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Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023Recent studies have proposed several plausible mechanisms supporting the association between periodontal disease and systemic disease. However, characterizing the...
INTRODUCTION
Recent studies have proposed several plausible mechanisms supporting the association between periodontal disease and systemic disease. However, characterizing the microbial communities in individuals with periodontal disease before onset of other diseases is an important first step in determining how the altered microbial state contributes to disease progression. This study established microbiome profiles for five body habitats of carefully selected, otherwise healthy individuals with periodontal disease.
METHODS
Blood, oral (buccal mucosa, dental plaque, and saliva), and stool samples were collected from ten healthy subjects with periodontal disease. Using 16S rRNA metagenomics, the taxonomic and functional compositions of microbiomes were investigated.
RESULTS
The most predominant phylum in blood and stool was Bacillota. Pseudomonadota accounted for the largest proportion of microbes in the buccal mucosa and saliva, whereas Bacteroidota were the most prevalent in dental plaque. Differential abundance analysis revealed that 12 phyla and 139 genera were differentially abundant between body habitats. Comparison of alpha diversity showed that the blood microbiome has the most diverse community close to neither oral nor stool microbiomes. We also predicted the functional configurations of the microbiome in otherwise healthy subjects with periodontal disease. Principal coordinate analysis based on functional abundance revealed distinct clustering of the microbial communities between different body habitats, as also observed for taxonomic abundance. In addition, 13 functional pathways, including lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and proteasome, showed differential expression between habitats.
DISCUSSION
Our results offer insight into the effects of the microbiome on systemic health and disease in people with periodontal disease.
Topics: Humans; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Dental Plaque; Microbiota; Periodontal Diseases; Metagenome
PubMed: 37780855
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1257816 -
Odontology Jan 2024This scoping review aimed to synthesize and explore the current boundaries and limitations of laboratory research on the effectiveness of continuous chelation irrigation... (Review)
Review
This scoping review aimed to synthesize and explore the current boundaries and limitations of laboratory research on the effectiveness of continuous chelation irrigation protocol in endodontics. This scoping review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Extension for Scoping Reviews. Literature search was conducted on Pubmed and Scopus to identify all laboratory studies evaluating smear layer and hard-tissue debris removal or, antimicrobial efficacy, or dentine erosion induced by continuous chelation. Two independent reviewers performed the all review steps and the relevant items were recorded. Seventy-seven potentially relevant studies were identified. Finally, 23 laboratory studies met the eligibility criteria for qualitative synthesis. Seven studies focused on the smear layer/debris removal outcome, 10 on antimicrobial activity, and 10 on dentine erosion. In general, the continuous chelation protocol was equally or more effective in the cleanliness of root canals and antimicrobial activity compared with traditional sequential protocol. In addition, etidronate solutions seemed to be milder chelating agents compared to those with EDTA, thus resulting in reduced or no dentine erosion and roughness modification. Yet, the methodological differences among the included studies limit the results' generalizability. The continuous chelation seems to be equally or more effective in all investigated outcomes when compared with the traditional sequential protocol. The methodological variability among the studies and shortcomings in the methods employed limit the generalizability and clinical relevance of the results. Standardized laboratory conditions combined with reliable three-dimensional investigation approaches are necessary to obtain clinically informative findings.
Topics: Humans; Smear Layer; Chelating Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Dental Care; Systematic Reviews as Topic
PubMed: 37433927
DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00835-8 -
Dentistry Journal Jun 2024Amelogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary disorder affecting dental enamel. Among its phenotypes, hypocalcified AI is characterized by mineral deficiency, leading to...
BACKGROUND
Amelogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary disorder affecting dental enamel. Among its phenotypes, hypocalcified AI is characterized by mineral deficiency, leading to tissue wear and, consequently, dental sensitivity. Excessive fluoride intake (through drinking water, fluoride supplements, toothpaste, or by ingesting products such as pesticides or insecticides) can lead to a condition known as dental fluorosis, which manifests as stains and teeth discoloration affecting their structure. Our recent studies have shown that extracts from Colombian native plants, and , deposit mineral ions such as phosphate and orthophosphate into the dental enamel structure; however, it is unknown whether these extracts produce toxic effects on the dental pulp.
OBJECTIVE
To assess cytotoxicity effects on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) exposed to extracts isolated from and . and, hence, their safety for clinical use.
METHODS
Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry techniques were employed. For Raman spectroscopy, hDPSCs were seeded onto nanobiochips designed to provide surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS effect), which enhances their Raman signal by several orders of magnitude. After eight days in culture, and extracts at different concentrations (10, 50, and 100 ppm) were added. Raman measurements were performed at 0, 12, and 24 h following extract application. Fluorescence microscopy was conducted using an OLIMPUS fv1000 microscope, a live-dead assay was performed using a kit employing a BD FACS Canto TM II flow cytometer, and data analysis was determined using a FlowJo program.
RESULTS
The Raman spectroscopy results showed spectra consistent with viable cells. These findings were corroborated using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry techniques, confirming high cellular viability.
CONCLUSIONS
The analyzed extracts exhibited low cytotoxicity, suggesting that they could be safely applied on enamel for remineralization purposes. The use of nanobiochips for SERS effect improved the cell viability assessment.
PubMed: 38920890
DOI: 10.3390/dj12060189 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Jun 2024Calcifying nanoparticles (CNPs), referred to as nanobacteria (NB), are recognized to be associated with ectopic calcification. This study aims to isolate and culture...
OBJECTIVES
Calcifying nanoparticles (CNPs), referred to as nanobacteria (NB), are recognized to be associated with ectopic calcification. This study aims to isolate and culture CNPs from the dental plaque of patients with periodontal disease and investigate their possible role in unravelling the aetiology of periodontal disease.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Supragingival and subgingival plaques were sampled from 30 periodontitis patients for CNPs isolation and culture. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) content changes were tracked over time. Positive samples underwent thorough morphological identification via hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, Alizarin red S (ARS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The chemical composition of CNPs analysis involved calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) content determination, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
RESULTS
The subgingival plaque dental group exhibited a higher CNPs isolation rate at 36.67% (11/30) compared to the supragingival dental plaque group at 66.67% (20/30). ALP activity varied among the positive, negative and control groups. Morphological observation characterized the CNPs as round, oval, and ellipsoid particles with Ca deposits. Chemical analysis revealed the Ca/P ratio was 0.6753. Hydroxyl, methyl, carbonate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, and dihydrogen phosphate were detected by FTIR; the main chemical components detected by XRD were hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate.
CONCLUSION
CNPs were found in periodontitis-related dental plaque and exhibited the potential to develop calcified structures resembling dental calculus. However, the potential involvement of ALP in CNPs formation requires deeper exploration, as does the precise nature of its role and the interrelation with periodontitis demand a further comprehensive investigation.
Topics: Humans; Calcifying Nanoparticles; Dental Plaque; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; X-Ray Diffraction; Alkaline Phosphatase; Phosphorus; Periodontitis; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Female; Adult; Calcium; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 38798048
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.885 -
BMC Oral Health Jan 2024Plaque-induced gingivitis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by complete reversibility of tissue damage once the periodontal biofilm has been... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Use of over-the-counter mouthwashes as an additional measure in individual oral prophylaxis on adults with plaque-induced gingivitis: a double-blind, parallel, randomized controlled trial.
BACKGROUND
Plaque-induced gingivitis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by complete reversibility of tissue damage once the periodontal biofilm has been disorganised. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two commercially available mouthwashes (MWs) versus a chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.12% MW in reducing gingival bleeding (GB) in adults with plaque-induced gingivitis.
METHODS
The present study was a double-blind, parallel, randomized controlled trial involving 6492 gingival sites (i.e. 39 subjects × 28 teeth × 6 sites/tooth) aged 18-75 years. During a 2-week period, subjects were randomized to receive MWs: a control CHX 0.12% MW (group C, 1818 sites); a MW test containing CHX 0.09% + Citrox®/P complex (group CX, 2628 sites); a MW test based on natural compounds (group P, 2016 sites). GB was assessed at the inclusion visit (T) and after 2 weeks of MW use (T). Analyses of GB were compared between groups and then restricted to subjects with bleeding sites between 10 and 30% (moderate gingivitis) or ≥ 30% (severe gingivitis) at T. Pairwise comparisons were made between groups and logistic regression was used to identify correlates of GB (T).
RESULTS
For total bleeding site analysis, GB reduction between T and T ranged from 23% (C), 26% (CX) and 36% (P), respectively (all p < 0.05). Multiple comparison between groups showed that group C was significantly less effective (p < 0.05) than groups CX and P. Splitting the analysis, in patients with severe gingivitis (≥ 30% bleeding sites at T), all MWs had a positive effect on GB with a reduction at T of 36% (C), 33% (CX) and 42% (P), respectively. While GB reduction between T and T, was significant for all groups, the comparison among groups showed no significant difference between group C and CX, whereas the improvement was significant for group P. On the other hand, in adults with moderate gingivitis (< 30% bleeding sites at T), only CX and P had a positive effect on GB reduction at T(9% in CX and 2% in P, respectively), although the differences between the three groups were not significant.
CONCLUSION
The daily use of MWs with natural components (groups P and CX) for 2 weeks should be considered positively as an adjunct to individual oral prophylaxis to reduce GB compared to the control MW containing CHX 0.12% (group C) in healthy adults with plaque-induced gingivitis. For subjects with severe gingivitis, it is advisable to first use natural MW (P) and then MW based on CHX 0.09% with natural components (CX), compared to MW with CHX 0.12% (C). For adults with moderate gingivitis, P and CX can be advisable, even if no definitive recommendations can be drawn.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ACTRN12622000215729, 07/02/2022.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Mouthwashes; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Chlorhexidine; Gingivitis; Dental Plaque; Gingival Hemorrhage; Double-Blind Method; Dental Plaque Index
PubMed: 38229032
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03779-1 -
International Journal of Dentistry 2024The positive effects of strontium on dental and skeletal remineralization have been confirmed in the literature. This study aimed to assess the properties of a calcium...
OBJECTIVES
The positive effects of strontium on dental and skeletal remineralization have been confirmed in the literature. This study aimed to assess the properties of a calcium silicate cement (CSC) containing a sintered strontium silicate phase.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The calcium silicate and strontium silicate phases were synthesized by the sol-gel technique. Strontium silicate powder in 0 (CSC), 10 (CSC/10Sr), 20 (CSC/20Sr), and 30 (CSC/30Sr) weight percentages was mixed with calcium silicate powder. Calcium chloride was used in the liquid phase. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of specimens was conducted before and after hydration. The setting time and compressive strength were assessed at 1 and 7 days after setting. The set discs of the aforementioned groups were immersed in the simulated body fluid (SBF) for 1 and 7 days. The ion release profile was evaluated by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Biomineralization on the specimen surface was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Data were analyzed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, one-way and mixed ANOVA, Levene's test, and LSD post hoc test ( < 0.05).
RESULTS
Except for an increasement in the peak intensity of hydrated specimens, XRD revealed no other difference in the crystalline phases of hydrated and nonhydrated specimens. The compressive strength was not significantly different at 1 and 7 days in any group ( > 0.05). The setting time significantly decreased by an increase in percentage of strontium ( < 0.05). Release of Ca and Si ions significantly decreased by an increase in percentage of strontium ( < 0.05). SEM/EDS showed the formation of calcium phosphate deposits at 1 and 7 days.
CONCLUSION
Incorporation of 10-30 wt% sintered strontium silicate phase as premixed in CSC can significantly decrease the setting time without compromising the compressive strength or biomineralization process of the cement.
PubMed: 38304448
DOI: 10.1155/2024/8875014 -
BMC Oral Health Jan 2024Peri-implantitis is a polybacterial infection that can lead to the failure of dental implant rehabilitation. This study aimed to profile the microbiome of the...
BACKGROUND
Peri-implantitis is a polybacterial infection that can lead to the failure of dental implant rehabilitation. This study aimed to profile the microbiome of the peri-implant plaque and estimate the effect of periodontitis on it among 40 Chinese participants with dental implant prostheses and presenting with varying peri-implant and periodontal health states.
METHODS
Submucosal plaque samples were collected from four distinct clinical categories based on both their implant and periodontal health status at sampling point. Clinical examinations of dental implant and remaining teeth were carried out. Metagenomic analysis was then performed.
RESULTS
The microbiome of the peri-implantitis sites differed from that of healthy implant sites, both taxonomically and functionally. Moreover, the predominant species in peri-implantitis sites were slightly affected by the presence of periodontitis. T. forsythia, P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and P. endodontalis were consistently associated with peri-implantitis and inflammatory clinical parameters regardless of the presence of periodontitis. Prevotella spp. and P. endodontalis showed significant differences in the peri-implantitis cohorts under different periodontal conditions. The most distinguishing function between diseased and healthy implants is related to flagellar assembly, which plays an important role in epithelial cell invasion.
CONCLUSIONS
The composition of the peri-implant microbiome varied in the diseased and healthy states of implants and is affected by individual periodontal conditions. Based on their correlations with clinical parameters, certain species are associated with disease and healthy implants. Flagellar assembly may play a vital role in the process of peri-implantitis.
Topics: Humans; Peri-Implantitis; Dental Implants; Cross-Sectional Studies; Periodontitis; Microbiota; Dental Plaque; Periodontal Diseases
PubMed: 38233815
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03442-9 -
The British Journal of Ophthalmology Jan 2024To develop an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm that diagnoses cataracts/corneal diseases from multiple conditions using smartphone images.
AIM
To develop an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm that diagnoses cataracts/corneal diseases from multiple conditions using smartphone images.
METHODS
This study included 6442 images that were captured using a slit-lamp microscope (6106 images) and smartphone (336 images). An AI algorithm was developed based on slit-lamp images to differentiate 36 major diseases (cataracts and corneal diseases) into 9 categories. To validate the AI model, smartphone images were used for the testing dataset. We evaluated AI performance that included sensitivity, specificity and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the diagnosis and triage of the diseases.
RESULTS
The AI algorithm achieved an area under the ROC curve of 0.998 (95% CI, 0.992 to 0.999) for normal eyes, 0.986 (95% CI, 0.978 to 0.997) for infectious keratitis, 0.960 (95% CI, 0.925 to 0.994) for immunological keratitis, 0.987 (95% CI, 0.978 to 0.996) for cornea scars, 0.997 (95% CI, 0.992 to 1.000) for ocular surface tumours, 0.993 (95% CI, 0.984 to 1.000) for corneal deposits, 1.000 (95% CI, 1.000 to 1.000) for acute angle-closure glaucoma, 0.992 (95% CI, 0.985 to 0.999) for cataracts and 0.993 (95% CI, 0.985 to 1.000) for bullous keratopathy. The triage of referral suggestion using the smartphone images exhibited high performance, in which the sensitivity and specificity were 1.00 (95% CI, 0.478 to 1.00) and 1.00 (95% CI, 0.976 to 1.000) for 'urgent', 0.867 (95% CI, 0.683 to 0.962) and 1.00 (95% CI, 0.971 to 1.000) for 'semi-urgent', 0.853 (95% CI, 0.689 to 0.950) and 0.983 (95% CI, 0.942 to 0.998) for 'routine' and 1.00 (95% CI, 0.958 to 1.00) and 0.896 (95% CI, 0.797 to 0.957) for 'observation', respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
The AI system achieved promising performance in the diagnosis of cataracts and corneal diseases.
PubMed: 38242700
DOI: 10.1136/bjo-2023-324488 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Aug 2023Orthodontic treatment improves both masticatory function and the aspects of facial esthetics through the correct alignment of the teeth. If oral hygiene is neglected... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The efficacy of the dental Water Jet, orthodontic, and conventional toothbrushes in plaque removal around orthodontic braces in adolescents: A randomized controlled trial.
OBJECTIVES
Orthodontic treatment improves both masticatory function and the aspects of facial esthetics through the correct alignment of the teeth. If oral hygiene is neglected during fixed orthodontic treatment, it may lead to plaque accumulation and gingivitis. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of the dental Water Jet (DWJ), and orthodontic toothbrush (O-TH) in removing dental plaque around the orthodontic braces compared to conventional toothbrush (C-TH) in adolescents.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This was a three-arm, double-blind, and parallel-group randomized active-controlled trial. Forty-five patients were randomly allocated into three groups: DWJ, the O-TH, and the C-TH (control group). The primary outcome measure was dental plaque accumulation change from the baseline (t ) to post-cleaning (t ), and plaque scores were recorded using the Orthodontic Plaque Index (OPI). The current clinical trial was registered and approved by Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12623000524695).
RESULTS
A statistically significant difference was noted in the OPI scores between different time points in the DWJ group, the O-TH group, and the C-TH group (p < .05). However, no significant difference was noted between the groups after the cleaning procedure (p > .05).
CONCLUSION
The level of oral hygiene was not satisfactory in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. In addition, the efficacy of the DWJ was not superior to O-TH nor to C-TH in plaque removal.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Orthodontic Brackets; Dental Plaque; Water; Single-Blind Method; Australia
PubMed: 37424367
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.752 -
PloS One 2023Rodentia is the most species-rich order among mammals. The Republic of South Africa harbours a high rodent diversity whose taxonomy and phylogeny have been extensively...
Rodentia is the most species-rich order among mammals. The Republic of South Africa harbours a high rodent diversity whose taxonomy and phylogeny have been extensively studied using genetic tools. Such advances have led to the establishment of new faunal lists for the country. Because rodents are frequently recovered from archaeological cave site material and owl pellets, and constitute prime material for studying both past and present environmental conditions, it is necessary to characterize their osteological remains. The skull and teeth are the most useful diagnostic skeletal elements preserved in modern and fossil accumulations. This key provides updated craniodental criteria for identifying rodent genera found in Quaternary deposits, and modern material from the Republic of South Africa, thus facilitating research on past and present rodent diversity.
Topics: Animals; Rodentia; South Africa; Phylogeny; Mammals; Fossils
PubMed: 38015919
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289812