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Drug Delivery Dec 2023Itraconazole (ICZ) was prepared in a self-microemulsifying (SM) gel. This gel was intended for use in the oral mucosa, where low volume and flow of saliva result in...
Itraconazole (ICZ) was prepared in a self-microemulsifying (SM) gel. This gel was intended for use in the oral mucosa, where low volume and flow of saliva result in limited solubility and absorption of drugs that are poorly water-soluble. The drug-loaded gel formulation (ICZ-SM) was selected as a clear solution in the ternary phase diagram to improve the solubility of ICZ. Seven ratios (S1-S7) were prepared by mixing polyoxyl 35 castor oils (P35), a medium chain with a blend of mono-, di-, and triglycerides (MCT), and water. Phase separation of large-sized emulsions by countering with artificial saliva were observed in dilution tests for the formulation contained MCT, P35, and water at the ratios of 70:20:10 (S1), 10:80:10 (S3), and 20:60:20 (S4). Formulations in the ratios of 15:50:35 (S5) and 19:43:38 (S6) produced strong ICZ-SM gels, as shown by rheology tests, whereas the formulations at the ratios of 30:60:10 (S2) and 10:43:47 (S7) exhibited no elasticity. A model of zero-order kinetic (S5) and first-order kinetic (S6) were found to best fit the release kinetics of ICZ from the gels. Time-killing assays revealed that S5 and S6 required less time compared with S2 and the ICZ solution. Furthermore, S5 exhibited the highest increase in cell uptake compared with S2, S6, and the ICZ solution. These findings suggest that the ICZ-SM gel was a free polymer capable of delivering an ICZ for the treatment of oral candidiasis, and that ICZ-SM gels applied locally exhibit enhanced absorption into cells.
Topics: Humans; Itraconazole; Candidiasis, Oral; Kinetics; Polymers; Delayed-Action Preparations; Solubility; Gels; Water; Emulsions
PubMed: 37448320
DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2234099 -
Revista Da Associacao Medica Brasileira... 2024Therapy and vocal rehabilitation in laryngeal cancer impact patients' quality of life. The objective of this study was to evaluate the evolution of the quality of life... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
OBJECTIVE
Therapy and vocal rehabilitation in laryngeal cancer impact patients' quality of life. The objective of this study was to evaluate the evolution of the quality of life of patients with laryngeal cancer submitted to total laryngectomy and using electrolarynx.
METHODS
This is an observational study with a cross-sectional design and a quantitative approach. It was conducted between April 2022 and January 2023 in a Brazilian cancer hospital. For data collection, a quality of life questionnaire, validated for patients with head and neck cancer at the University of Washington, was applied in two phases: from 7 days after total laryngectomy and, subsequently, from 70 days after surgery using electronic larynx for at least 60 days. The inclusion criteria were patients undergoing total laryngectomy included on the Aldenora Bello Cancer Hospital's election list to receive the electronic larynx. Patients who did not sign the informed consent form were not included.
RESULTS
The sample consisted of 31 patients, of which approximately 84% were men and approximately 93% at the age of 50 years or older. When comparing the phases, it is possible to observe that the item speech had the greatest progress, while chewing had the least. Only the item recreation, swallowing, taste, and saliva did not show any statistical significance. The score for the general quality of life questions increased.
CONCLUSION
Electronic larynx is a viable and useful method of voice rehabilitation. Our data suggest that the use of the electrolarynx as a postlaryngectomy method of verbal communication is responsible for positive effects on patients' quality of life.
Topics: Humans; Quality of Life; Laryngectomy; Male; Middle Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Laryngeal Neoplasms; Larynx, Artificial; Aged; Surveys and Questionnaires; Voice Quality; Adult; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 38716939
DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20231146 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Mar 2024To compare four commercially available Essix-type retainers in terms of longevity, wear characteristics, stiffness and their range of rigidity.
OBJECTIVE
To compare four commercially available Essix-type retainers in terms of longevity, wear characteristics, stiffness and their range of rigidity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
An in vitro study was conducted at Queen Mary University of London. Four groups of thermoplastic materials were included: Duran (PETG), Essix C + (Polypropylene), Vivera and Zendura (Polyurethane). A working typodont was fabricated to evaluate surface wear characteristics using a wear machine with a customized jig. Retainers were measured for tensile test, and water absorption was measured at five different time points up to 6 months after initial immersion in two different physical states and two different solutions. Hydrolytic degradation was also evaluated using FTIR spectroscopy.
RESULTS
Essix C + was the most flexible retainer with Vivera the stiffest material. Zendura and Essix C + had the most surface wear (413 μm ± 80 and 652 μm ± 12, respectively) with absorption rates of up to 15 wt% in artificial saliva occurring with Zendura. Only Essix C + displayed signs of degradation following water absorption.
CONCLUSIONS
All materials had characteristic levels of flexibility and were susceptible to water absorption. Duran 1.5 mm performed similarly to Vivera in relation to stiffness and wear properties. While Zendura and Vivera have similar chemical structures, they exhibited differences concerning wear resistance and water absorption. Further clinical research evaluating the clinical relevance of these laboratory findings is required.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Characteristic patterns of wear and rigidity of four commercially available Essix-type retainers were observed. This information should help in the tailoring of retainer material on a case-by-case basis considering treatment-related factors and patient characteristics including parafunctional habits.
Topics: Humans; Longevity; Polypropylenes; Polyurethanes; Saliva, Artificial; Water
PubMed: 38429372
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05503-x -
Journal of Chromatography. B,... Apr 2024This study aimed to prove the validity of a mixture of chemicals, including salts, small organic molecules, mucin, and α-amylase, as saliva surrogate ("artificial...
This study aimed to prove the validity of a mixture of chemicals, including salts, small organic molecules, mucin, and α-amylase, as saliva surrogate ("artificial saliva") for assessing leakage of methacrylate monomers and other constituents from dental materials. To achieve this, we developed and validated a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), diurethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (BisGMA), diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (TPO), bisphenol A (BPA), and five homologues of ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate (BisEMA EO2-6) in unstimulated and artificial saliva, and compared their concentrations in the two saliva media following either spiking with a mixture of the compounds or incubation of test specimens of printed biomaterials. Test specimens were immersed in unstimulated/artificial saliva, incubated at 37 °C for 24 h, and saliva aliquots were extracted with methanol and subsequently analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The method was validated with regard to matrix effects, linearity, selectivity, lower limits of quantification (LLOQ), precision, bias and combined measurement uncertainty (u'). The performance characteristics of the method were comparable for unstimulated and artificial saliva samples. The combined u' for individual chemicals at a concentration of 10 × LLOQ were within the range of 5.3-14 % for unstimulated saliva and 6.9-16 % for artificial saliva, except for the BisEMA homologues. Combined u' for the latter were 27-74 % in unstimulated saliva, and 27-79 % in artificial saliva. There was no detectable release of BPA from the test specimens, and the TPO concentrations were mainly below the LLOQ. TEGDMA and UDMA were detected in the highest quantities, and at comparable concentrations in the unstimulated and artificial saliva. For all BisEMA homologues, the release was higher in unstimulated saliva than in artificial saliva. The study showed that the artificial saliva model can be a suitable replacement for native saliva, but might underestimate leakage of more lipophilic methacrylates.
Topics: Humans; Saliva; Chromatography, Liquid; Composite Resins; Saliva, Artificial; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Methacrylates; Polymethacrylic Acids; Polyethylene Glycols; Materials Testing; Benzhydryl Compounds; Phenols
PubMed: 38452631
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124073 -
Food Chemistry Feb 2024The addition of betel inflorescence (BI) and slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) to betel quid (BQ) formulation may be detrimental to human health. Here, we assessed BI...
The addition of betel inflorescence (BI) and slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) to betel quid (BQ) formulation may be detrimental to human health. Here, we assessed BI extracts prepared using artificial saliva or aqueous solution with or without adding slaked lime to mimic the release of phytochemicals from BI in the oral cavity. The extracts were also profiled by HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS to understand the quality and quantity of phytochemicals released. The results indicate that slaked lime facilitates the extraction of phenolics, likely due to a high pH. In a simulated oral environment with artificial saliva, the addition of slaked lime promotes the release of safrole, a well-known carcinogen. Dominant phytochemicals detected also include eugenol, acetyl eugenol and methyl eugenol, and only a fraction of these compounds is released in the simulated oral environment. This study reveals that environmental conditions can considerably affect the extraction of phytochemicals and triggers further investigation on how chewing practices may influence the release and activity of carcinogens.
PubMed: 37703774
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137411 -
Journal of Functional Biomaterials Mar 2024Coating materials offers an intriguing solution for imparting inert implants with additional bioactive characteristics without changing underlying parameters such as...
Hybrid Coatings Based on Polyvinylpyrrolidone/Polyethylene Glycol Enriched with Collagen and Hydroxyapatite: Incubation Studies and Evaluation of Mechanical and Physiochemical Properties.
Coating materials offers an intriguing solution for imparting inert implants with additional bioactive characteristics without changing underlying parameters such as mechanical strength. Metallic implants like endoprostheses or polymeric implants can be coated with a thin layer of bioactive film capable of stimulating bone-forming cells to proliferate or release a drug. However, irrespective of the final implantation site of such a coating biomaterial, it is necessary to conduct detailed mechanical and physicochemical in vitro analyses to determine its likely behavior under biological conditions. In this study, polymeric and composite coatings with hydroxyapatite obtained under UV light underwent incubation tests in four different artificial biological fluids: simulated body fluid (SBF), artificial saliva, Ringer's fluid, and water (as the reference fluid). The potentiometric and conductometric properties, sorption capacity, and degradation rate of the coatings were examined. Furthermore, their hardness, modulus of elasticity, and deformation were determined. It was demonstrated that the coatings remained stable in SBF liquid at a pH value of around 7.4. In artificial saliva, the greatest degradation of the polymer matrix (ranging between 36.19% and 39.79%) and chipping of hydroxyapatite in the composite coatings were observed. Additionally, the effect of ceramics on sorption capacity was determined, with lower capacity noted with higher HA additions. Moreover, the evaluation of surface morphology supported by elemental microanalysis confirmed the appearance of new apatite layers on the surface as a result of incubation in SBF. Ceramics also influenced mechanical aspects, increasing hardness and modulus of elasticity. For the polymer coatings, the value was 11.48 ± 0.61, while for the composite coating with 15% ceramics, it increased more than eightfold to a value of 93.31 ± 11.18 N/mm. Based on the conducted studies, the effect of ceramics on the physicochemical as well as mechanical properties of the materials was determined, and their behavior in various biological fluids was evaluated. However, further studies, especially cytotoxicity analyses, are required to determine the potential use of the coatings as biomaterials.
PubMed: 38535255
DOI: 10.3390/jfb15030062 -
Brazilian Dental Journal 2023Gels containing juca seed galactomannan (JSG) were evaluated for their potential to prevent the progression of dentin erosive wear in an in vitro study with four...
Gels containing juca seed galactomannan (JSG) were evaluated for their potential to prevent the progression of dentin erosive wear in an in vitro study with four experimental groups (n = 9). The treatments included distilled water (DW), 0.05% stannous fluoride (121 ppm F), and 0.5% or 1% JSG. The specimens underwent a cycle (3 times/day) consisting of immersion in 1% citric acid (5 minutes), treatment (5 minutes), and artificial saliva exposure (2 hours/overnight) for 5 days. Surface changes were assessed using mechanical profilometry (wear), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-test (p < 0.05). The negative control group exhibited the highest wear (6.0 µm ± 3.5), significantly differing from the group treated with 0.05% stannous fluoride gel (p = 0.007), which showed less dentin loss. The groups treated with 0.5% and 1% JSG showed results similar to the negative control (p = 0.661; p = 0.212, respectively) and the stannous fluoride group (p = 0.103; p = 0.379, respectively). In the SEM images, the specimen treated with stannous fluoride showed obliterated tubules, while the JSG gels formed crystals on the dentin surface, as confirmed by the presence of oxygen and calcium in the EDS analysis. Although the JSG gels showed similar results to the stannous fluoride, did not exhibit superior efficacy at the tested concentrations.
Topics: Tin Fluorides; Caesalpinia; Tooth Erosion; Dentin; Gels; Fluorides; Sodium Fluoride
PubMed: 38133475
DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202305508 -
NeuroRehabilitation 2024Following severe brain injuries, a subset of patients may remain in an altered state of consciousness; most of these patients require artificial feeding. Currently, a... (Review)
Review
Following severe brain injuries, a subset of patients may remain in an altered state of consciousness; most of these patients require artificial feeding. Currently, a functional oral phase and the presence of exclusive oral feeding may constitute signs of consciousness. Additionally, the presence of pharyngo-laryngeal secretions, saliva aspiration, cough reflex and tracheostomy are related to the level of consciousness. However, the link between swallowing and consciousness is yet to be fully understood. The primary aim of this review is to establish a comprehensive overview of the relationship between an individual's conscious behaviour and swallowing (reflexive and voluntary). Previous studies of brain activation during volitional and non-volitional swallowing tasks in healthy subjects are also reviewed. We demonstrate that the areas activated by voluntary swallowing tasks (primary sensorimotor, cingulate, insula, premotor, supplementary motor, cerebellum, and operculum) are not specific to deglutitive function but are shared with other motor tasks and brain networks involved in consciousness. This review also outlines suitable assessment and treatment methods for dysphagic patients with disorders of consciousness. Finally, we propose that markers of swallowing could contribute to the development of novel diagnostic guidelines for patients with disorders of consciousness.
Topics: Humans; Deglutition; Consciousness; Consciousness Disorders; Brain; Deglutition Disorders; Neuroimaging
PubMed: 38217621
DOI: 10.3233/NRE-230135 -
European Journal of Dentistry May 2024The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of irradiance light and storage media on the elution of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) from...
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effect of irradiance light and storage media on the elution of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) from conventional Filtek Z350XT 3M ESPE and two bulk-fill composites Shofu Beautifil-Bulk and Filtek Bulk fill flowable 3M ESPE using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Shofu Beautifil-Bulk, Filtek Bulk fill flowable 3M ESPE, and Filtek Z350XT 3M ESPE were the three types of composites used in this study. Disk shaped samples of 4-mm thickness and 10-mm diameter were fabricated using a stainless steel mold and were polymerized using light emitting diode (LED) and quartz tungsten halogen (QTH) lamps. After polymerization, the samples were immersed in ethanol, artificial saliva with betel quid extract, and distilled water for 1, 7, and 30 days, respectively. The elution of monomer TEGDMA was evaluated using HPLC.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
To evaluate the mean concentration difference, mixed way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied. Between different light, materials, and within the time duration, Tukey's post hoc test was used. A value of 0.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS
During the first day of storage, a significant amount of monomer TEGDMA elution was seen in all the materials. The highest values observed to be in the disks cured with QTH lamp. However, the highest elution was seen when the disks were immersed in ethanol/water solution. While the most stable medium was distilled water, artificial saliva with betel nut extract also had a significant effect on the elution of TEGDMA. The highest value obtained was of Filtek Bulk fill flowable 3M ESPE after 30 days of immersion in both LED and QTH cured disks.
CONCLUSION
Filtek Bulk fill flowable 3M ESPE shows better properties in relation to the release of monomer TEGDMA as it releases less amount of monomer in the storage media. The release of monomer was highest in ethanol as compared to artificial saliva and distilled water with the passage of time.
PubMed: 38788770
DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1786876 -
Scientific Reports Nov 2023Xerostomia, the subjective sensation of 'dry mouth' affecting at least 1 in 10 adults, predominantly elders, increases life-threatening infections, adversely impacting...
Xerostomia, the subjective sensation of 'dry mouth' affecting at least 1 in 10 adults, predominantly elders, increases life-threatening infections, adversely impacting nutritional status and quality of life. A patented, microgel-reinforced hydrogel-based aqueous lubricant, prepared using either dairy or plant-based proteins, has been demonstrated to offer substantially enhanced lubricity comparable to real human saliva in in vitro experiments. Herein, we present the benchmarking of in vitro lubrication performance of this aqueous lubricant, both in its dairy and vegan formulation against a range of widely available and employed commercial saliva substitutes, latter classified based on their shear rheology into "liquids", "viscous liquids" and "gels", and also had varying extensional properties. Strikingly, the fabricated dairy-based aqueous lubricant offers up to 41-99% more effective boundary lubrication against liquids and viscous liquids, irrespective of topography of the tested dry mouth-mimicking tribological surfaces. Such high lubricity of the fabricated lubricants might be attributed to their limited real-time desorption (7%) from a dry-mouth mimicking hydrophobic surface unlike the tested commercial products including gels (23-58% desorption). This comprehensive benchmarking study therefore paves the way for employing these microgel-based aqueous lubricant formulations as a novel topical platform for dry mouth therapy.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Aged; Saliva; Microgels; Hydrogels; Lubricants; Benchmarking; Quality of Life; Saliva, Artificial; Xerostomia; Excipients
PubMed: 37985688
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46108-w