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Scientific Reports Jul 2023Naturally occurring canine cancers have remarkable similarities to their human counterparts. To better understand these similarities, we investigated 671 client-owned... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Naturally occurring canine cancers have remarkable similarities to their human counterparts. To better understand these similarities, we investigated 671 client-owned dogs from 96 breeds with 23 common tumor types, including those whose mutation profile are unknown (anal sac carcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma) or understudied (thyroid carcinoma, soft tissue sarcoma and hepatocellular carcinoma). We discovered mutations in 50 well-established oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and compared them to those reported in human cancers. As in human cancer, TP53 is the most commonly mutated gene, detected in 22.5% of canine tumors overall. Canine tumors share mutational hotspots with human tumors in oncogenes including PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, KIT and EGFR. Hotspot mutations with significant association to tumor type include NRAS G61R and PIK3CA H1047R in hemangiosarcoma, ERBB2 V659E in pulmonary carcinoma, and BRAF V588E (equivalent of V600E in humans) in urothelial carcinoma. Our findings better position canines as a translational model of human cancer to investigate a wide spectrum of targeted therapies.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Oncogene Proteins; Mutation; Neoplasms; Humans; Antineoplastic Agents
PubMed: 37414794
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37505-2 -
PloS One 2024The pathogenesis of anal sacculitis has not been extensively investigated, although atopic dogs seem to be predisposed to the disease. The aim of this study was... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The pathogenesis of anal sacculitis has not been extensively investigated, although atopic dogs seem to be predisposed to the disease. The aim of this study was therefore to characterize and compare the bacterial microbiota and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the anal sacs of dogs from three groups (healthy dogs, untreated atopic dogs and atopic dogs receiving antipruritic treatment or allergen-specific immunotherapy) in order to determine whether changes could be at the origin of anal sacculitis in atopic dogs. Bacterial populations of anal sac secretions from fifteen healthy dogs, fourteen untreated and six treated atopic dogs were characterized by sequencing the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene using Illumina technology. Proinflammatory cytokines were analyzed with the Luminex multiplex test. Community membership and structure were significantly different between the anal sacs of healthy and untreated atopic dogs (P = 0.002 and P = 0.003, respectively) and between those of untreated and treated atopic dogs (P = 0.012 and P = 0.017, respectively). However, the community structure was similar in healthy and treated atopic dogs (P = 0.332). Among the proinflammatory cytokines assessed, there was no significant difference between groups, except for interleukin 8 which was higher in the anal sacs of untreated atopic dogs compared to treated atopic dogs (P = 0.02), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha which was lower in the anal sacs of healthy dogs compared to treated atopic dogs (P = 0.04). These results reveal a dysbiosis in the anal sacs of atopic dogs, which may partially explain the predisposition of atopic dogs to develop bacterial anal sacculitis. Treatments received by atopic dogs (oclacitinib, desloratadine and allergen-specific immunotherapy) shift the microbiota of the anal sacs towards that of healthy dogs. Further studies are required to identify significant cytokines contributing to anal sacculitis in atopic dogs.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Cytokines; Dog Diseases; Anal Sacs; Male; Microbiota; Female; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Dermatitis, Atopic; Case-Control Studies; Bacteria
PubMed: 38814946
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298361 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Sep 2023An 11-year-old castrated mixed-breed dog was diagnosed with a unilateral anal sac mass. Anal sacculectomy was performed without complication. Histopathology of the mass...
An 11-year-old castrated mixed-breed dog was diagnosed with a unilateral anal sac mass. Anal sacculectomy was performed without complication. Histopathology of the mass was consistent with a well-differentiated mast cell tumor. Analyses for the Ki-67 protein, KIT expression pattern, and the presence of mutations were done. Recovery from surgery was unremarkable and repeat staging revealed no evidence of mast cell disease at 4, 8, and 12 mo after surgery. To the authors' knowledge, primary mast cell neoplasia of the anal sac has not previously been reported in the veterinary literature. Key clinical message: Although mast cell tumors of the perineal region are commonly encountered in veterinary practice, the anal sac represents a novel location for this disease. Cytology of anal sac masses can be a useful diagnostic tool to confirm the diagnosis, guide staging, and assist in treatment decisions.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Anal Sacs; Mast Cells; Perineum; Neoplasms; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 37663027
DOI: No ID Found -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Apr 2024Cancer is the leading cause of death in companion animals. The evaluation of locoregional lymph nodes, known as lymph node mapping, is a critical process in assessing... (Review)
Review
Cancer is the leading cause of death in companion animals. The evaluation of locoregional lymph nodes, known as lymph node mapping, is a critical process in assessing the stage of various solid tumors, such as mast cell tumors (MCTs), anal gland anal sac adenocarcinoma, melanoma, and mammary gland adenocarcinoma. MCTs are among the most prevalent skin malignancies in dogs. Staging is used to describe the extent of neoplastic disease, provide a framework for rational treatment planning, and evaluate treatment results. The aim of this review is to present the current knowledge on sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping in canine MCTs, its influence on treatment decisions and prognosis, as well as the advantages and limitations of different SLN techniques currently available in veterinary oncology. A search methodology was adopted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. Critical analyses of up-to-date research have shown that lymphoscintigraphy can achieve a lymph node detection rate of between 91 and 100%. This method is becoming increasingly recognized as the gold standard in both human and veterinary medicine. In addition, initial studies on a limited number of animals have shown that computed tomographic lymphography (CTL) is highly effective in the SLN mapping of MCTs, with detection rates between 90 and 100%. The first study on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) also revealed that this advanced technique has up to a 95% detection rate in canine MCTs. These methods provide non-ionizing alternatives with high detection capabilities. Furthermore, combining computed tomography and near-infrared fluorescence (NIR/NIR-LND) lymphography is promising as each technique identifies different SLNs. Indirect lymphography with Lipiodol or Iohexol is technically feasible and may be also used to effectively detect SLNs. The integration of these mapping techniques into routine MCT staging is essential for enhancing the precision of MCT staging and potentially improving therapeutic outcomes. However, further clinical trials involving a larger number of animals are necessary to refine these procedures and fully evaluate the clinical benefits of each technique.
PubMed: 38612328
DOI: 10.3390/ani14071089 -
Biology Mar 2024To clarify the allometric growth pattern and hunger tolerance of Bleeker larvae, the morphological lengths of their functional organs were measured continuously and...
To clarify the allometric growth pattern and hunger tolerance of Bleeker larvae, the morphological lengths of their functional organs were measured continuously and their primary feeding rates under a state of starvation were studied. A control group and starvation group were set up for this study, and 10 larvae were sampled from each group every day in order to study their allometric growth pattern and starvation tolerance. The results indicated that the larvae opened their mouths for feeding at 4 days after hatching, and that the yolk sac disappeared completely at 11 days after hatching. The larvae preferentially developed their heads, fins, and eyes, related to the functions of feeding, balancing, and swimming, in order to cope with complex environments. The growth inflection points for the head length, pectoral fin length, dorsal fin length, eye diameter, eye spacing, snout length, and body height were characterized by total lengths of 10.93 mm, 11.67 mm, 11.67 mm, 13.17 mm, 16.53 mm, 15.13 mm, and 15.13 mm, respectively. Prior to and following the inflection point, positive allometric growth was observed in all organs. After the inflection point, the dorsal fin continued to maintain positive allometric growth, while the others changed to isometric allometric growth. A growth inflection point was not observed for trunk length or the lengths of the tail and anal fins. The trunk length always maintained negative allometry, while the tail and anal fin lengths were reversed. The growth inflection point of the tail length was at a total length of 13.68 mm. Before and after the growth inflection point, negative and isometric allometric growths were observed, respectively. According to the relationship between the total length and number of days after hatching, the growth inflection point of the larvae was concentrated at TL = 10.93-16.53 mm, which was observed 14-20 days after hatching. The point of no return for the larvae was 12-13 days after hatching, and the ratio of days after hatching in the mixed trophic period to the endotrophic period was 1.75, indicating that the larvae had strong hunger tolerance. Therefore, when considering a water temperature of 22.66 ± 1.56 °C, 4-5 days after hatching is the best time to cultivate in the pond, and it should not be carried out later than 12 days after hatching.
PubMed: 38534434
DOI: 10.3390/biology13030164 -
Veterinary Sciences May 2024This research aims to evaluate the outcomes of a radiotherapy protocol, consisting of five fractions of 4 Gy each, resulting in a total dose of 20 Gy for apocrine gland...
Radiotherapy for Canine Apocrine Gland Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma: Survival Outcomes and Side Effects of a Palliative Treatment Protocol of 20 Gy in Five Consecutive Fractions.
This research aims to evaluate the outcomes of a radiotherapy protocol, consisting of five fractions of 4 Gy each, resulting in a total dose of 20 Gy for apocrine gland anal sac tumors and local lymph nodes in canines. This protocol was assessed as a palliative treatment for macroscopic tumors alone, or in combination with additional therapies under different scenarios. Medical records from fifty canine patients met the inclusion criteria and were divided into different treatment groups: radiotherapy alone (n = 22, 44%), radiotherapy with chemotherapy or targeted therapy with toceranib (n = 18, 36%), surgery with radiotherapy (n = 5, 10%), and surgery with radiotherapy and chemotherapy or targeted therapy with toceranib (n = 5, 10%). Patients who received radiotherapy alone had a median survival time of 384 days (95% CI 198-569) and 628 days (95% CI 579-676) for RT + additional therapies. The median time to progression for patients with radiotherapy alone was 337 days (95% CI 282-391 days), and 402 days (95% CI 286-517 days) for radiotherapy plus additional treatments. Acute side effects were mild, with the majority having diarrhea (61%), and only one patient developed grade III late effects VRTOG v2 classification; however, this happened 22 months after the first radiotherapy protocol after re-irradiation. The results demonstrate that radiotherapy alone under this protocol provided a comparable median time to progression vs. radiotherapy plus additional treatments while maintaining acceptable side effects. The combination of this protocol with other treatment modalities offers attractive results for local disease control and survival while maintaining acceptable toxicities. Overall, these findings contribute to the growing evidence supporting the role of radiotherapy in managing apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma in dogs.
PubMed: 38787191
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050219 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023A 9-year-old, spayed female, mixed-breed dog was initially presented for evaluation of chronic dermatitis on the nasal planum, where a clitoral mass was discovered as an...
A 9-year-old, spayed female, mixed-breed dog was initially presented for evaluation of chronic dermatitis on the nasal planum, where a clitoral mass was discovered as an incidental finding during the exam. No further investigation of the clitoral mass was undertaken due to other significant dermal lesions and the lack of clinical significance of the mass at the time. However, ~1 month later, the dog was presented to the Emergency Service for bleeding from the vulva. The clitoral mass was found to have prolapsed; the mass was manually reduced back into a position within the vulvar folds and maintained with a purse-string suture. The dog was referred to the Theriogenology Service for further investigation and removal. On follow-up evaluation, the mass was noted to be multi-lobulated, ulcerated, cystic, and involving the clitoris but not the urethra. The urethra was easily catheterized, and no urinary abnormalities were found. No evidence of lymph node metastasis or hypercalcemia was noted prior to surgery. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the anal sacs was normal. The mass was removed, and histopathologic evaluation revealed a primary clitoral adenocarcinoma. On recheck evaluation, after 1 month, no evidence of metastasis or local recurrence was observed. Clitoral adenocarcinoma is a rarely reported neoplasm of the canine genital tract that shares many clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features with canine apocrine gland anal sac adenocarcinoma. This case adds to the available knowledge on the condition, specifically regarding the frequency of complications such as hypercalcemia and metastasis, as previous reports suggest that these are present at least 50% of the time.
PubMed: 37841455
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1264538 -
Acta Neurologica Taiwanica Sep 2023Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the most common type of lymphoma, and its extranodal manifestation is rare. Skeletal muscle involvement is noted in only 1.1% of patients...
PURPOSE
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is the most common type of lymphoma, and its extranodal manifestation is rare. Skeletal muscle involvement is noted in only 1.1% of patients with NHL. Here, we present a case of high-grade B-cell lymphoma (HGBL); it infiltrated the left neural foramina from the left psoas muscle before encroaching on the whole spinal canal and subsequently invading the contralateral neural foramina from T12 to L3.
CASE REPORT
A 43-year-old man with HGBL who could function independently presented with numbness and weakness of the left thigh 2 months after a diagnosis of infiltrative lymphoma in the left psoas muscle. His symptoms were urine incontinence and unsteady gait. A neurological examination revealed weakness in the left psoas and quadriceps with hyporeflexia and hypesthesia. Lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed intraspinal extradural invasion from T12 to L3 with multiple left-sided root compression despite the resolution of primary psoas lymphoma. At 6 weeks after symptom onset, his symptoms progressed to weakness, numbness, and hyporeflexia of the bilateral lower extremities with preserved anal sensation. Follow- up MRI revealed the progression of intraspinal invasion, which spread through the spinal canal and invaded the contralateral neural foramina from T12 to L3. The patient was finally bound to a wheelchair.
CONCLUSION
Clinicians must check for possible intraspinal involvement in patients with HGBL, particularly patients with known paraspinal soft-tissue involvement. The resolved infiltration of the soft tissue does not preclude the possibility of further neurological involvement. Additionally, MRI may provide higher resolution findings for clarifying the structure of the neural foramina and thecal sac. Keyword: Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, high-grade B-cell lymphoma, plexopathy.
Topics: Male; Humans; Adult; Hypesthesia; Reflex, Abnormal; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Data Compression; Lymphoma, B-Cell
PubMed: 37674424
DOI: No ID Found -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Jan 2024Anal sac adenocarcinoma (ASACA) in dogs is a malignant perianal tumour that often metastasizes to the iliosacral lymph nodes. Additionally, this tumour can be associated...
BACKGROUND
Anal sac adenocarcinoma (ASACA) in dogs is a malignant perianal tumour that often metastasizes to the iliosacral lymph nodes. Additionally, this tumour can be associated with hypercalcemia of malignancy. To date, no study has looked at the association between increased blood calcium levels and suspected or confirmed lymph node metastasis as a primary objective.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to determine if increased total serum calcium level is associated with iliosacral lymph node metastasis in dogs diagnosed with ASACA.
METHODS
Medical records of a single referral hospital were searched to identify dogs examined between 2011 and 2021 that had a diagnosis of ASACA via cytology or histopathology. Only dogs that had serum total calcium recorded and abdominal ultrasound were included in the study. All images were reviewed by a board-certified radiologist blinded to any patient identifiers.
RESULTS
Of the 58 dogs, 33% (19/58) had total hypercalcaemia, and of these, 68% had confirmed or suspected iliosacral lymph node metastasis. Total hypercalcaemia was significantly associated with confirmed or suspected iliosacral lymph node metastasis (p < 0.01). However, 46% (11/24) of dogs with confirmed or suspected iliosacral lymph node metastasis were normocalcaemic.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on these results, it is suggested that while the presence of total hypercalcaemia may increase the likelihood of concurrent lymph node metastasis, total hypercalcaemia alone cannot be used as a screening tool for lymph node metastasis. Dogs diagnosed with ASACA should undergo full staging regardless of total serum calcium values.
Topics: Humans; Dogs; Animals; Lymphatic Metastasis; Hypercalcemia; Calcium; Anal Sacs; Adenocarcinoma; Ultrasonography; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 37990956
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1324