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BMJ Open Sep 2023mosquitoes are the primary vectors for the spread of viruses like dengue (DENV), zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV), all of which affect humans. Those diseases...
INTRODUCTION
mosquitoes are the primary vectors for the spread of viruses like dengue (DENV), zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV), all of which affect humans. Those diseases contribute to global public health issues because of their great dispersion in rural and urban areas. Mathematical and statistical models have become helpful in understanding these diseases' epidemiological dynamics. However, modelling the complexity of a real phenomenon, such as a viral disease, should consider several factors. This scoping review aims to document, identify and classify the most important factors as well as the modelling strategies for the spread of DENV, ZIKV and CHIKV.
METHODS AND ANALYSIS
We will conduct searches in electronic bibliographic databases such as PubMed, MathSciNet and the Web of Science for full-text peer-reviewed articles written in English, French and Spanish. These articles should use mathematical and statistical modelling frameworks to study dengue, zika and chikungunya, and their cocirculation/coinfection with other diseases, with a publication date between 1 January 2011 and 31 July 2023. Eligible studies should employ deterministic, stochastic or statistical modelling approaches, consider control measures and incorporate parameters' estimation or considering calibration/validation approaches. We will exclude articles focusing on clinical/laboratory experiments or theoretical articles that do not include any case study. Two reviewers specialised in zoonotic diseases and mathematical/statistical modelling will independently screen and retain relevant studies. Data extraction will be performed using a structured form, and the findings of the study will be summarised through classification and descriptive analysis. Three scoping reviews will be published, each focusing on one disease and its cocirculation/co-infection with other diseases.
ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION
This protocol is exempt from ethics approval because it is carried out on published manuscripts and without the participation of humans and/or animals. The results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and presentations in conferences.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection; Chikungunya Fever; Zoonoses; Coinfection; Dengue; Review Literature as Topic
PubMed: 37730394
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074385 -
Euro Surveillance : Bulletin Europeen... Aug 2023BackgroundUsutu virus (USUV) is a flavivirus with an enzootic cycle between birds and mosquitoes; humans are incidental dead-end hosts. In Europe, the virus was first... (Review)
Review
BackgroundUsutu virus (USUV) is a flavivirus with an enzootic cycle between birds and mosquitoes; humans are incidental dead-end hosts. In Europe, the virus was first detected in Italy in 1996; since then, it has spread to many European countries.AimWe aimed to report on the epidemiology, surveillance, diagnosis and prevention of USUV infection in humans, mosquitoes and other animals in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) from 2012 to 2021.MethodsWe collected information through a literature review, an online survey and an expert meeting.ResultsEight countries reported USUV infection in humans (105 cases, including 12 [corrected] with neurological symptoms), 15 countries in birds and seven in mosquitoes. Infected animals were also found among pets, wild and zoo animals. Usutu virus was detected primarily in but also in six other mosquito species. Detection of USUV infection in humans is notifiable only in Italy, where it is under surveillance since 2017 and now integrated with surveillance in animals in a One Health approach. Several countries include USUV infection in the differential diagnosis of viral encephalitis and arbovirus infections. Animal USUV infection is not notifiable in any EU/EEA country.ConclusionHuman USUV infections, mainly asymptomatic and, less frequently, with a febrile illness or a neuroinvasive disease, have been reported in several EU/EEA countries, where the virus is endemic. Climate and environmental changes are expected to affect the epidemiology of USUV. A One Health approach could improve the monitoring of its evolution in Europe.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Culicidae; Diagnosis, Differential; Encephalitis, Viral; Europe; Flavivirus; Flavivirus Infections; Public Health Surveillance
PubMed: 37589592
DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.33.2200929 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024Arboviruses pose a significant threat to public health globally, demanding innovative approaches for their control. For this, a better understanding of the complex web... (Review)
Review
Arboviruses pose a significant threat to public health globally, demanding innovative approaches for their control. For this, a better understanding of the complex web of interactions established in arbovirus-infected mosquitoes is fundamental. High-throughput analyses allow a genome-wide view of arbovirus-induced alterations at different gene expression levels. This review provides a comprehensive perspective into the current literature in transcriptome and proteome landscapes in mosquitoes infected with arboviruses. It also proposes a coordinated research effort to define the critical nodes that determine arbovirus infection and transmission.
PubMed: 38414768
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1330303 -
Biomolecules Jul 2023Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) pose a significant threat to both human and animal health worldwide. These viruses are transmitted through the bites of mosquitoes,... (Review)
Review
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) pose a significant threat to both human and animal health worldwide. These viruses are transmitted through the bites of mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, or biting midges to humans or animals. In humans, arbovirus infection often results in mild flu-like symptoms, but severe disease and death also occur. There are few vaccines available, so control efforts focus on the mosquito population and virus transmission control. One area of research that may enable the development of new strategies to control arbovirus transmission is the field of vector immunology. Arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, have coevolved with arboviruses, resulting in a balance of virus replication and vector immune responses. If this balance were disrupted, virus transmission would likely be reduced, either through reduced replication, or even through enhanced replication, resulting in mosquito mortality. The first step in mounting any immune response is to recognize the presence of an invading pathogen. Recent research advances have been made to tease apart the mechanisms of arbovirus detection by mosquitoes. Here, we summarize what is known about arbovirus recognition by the mosquito immune system, try to generate a comprehensive picture, and highlight where there are still gaps in our current understanding.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Arboviruses; Culicidae; Mosquito Vectors; Arbovirus Infections; Immune System
PubMed: 37509194
DOI: 10.3390/biom13071159 -
BioMed Research International 2023Mosquitoes are vectors for numerous arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika which continue to negatively impact the health of Caribbean populations. Within the... (Review)
Review
Mosquitoes are vectors for numerous arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika which continue to negatively impact the health of Caribbean populations. Within the region, synthetic insecticides are primarily used to control mosquito populations. In many countries however, these compounds are becoming less effective due to resistance, and they may also be harmful to the environment. Thus, there is a significant need for the development of alternative agents to combat the mosquito threat in the Caribbean. Worldwide, botanical-based products are being increasingly investigated for vector control because they are environmentally friendly and are often highly effective mosquitocidal agents. Although the botanical diversity within the Caribbean is remarkable, work on plant biopesticides in the region remains limited. The aim of this review, therefore, is to discuss the use of Caribbean botanical extracts as larvicidal agents. Additionally, we highlight the need for future work in this area which may subsequently lead to the implementation of transformative public health policies.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mosquito Vectors; Caribbean Region; Ethnicity; Biological Control Agents; Chikungunya Fever; Culicidae; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection
PubMed: 37663786
DOI: 10.1155/2023/5518863 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Sep 2023Multiple viruses, including pathogenic viruses, bacteriophages, and even plant viruses, cause a phenomenon termed superinfection exclusion whereby a currently infected...
Multiple viruses, including pathogenic viruses, bacteriophages, and even plant viruses, cause a phenomenon termed superinfection exclusion whereby a currently infected cell is resistant to secondary infection by the same or a closely related virus. In alphaviruses, this process is thought to be mediated, at least in part, by the viral protease (nsP2) which is responsible for processing the nonstructural polyproteins (P123 and P1234) into individual proteins (nsP1-nsP4), forming the viral replication complex. Taking a synthetic biology approach, we mimicked this naturally occurring phenomenon by generating a superinfection exclusion-like state in mosquitoes, rendering them refractory to alphavirus infection. By artificially expressing Sindbis virus (SINV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) nsP2 in mosquito cells and transgenic mosquitoes, we demonstrated a reduction in both SINV and CHIKV viral replication rates in cells following viral infection as well as reduced infection prevalence, viral titers, and transmission potential in mosquitoes.
Topics: Animals; Aedes; Yellow Fever; Superinfection; Alphavirus Infections; Chikungunya virus; Sindbis Virus
PubMed: 37669371
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303080120 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Oct 2023The incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in Norway is increasing. The risk of infection shows considerable geographical variations, with clusters of cases in certain...
The incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in Norway is increasing. The risk of infection shows considerable geographical variations, with clusters of cases in certain municipalities in the counties of Agder, and Vestfold and Telemark. There is also a major variation in clinical presentation. Only a small number of cases of tick-borne encephalitis in children have been reported in Norway, and the condition may be underdiagnosed. We present a clinical review, including two case studies, that focuses on the clinical presentation and diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis in children.
Topics: Humans; Child; Encephalitis, Tick-Borne; Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne; Norway; Incidence
PubMed: 37830974
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.23.0222 -
Cell Reports Aug 2023Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are an increasing threat to global health. The small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway is...
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes are an increasing threat to global health. The small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway is considered the main antiviral immune pathway of insects, but its effective impact on arbovirus transmission is surprisingly poorly understood. Here, we use CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing in vivo to mutate Dicer2, a gene encoding the RNA sensor and key component of the siRNA pathway. The loss of Dicer2 enhances early viral replication and systemic viral dissemination of four medically significant arboviruses (chikungunya, Mayaro, dengue, and Zika viruses) representing two viral families. However, Dicer2 mutants and wild-type mosquitoes display overall similar levels of vector competence. In addition, Dicer2 mutants undergo significant virus-induced mortality during infection with chikungunya virus. Together, our results define a multifaceted role for Dicer2 in the transmission of arboviruses by Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and pave the way for further mechanistic investigations.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Arboviruses; Aedes; Mosquito Vectors; Zika Virus; RNA, Small Interfering; Zika Virus Infection
PubMed: 37573505
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112977 -
Annals of Medicine Dec 2023Mosquito-borne infections are of global health concern because of their rapid spread and upsurge, which creates a risk for coinfections. DENV and ZIKV are transmitted by...
INTRODUCTION
Mosquito-borne infections are of global health concern because of their rapid spread and upsurge, which creates a risk for coinfections. DENV and ZIKV are transmitted by and and are prevalent in Nigeria and neighbouring countries. However, their seroprevalence, burden, hidden endemicity and possible cocirculation are poorly understood in Nigeria.
METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional study of 871 participants from three regions of Nigeria. All serum samples were analysed using malaria RDT and the immunoblot molecular diagnostic assay recomLine Tropical Fever for the presence of arboviral antibody serological marker IgG (Mikrogen Diagnostik, Neuried, Germany) with DENV and ZIKV Nonstructural protein 1 (NS 1), DENV and ZIKV Equad (variant of the envelope protein with designated mutations to increase specificity), according to the manufacturer's instructions.
RESULTS
The overall IgG antibody seropositivity against DENV-flavivirus was 44.7% (389/871); 95% CI (41.41-47.99), while ZIKV-flavivirus was 19.2% (167/871); 95% CI (0.16-0.21), and DENV-ZIKV-flavivirus cocirculation antibody seropositivity was 6.2%5 (54/871); 95% CI (0.6-0.7) in the three study regions of Nigeria. The study cohort presented similar clinical signs and symptoms of flaviviruses (DENV and ZIKV) in all three study regions.
CONCLUSION
This study highlighted an unexpectedly high antibody seropositivity, burden, hidden endemicity, and regional spread of mono- and co-circulating flaviviruses (DENV and ZIKV) in Nigeria.Key messagesDengue flavivirus sero-cross-reactivity drives antibody-dependent enhancement of ZIKV infection.Both viruses share common hosts (humans) and vectors (primarily Aedes aegypti), and are thus influenced by similar biological, ecological, and economic factors, resulting in epidemiological synergy.Additionally, the actual burden in epidemic and interepidemic periods is grossly or chronically unknown and underreported. Despite this trend and the potential public health threat, there are no reliable data, and little is known about these arboviral co-circulation infections.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Zika Virus Infection; Zika Virus; Cross-Sectional Studies; Nigeria; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Dengue; Dengue Virus; Antibodies, Viral; Immunoglobulin G
PubMed: 37074313
DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2175903 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is classified into five distinct genotypes, with genotypes 1 and 3 historically showing higher activity. These genotypes are the... (Review)
Review
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is classified into five distinct genotypes, with genotypes 1 and 3 historically showing higher activity. These genotypes are the primary agents of viral encephalitis in the Asian continent. Genotypes 4 and 5 have remained silent in low-latitude tropical regions since their discovery. From 2009, the hidden genotype 5 suddenly emerged simultaneously in mosquitoes from the Tibetan region of China and those from South Korea in East Asia. The detection of genotype 5 of JEV in these mosquitoes was associated with cases of viral encephalitis in the local population. Similarly, in 2022, the long-silent genotype 4 of JEV emerged in Australia, resulting in a local outbreak of viral encephalitis that primarily affected adults and caused fatalities. The emergence and outbreaks of genotypes 4 and 5 of JEV present new challenges for the prevention and control of Japanese encephalitis (JE). This study not only analyzes the recent emergence of these new genotypes but also discusses their implications in the development of JE vaccines and laboratory tests for newly emerging JEV infections.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Humans; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Encephalitis, Japanese; Culicidae; Genotype; Disease Outbreaks
PubMed: 38076463
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1292693