29 weeks (T), and 30-36 weeks (T) of pregnancy. Samples from 64 women who had term births (≥37 weeks gestation) were subjected to "shotgun" Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Mixed-effects models were used to quantify systematic changes and dimensionality reduction models were used to visualize patterns and identify reliable lipid signatures. : Total lipids and major lipid classes showed significant increases with the progression of pregnancy. Phospholipids and glycerolipids exhibited a gradual increase from T to T to T, while sphingolipids and total sterol lipids displayed a more pronounced increase from T to T. Acylcarnitines, hydroxy acylcarnitines, and Lyso phospholipid levels significantly decreased from T to T. A deviation was that non-esterified fatty acids decreased from T to T and increased again from T to T, suggestive of a potential role for these lipids during the later stages of pregnancy. The fatty acids showing this trend included key fatty acids-non-esterified Linoleic acid, Arachidonic acid, Alpha-linolenic acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Docosapentaenoic acid, and Docosahexaenoic acid. : Mapping lipid patterns and identifying lipid signatures would help develop intervention strategies to reduce perinatal health disparities among pregnant Black women.
PubMed: 38792337
DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102795 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Nov 2023Palmitic (C16:0), α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3 ), and propionate regulate bovine pyruvate carboxylase () and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase () expression in vitro. The...
Effects of an Hourly Bolus Postruminal Infusion of Flaxseed Oil or Palm Oil on Circulating Fatty Acid Concentrations and Hepatic Expression of Pyruvate Carboxylase and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase in Dairy Cattle.
Palmitic (C16:0), α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3 ), and propionate regulate bovine pyruvate carboxylase () and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase () expression in vitro. The objective of this experiment was to determine the impact of C16:0, C18:3n-3 , propionate, and acetate postruminal infusions on hepatic and expression. We hypothesized that circulating fatty acids alter hepatic and in lactating dairy cows. Acetate, propionate, palm oil, and flaxseed oil were supplied postruminally to lactating cows ( = 4) using two 4 × 4 Latin square studies. For Experiment 1, cows were infused on an hourly basis with either a bolus of propionate, acetate, or the combination of propionate and palm oil, or acetate and palm oil, and Experiment 2 was similar, but flaxseed oil replaced palm oil. Flaxseed infusions increased plasma concentration and the molar percent of C18:3n-3 and decreased C16:0 but did not affect or expression. Palm infusions did not affect blood metabolites or the hepatic expression of or . The lack of responses to short-chain fatty acid infusions and changes in circulating long-chain fatty acids in mature cattle are not suitable models to study the effects of α-linolenic acid and propionate on bovine and expression previously observed in vitro.
PubMed: 38003190
DOI: 10.3390/ani13223572 -
Pediatric Rheumatology Online Journal May 2024Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is a condition that occurs when individuals under the age of 16 develop arthritis that lasts for more than six weeks, and the cause...
BACKGROUND
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is a condition that occurs when individuals under the age of 16 develop arthritis that lasts for more than six weeks, and the cause is unknown. The development of JIA may be linked to serum metabolites. Nevertheless, the association between JIA pathogenesis and serum metabolites is unclear, and there are discrepancies in the findings across studies.
METHODS
In this research, the association between JIA in humans and 486 serum metabolites was assessed using genetic variation data and genome-wide association study. The identification of causal relationships was accomplished through the application of univariate Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Various statistical methods, including inverse variance weighted and MR-Egger, were applied to achieve this objective. To ensure that the findings from the MR analysis were trustworthy, a number of assessments were carried out. To ensure the accuracy of the obtained results, a range of techniques were utilised including the Cochran Q test, examination of the MR-Egger intercept, implementation of the leave-one-out strategy, and regression analysis of linkage disequilibrium scores. In order to identify the specific metabolic pathways associated with JIA, our primary objective was to perform pathway enrichment analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.
RESULTS
Two-sample summary data MR analyses and sensitivity analyses showed that five metabolites were significantly causally associated with JIA, including two risk factors-kynurenine (odds ratio [OR]: 16.39, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.07-129.63, p = 5.11 × 10) and linolenate (OR: 16.48, 95% CI: 1.32-206.22, p = 0.030)-and three protective factors-3-dehydrocarnitine (OR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.14-0.72, p = 0.007), levulinate (4-oxovalerate) (OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.20-0.80, p = 0.010), and X-14,208 (phenylalanylserine) (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.51-0.92, p = 0.010). Furthermore, seven metabolic pathways, including α-linolenic acid metabolism and pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, are potentially associated with the onset and progression of JIA.
CONCLUSION
Five serum metabolites, including kynurenine and 3-dehydrocarnitine, may be causally associated with JIA. These results provide a theoretical framework for developing effective JIA prevention and screening strategies.
Topics: Humans; Arthritis, Juvenile; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Genome-Wide Association Study; Child; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Kynurenine
PubMed: 38724970
DOI: 10.1186/s12969-024-00986-0 -
Comparative Biochemistry and... Sep 2023The sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota, a nutritive and commercial marine species, has a high protein and low lipid content. To date, the mechanisms underlying gender...
The sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota, a nutritive and commercial marine species, has a high protein and low lipid content. To date, the mechanisms underlying gender determination and differentiation in sea cucumbers remain unclear. Identifying gender-specific molecular markers is an effective method of revealing the genetic basis of gender determination and differentiation. The inability to distinguish between male and female individuals causes reproductive efficiency to decline in aquaculture. In this study, we used the gonads of the sea cucumber H. leucospilota as samples to conduct the experiment. The differentially abundant metabolites (DAMs) detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were enriched in pathways associated with prolactin metabolism, insulin metabolism, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling, and calcium signaling. At the transcriptome level, Illumina sequencing was performed on H. leucospilota, demonstrating that gender-specific expression genes were enriched in the retinoic acid-inducible gene I-like receptor signaling pathway, C-type lectin receptor signaling pathway, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, and ether lipid metabolism by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis. By analyzing the common pathways between DAMs and differentially expressed genes, we found that gender-related genes of H. leucospilota were mostly enriched in the necroptosis pathway and the cysteine and methionine metabolism pathways. According to the common pathways, uch-sc1 and uch-sc2 are male-specific expression genes, and uch-sc3 and bhmt are female-specific expression genes at the mRNA level. These results provide information on gender differences in H. leucospilota.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Female; Male; Holothuria; Sea Cucumbers; Transcriptome; Metabolome; Calcium Signaling
PubMed: 37591053
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101117