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Viruses Oct 2023JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a human-specific polyomavirus that establishes a silent lifelong infection in multiple peripheral organs, predominantly those of the urinary... (Review)
Review
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) is a human-specific polyomavirus that establishes a silent lifelong infection in multiple peripheral organs, predominantly those of the urinary tract, of immunocompetent individuals. In immunocompromised settings, however, JCPyV can infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS), where it causes several encephalopathies of high morbidity and mortality. JCPyV-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a devastating demyelinating brain disease, was an AIDS-defining illness before antiretroviral therapy that has "reemerged" as a complication of immunomodulating and chemotherapeutic agents. No effective anti-polyomavirus therapeutics are currently available. How depressed immune status sets the stage for JCPyV resurgence in the urinary tract, how the virus evades pre-existing antiviral antibodies to become viremic, and where/how it enters the CNS are incompletely understood. Addressing these questions requires a tractable animal model of JCPyV CNS infection. Although no animal model can replicate all aspects of any human disease, mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) in mice and JCPyV in humans share key features of peripheral and CNS infection and antiviral immunity. In this review, we discuss the evidence suggesting how JCPyV migrates from the periphery to the CNS, innate and adaptive immune responses to polyomavirus infection, and how the MuPyV-mouse model provides insights into the pathogenesis of JCPyV CNS disease.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Polyomavirus; Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal; JC Virus; Polyomavirus Infections; Brain Diseases
PubMed: 37896889
DOI: 10.3390/v15102112 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) Apr 2024
Topics: Humans; Metronidazole; Brain Diseases; Anti-Infective Agents; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 37558473
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.2288-23 -
International Journal of Biological... 2023The gut-brain axis has been a subject of significant interest in recent years. Understanding the link between the gut and brain axis is crucial for the treatment of... (Review)
Review
The gut-brain axis has been a subject of significant interest in recent years. Understanding the link between the gut and brain axis is crucial for the treatment of disorders. Here, the intricate components and unique relationship between gut microbiota-derived metabolites and the brain are explained in detail. Additionally, the association between gut microbiota-derived metabolites and the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and brain health is emphasized. Meanwhile, gut microbiota-derived metabolites with their recent applications, challenges and opportunities their pathways on different disease treatment are focus discussed. The prospective strategy of gut microbiota-derived metabolites potential applies to the brain disease treatments, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease, is proposed. This review provides a broad perspective on gut microbiota-derived metabolites characteristics facilitate understand the connection between gut and brain and pave the way for the development of a new medication delivery system for gut microbiota-derived metabolites.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Brain; Blood-Brain Barrier; Parkinson Disease; Alzheimer Disease
PubMed: 37416776
DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.85259 -
Journal of Neuroinflammation Jan 2024Progressive brain diseases create a huge social and economic burden on modern societies as a major cause of disability and death. Incidence of brain diseases has a... (Review)
Review
Progressive brain diseases create a huge social and economic burden on modern societies as a major cause of disability and death. Incidence of brain diseases has a significantly increasing trend and merits new therapeutic strategies. At the base of many progressive brain malfunctions is a process of unresolved, chronic inflammation. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor, MIF, is an inflammatory mediator that recently gained interest of neuro-researchers due to its varied effects on the CNS such as participation of nervous system development, neuroendocrine functions, and modulation of neuroinflammation. MIF appears to be a candidate as a new biomarker and target of novel therapeutics against numerous neurologic diseases ranging from cancer, autoimmune diseases, vascular diseases, neurodegenerative pathology to psychiatric disorders. In this review, we will focus on MIF's crucial role in neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and glioblastoma (GBM).
Topics: Humans; Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; Inflammation; Multiple Sclerosis; Calgranulin A; Calgranulin B; Nervous System Diseases; Brain Diseases; Intramolecular Oxidoreductases
PubMed: 38178143
DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02993-6 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Epilepsy is a group of enduring neurological disorder characterized by spontaneous and recurrent seizures with heterogeneous etiology, clinical expression, severity, and... (Review)
Review
Epilepsy is a group of enduring neurological disorder characterized by spontaneous and recurrent seizures with heterogeneous etiology, clinical expression, severity, and prognosis. Growing body of research investigates that epileptic seizures are originated from neuronal synchronized and excessive electrical activity. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of epileptogenesis have not yet been fully elucidated and 30% of epileptic patients still are resistant to the currently available pharmacological treatments with recurrent seizures throughout life. Over the past two decades years accumulated evidences provide strong support to the hypothesis that neuroinflammation, including microglia and astrocytes activation, a cascade of inflammatory mediator releasing, and peripheral immune cells infiltration from blood into brain, is associated with epileptogenesis. Meanwhile, an increasing body of preclinical researches reveal that the anti-inflammatory therapeutics targeting crucial inflammatory components are effective and promising in the treatment of epilepsy. The aim of the present study is to highlight the current understanding of the potential neuroinflammatory mechanisms in epileptogenesis and the potential therapeutic targets against epileptic seizures.
Topics: Humans; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Brain; Electricity; Epilepsy; Seizures
PubMed: 38187384
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1269241 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2024Water is an abundant and important component of the human brain, the homeostasis of which is rigorously controlled [...].
Water is an abundant and important component of the human brain, the homeostasis of which is rigorously controlled [...].
Topics: Humans; Aquaporins; Brain Diseases; Water; Homeostasis; Brain
PubMed: 38542489
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063513 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Jun 2023This review summarises the current knowledge of neurological sleep disorders. These disorders are frequent and involve a number of serious diseases associated with... (Review)
Review
This review summarises the current knowledge of neurological sleep disorders. These disorders are frequent and involve a number of serious diseases associated with complications or precede other serious brain diseases. There is an underdiagnosis of neurological sleep disorders in Denmark. Several of these disorders can be treated, and some of them express a marker for later disease which can be important to diagnose when effective preventive treatment is available.
Topics: Humans; Nervous System Diseases; Sleep Wake Disorders; Brain Diseases; Sleep
PubMed: 37381873
DOI: No ID Found -
Chinese Medical Journal Mar 2024The brain is a complex organ that requires precise mapping to understand its structure and function. Brain atlases provide a powerful tool for studying brain circuits,... (Review)
Review
The brain is a complex organ that requires precise mapping to understand its structure and function. Brain atlases provide a powerful tool for studying brain circuits, discovering biological markers for early diagnosis, and developing personalized treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuromodulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and deep brain stimulation, have revolutionized clinical therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the lack of fine-scale brain atlases limits the precision and effectiveness of these techniques. Advances in neuroimaging and machine learning techniques have led to the emergence of stereotactic-assisted neurosurgery and navigation systems. Still, the individual variability among patients and the diversity of brain diseases make it necessary to develop personalized solutions. The article provides an overview of recent advances in individualized brain mapping and navigated neuromodulation and discusses the methodological profiles, advantages, disadvantages, and future trends of these techniques. The article concludes by posing open questions about the future development of individualized brain mapping and navigated neuromodulation.
Topics: Humans; Brain; Brain Diseases; Brain Mapping; Deep Brain Stimulation; Neuroimaging; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
PubMed: 38269482
DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002979 -
Brain and Behavior Aug 2023Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects more than 10 million individuals worldwide. It is characterized by motor and sensory deficits.... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects more than 10 million individuals worldwide. It is characterized by motor and sensory deficits. Research studies have increasingly demonstrated a correlation between Parkinson's disease and alternations in the composition of the gut microbiota in affected patients. Also, the significant role of prebiotics and probiotics in gastrointestinal and neurological conditions is imperative to understand their relation to Parkinson's disease.
METHOD
To explore the scientific interaction of the gut-microbiota-brain axis and its association with Parkinson's disease, a comprehensive narrative review of the relevant literature was conducted. Articles were retrieved systematically from reputable sources, including PubMed, Science Direct, World Health Organization (WHO), and Advanced Google Scholar. Key search terms included are "Parkinson's Disease", "Gut Microbiome", "Braak's Theory", "Neurological Disorders", and "Gut-brain axis". Articles included in our review are published in English and they provide detailed information on the relationship between Parkinson's disease and gut microbiota RESULTS: This review highlights the impact of gut microbiota composition and associated factors on the progression of Parkinson's disease. Evidence-based studies highlighting the existing evidence of the relationship between Parkinson's disease and alteration in gut microbiota are discussed. Consequently, the potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota may affect the composition of the gut microbiota were revealed, with a particular emphasis on the role of the gut-brain axis in this interplay.
CONCLUSION
Understanding the complex interplay between gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease is a potential implication for the development of novel therapeutics against Parkinson's disease. Following the existing relationship demonstrated by different evidence-based studies on Parkinson's disease and gut microbiota, our review concludes by providing recommendations and suggestions for future research studies with a particular emphasis on the impact of the microbiota-brain axis on Parkinson's disease.
Topics: Humans; Parkinson Disease; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Probiotics; Brain
PubMed: 37340511
DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3130 -
Brain and Behavior Sep 2023The brain is a highly mechanosensitive organ, and changes in the mechanical properties of brain tissue influence many physiological and pathological processes. Piezo... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The brain is a highly mechanosensitive organ, and changes in the mechanical properties of brain tissue influence many physiological and pathological processes. Piezo type mechanosensitive ion channel component 1 (Piezo1), a protein found in metazoans, is highly expressed in the brain and involved in sensing changes of the mechanical microenvironment. Numerous studies have shown that Piezo1-mediated mechanotransduction is closely related to glial cell activation and neuronal function. However, the precise role of Piezo1 in the brain requires further elucidation.
OBJECTIVE
This review first discusses the roles of Piezo1-mediated mechanotransduction in regulating the functions of a variety of brain cells, and then briefly assesses the impact of Piezo1-mediated mechanotransduction on the progression of brain dysfunctional disorders.
CONCLUSIONS
Mechanical signaling contributes significantly to brain function. Piezo1-mediated mechanotransduction regulates processes such as neuronal differentiation, cell migration, axon guidance, neural regeneration, and oligodendrocyte axon myelination. Additionally, Piezo1-mediated mechanotransduction plays significant roles in normal aging and brain injury, as well as the development of various brain diseases, including demyelinating diseases, Alzheimer's disease, and brain tumors. Investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms through which Piezo1-mediated mechanotransduction affects brain function will give us a novel entry point for the diagnosis and treatment of numerous brain diseases.
Topics: Humans; Axons; Brain; Brain Neoplasms; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Neurons; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 37366640
DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3136