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Journal of Clinical Medicine Dec 2023Histamine intolerance arises when there is a disparity between the production of histamine and the body's ability to break it down. In the gastrointestinal tract, the...
Histamine intolerance arises when there is a disparity between the production of histamine and the body's ability to break it down. In the gastrointestinal tract, the primary enzyme responsible for metabolizing ingested histamine is diamine oxidase (DAO), and a shortage of this enzyme has been associated with some diseases related to the respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, muscular, and digestive systems, in addition to migraines. The treatment of migraines typically revolves around the utilization of both anti-migraine and anti-inflammatory drugs, but their interaction with DAO is not thoroughly understood. In this study, we examined the impact of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and anti-migraine medications on DAO activity through in vitro experiments. We also investigated their effects on the human intestinal cell line Caco-2, assessing changes in DAO expression (both at the mRNA and protein levels) as well as DAO activity. The tested drugs, including ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid, paracetamol, a combination of acetylsalicylic acid with paracetamol and caffeine, zolmitriptan, and sumatriptan, did not inhibit DAO activity or reduce their levels. However, naproxen reduced DAO protein levels in human enterocyte cultures while not affecting DAO activity. These results suggest that combining anti-inflammatory and anti-migraine drugs with DAO enzyme supplementation for migraine patients with DAO deficiency could be beneficial for healthcare professionals in their daily practice.
PubMed: 38068554
DOI: 10.3390/jcm12237502 -
Skin Research and Technology : Official... Feb 2024The review delves into the realm of reducing submental fat, presenting a comprehensive analysis of various lipolytic agents used in plastic surgery and dermatology. The... (Review)
Review
The review delves into the realm of reducing submental fat, presenting a comprehensive analysis of various lipolytic agents used in plastic surgery and dermatology. The introduction establishes the context by defining the key indicators of a youthful neck and emphasizing the significant influence of fat in the aging process, particularly in the submental area. The usage of aminophylline involves subcutaneous injections, facilitating fat breakdown by increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate and inhibiting adenosine receptors. Hypotonic pharmacologic lipo-dissolution induces fat dissolution via injected compounds under pressure, while lipolytic lymphatic drainage employs hyaluronidase to reduce tissue viscosity, aiding fat circulation. Glycerophosphorylcholine containing choline alfoscerate claims to activate fat metabolism, whereas the utilization of phosphatidylcholine combined with deoxycholate lacks cosmetic approval due to safety concerns. Deoxycholic acid has FDA approval for submental fat reduction, yet its mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Understanding the complex anatomy and mechanisms of lipolytic agents is essential for safe and effective submental fat reduction, despite evolving practices and off-label utilization. Clinical guidelines and references support this discussion, offering insights for safer applications.
Topics: Humans; Adipose Tissue; Deoxycholic Acid; Cosmetic Techniques; Injections, Subcutaneous; Aminophylline; Subcutaneous Fat
PubMed: 38297988
DOI: 10.1111/srt.13601 -
International Dental Journal Apr 2024Silver metal and compounds have antibacterial properties, although their action's mechanisms are not fully understood. Scientists generally consider that silver disrupts... (Review)
Review
Silver metal and compounds have antibacterial properties, although their action's mechanisms are not fully understood. Scientists generally consider that silver disrupts the bacterial cell wall. It causes a structural change in the bacterial cell membrane and cytoplasm. It also stops deoxyribonucleic acid replication, resulting in inactivating enzymatic activity and cell death. The antimicrobial effect of silver-containing compounds relies on the release of bioactive silver ions. Hence, silver metal and compounds have been used in medicine to prevent infection for hundreds of years. Silver metal and compounds are also used as antibacterial agents in dentistry. Studies have shown that silver compounds are effective in the management of dental caries. Fluoride-containing silver compounds have been found in experiments to be beneficial at remineralising dental cavities. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) can assist in preventing and arresting tooth cavities. The World Health Organization included SDF in its Model List of Essential Medicine for both adults and children in 2021. Clinicians also use SDF to manage dentine hypersensitivity as well as to inhibit growth of periodontal pathogens. However, traditional silver compounds cause tooth discolouration because of the silver-staining effect. These side effects of their applications depend on the amount applied and the frequency of application. Researchers are developing nanosilver fluoride and silver nanoparticles to overcome the staining. This review gives an overview of the antibacterial mechanism of silver compounds, namely silver nitrate, silver fluoride, SDF, silver nanoparticles, and nano silver fluoride for caries management. The outlook for the future development of silver compounds will be discussed.
Topics: Child; Humans; Cariostatic Agents; Fluorides; Dental Caries; Metal Nanoparticles; Dental Caries Susceptibility; Silver; Fluorides, Topical; Silver Compounds; Silver Nitrate; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 38008704
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.10.013 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2023Polyamines (Pas) are short molecules that exhibit two or three amine groups that are positively charged at a physiological pH. These small molecules are present in high... (Review)
Review
Polyamines (Pas) are short molecules that exhibit two or three amine groups that are positively charged at a physiological pH. These small molecules are present in high concentrations in a wide variety of organisms and tissues, suggesting that they play an important role in cellular physiology. Polyamines include spermine, spermidine, and putrescine, which play important roles in age-related diseases that have not been completely elucidated. Aging is a natural process, defined as the time-related deterioration of the physiological functions; it is considered a risk factor for degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and musculoskeletal diseases; arthritis; and even cancer. In this review, we provide a new perspective on the participation of Pas in the cellular and molecular processes related to age-related diseases, focusing our attention on important degenerative diseases such as Alzheimerߣs disease, Parkinsonߣs disease, osteoarthritis, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis. This new perspective leads us to propose that Pas function as novel biomarkers for age-related diseases, with the main purpose of achieving new molecular alternatives for healthier aging.
Topics: Polyamines; Spermidine; Spermine; Putrescine
PubMed: 38003659
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216469 -
Maedica Mar 2024This study aimed to evaluate the effect of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in combination with or without glutathione (Glu) and potassium iodide (KI) on the fluoride...
Evaluating the Effect of Silver Diamine Fluoride, with or without Glutathione and Potassium Iodide, on Fluoride Release, Dentin Microhardness and Surface Properties of Dentin.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in combination with or without glutathione (Glu) and potassium iodide (KI) on the fluoride release and the enhancement of dentin microhardness. In this study, 90 intact premolar teeth from human subjects were allocated into nine groups, each consisting of ten samples: A) control; B) SDF; C) SDF combined with 5% Glu; D) SDF combined with 10% Glu; E) SDF combined with 20% Glu; F) KI after SDF; G) 5% Glu after SDF; H) 10% Glu after SDF; and I) 20% Glu after SDF. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 software and ANOVA and post-hoc and repeated measure test (P value <0.05). Dentin microhardness exhibited variations across different treatments, with the highest value being observed in the SDF-5% Glu group and the lowest in the control group. However, there was a significant difference between the mean values of SDF-5% Glu group and the SDF group. Significant increases in microhardness were observed when comparing SDF-5% Glu to SDF+5% Glu and SDF-10% Glu to SDF+10% Glu in peer groups (P value <0.05). Over time, there was a significant increase in the amount of fluoride released as compared to the initial day. The utilization of SDF-5% Glu group exhibited the most favorable effect on improving dentin hardness. Additionally, utilizing Glu in concentrations of 5% and 10% after SDF application proved more effective in increasing dentin microhardness than combining it with SDF. Moreover, in all three fluoride measurement periods, adding 5% Glu to SDF and using 20% Glu following SDF administration led to a significant increase in fluoride release compared to the application of SDF alone.
PubMed: 38736910
DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2024.19.11.48 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Jul 2023Histamine intolerance occurs when there is an imbalance between histamine production and the capacity for histamine degradation. Diamine oxidase (DAO) is the main enzyme...
Histamine intolerance occurs when there is an imbalance between histamine production and the capacity for histamine degradation. Diamine oxidase (DAO) is the main enzyme for the catabolism of ingested histamine degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and its deficiency has been linked to allergy-like symptoms. Psychostimulant drugs are commonly used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), but their interaction with DAO is not well characterized. In this work, we evaluated the effects of psychostimulant drugs (methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine) on in vitro DAO activity and in the human cell line of enterocytes (Caco-2), evaluating DAO expression (mRNA and protein) and DAO activity. Methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine did not repress the in vitro DAO activity. In addition, in Caco-2 cells, lisdexamfetamine promoted a strong upregulation of DAO mRNA levels, whereas methylphenidate tended to induce DAO activity. To sum up, methylphenidate and lisdexamfetamine treatments do not reduce DAO activity. These findings could be useful for physicians prescribing these two drugs to ADHD patients affected by DAO deficiency.
PubMed: 37510782
DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144666 -
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN Oct 2023Symptoms of the disorders across the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) spectrum include several different, usually postprandial, abdominal complaints. Up to date, dietary... (Review)
Review
Symptoms of the disorders across the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) spectrum include several different, usually postprandial, abdominal complaints. Up to date, dietary treatments of the IBS have neither been personalized nor diagnosed with sufficient scientific evidence. They have mostly been treated using 'one-size-fits-all' approaches. Such include exclusion diets, a low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols diet, and gluten-free diets, lactose-free diets, a diet recommended by the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, and a wheat-free diet. The exact pathophysiology of IBS disorders across the spectrum is still unclear. However, the symptom profile of IBS spectrum disorders seems similar to that of food intolerance/malabsorption syndromes. Celiac disease, fructose malabsorption, histamine intolerance and lactose intolerance represent food intolerance/malabsorption disorders based on the indigestion of sugars and/or proteins. Helicobacter pylori infection may potentially promote the development of IBS and, when facing a case of IBS-like symptoms, a search for intolerance/malabsorption and H. pylori should be added to find the correct treatment for the respective patient. This review will discuss why the 'one-size-fits-all' dietary approach in the treatment of complaints across the IBS spectrum cannot be successful. Hence, it will provide an overview of the most common overall dietary approaches currently used, and why those should be discouraged. Alternatively, a noninvasive diagnostic workup of the pathophysiologic factors of food intolerance/malabsorption in each patient with symptoms of the IBS spectrum is suggested. Additionally, if H. pylori is found, eradication therapy is mandatory, and if food intolerance/malabsorption is detected, an individual and personalized dietary intervention by a registered dietician is recommended.
Topics: Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Food Intolerance; Helicobacter Infections; Helicobacter pylori; Malabsorption Syndromes
PubMed: 37739739
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.06.028 -
International Dental Journal Dec 2023This study aims to determine the stability, alkalinity, and fluoride and silver ion concentrations of 5 commercially available 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF)...
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to determine the stability, alkalinity, and fluoride and silver ion concentrations of 5 commercially available 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) solutions-namely Advantage Arrest, e-SDF, Riva Star, Saforide, and Topamine-in 180 days.
METHODS
Alkalinity was determined using a pH electrode. The fluoride and silver ion concentrations were obtained using a calibrated ion-selective electrode and optical emission spectrometer, respectively. Six bottles of each product were examined on days 0 (freshly opened), 30, 60, 90, and 180. The time taken for each freshly opened product to form a black silver precipitate under room light (500 lx) and 25 °C was also recorded.
RESULTS
For 180 days, Advantage Arrest, e-SDF, Riva Star, Saforide, and Topamine had the pH range of 9.8-9.8, 10.5-10.6, 13.0-13.1, 9.8-9.8, and 9.3-9.4; fluoride ion concentration range (nearest 1000 ppm) of 40.9%-42.4%, 46.7%-50.9%, 37.0%-39.0%, 37.0%-45.7%, and 47.7%-53.4%; silver ion concentration range (nearest 1000 ppm) of 283.4-307.0, 307.3-315.4, 418.6-435.7, 266.3-281.0, and 416.2-456.1 ppm; and precipitation time (nearest hour) of 17, 12, 6, 7, and 7 hours, respectively. The percentage change of fluoride and silver could be more than 5% after 60 days.
CONCLUSIONS
The alkalinity of the 5 SDF solutions remained stable after 180 days. In addition, their fluoride and silver concentrations decreased substantially after 60 days. The freshly opened SDF solutions did not precipitate within 5 hours under ambient room conditions. The alkalinity and fluoride and silver concentrations of the 38% SDF solutions could be less stable after 60 days; thereafter, the fluoride and silver concentrations decreased. Thus, the SDF solution should be used within 60 days after opening.
Topics: Humans; Fluorides; Cariostatic Agents; Fluorides, Topical; Silver Compounds; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Dental Caries
PubMed: 37236855
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2023.05.001 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Nov 2023Rifampicin is recommended for the treatment of complex pulmonary disease alongside azithromycin and ethambutol. We evaluated the azithromycin-ethambutol backbone with...
Rifampicin is recommended for the treatment of complex pulmonary disease alongside azithromycin and ethambutol. We evaluated the azithromycin-ethambutol backbone with and without rifampicin in an intracellular hollow fiber model and performed RNA sequencing to study the differences in adaptation. In an hollow fiber experiment, we simulated epithelial lining fluid pharmacokinetic profiles of the recommended 3-drug (rifampicin, ethambutol, and azithromycin) or a 2-drug (ethambutol and azithromycin) treatment. THP-1 cells infected with ATCC700898 were exposed to these regimens for 21 days. We determined intra- and extra-cellular bacterial load- and THP-1 cell densities on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 21, alongside RNA sequencing. The emergence of macrolide resistance was studied by inoculating intra- and extra-cellular fractions of azithromycin-containing Middlebrook 7H10 agar plates. Complete pharmacokinetic profiles were determined at days 0 and 21. Both therapies maintained stasis of both intra- and extra-cellular bacterial populations for 3 days, whilst regrowth coinciding with the emergence of a macrolide-resistant subpopulation was seen after 7 days. THP-1 cell density remained static. Similar transcriptional profiles were observed for both therapies that were minimally influenced by exposure duration. Transcriptional response was slightly larger during 2-drug treatment. Rifampicin did not add to the antimycobacterial effect to the 2-drug therapy or suppression of emergence resistance. RNA transcription was not greatly altered by the addition of rifampicin, which may be due to strong transcriptional influence of azithromycin and host cells. This questions the role of rifampicin in the currently recommended therapy. These findings should be confirmed in clinical trials.
Topics: Humans; Rifampin; Mycobacterium avium; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ethambutol; Azithromycin; Macrolides; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Mycobacterium avium Complex; Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection; Lung Diseases
PubMed: 37877693
DOI: 10.1128/aac.00874-23 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Nov 2023Physiological changes during pregnancy may alter the pharmacokinetics (PK) of antituberculosis drugs. The International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical...
Pharmacokinetics and safety of first-line tuberculosis drugs rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide during pregnancy and postpartum: results from IMPAACT P1026s.
Physiological changes during pregnancy may alter the pharmacokinetics (PK) of antituberculosis drugs. The International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent AIDS Clinical Trials Network P1026s was a multicenter, phase IV, observational, prospective PK and safety study of antiretroviral and antituberculosis drugs administered as part of clinical care in pregnant persons living with and without HIV. We assessed the effects of pregnancy on rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide PK in pregnant and postpartum (PP) persons without HIV treated for drug-susceptible tuberculosis disease. Daily antituberculosis treatment was prescribed following World Health Organization-recommended weight-band dosing guidelines. Steady-state 12-hour PK profiles of rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide were performed during second trimester (2T), third trimester (3T), and 2-8 of weeks PP. PK parameters were characterized using noncompartmental analysis, and comparisons were made using geometric mean ratios (GMRs) with 90% confidence intervals (CI). Twenty-seven participants were included: 11 African, 9 Asian, 3 Hispanic, and 4 mixed descent. PK data were available for 17, 21, and 14 participants in 2T, 3T, and PP, respectively. Rifampin and pyrazinamide AUC and in pregnancy were comparable to PP with the GMR between 0.80 and 1.25. Compared to PP, isoniazid AUC was 25% lower and was 23% lower in 3T. Ethambutol AUC was 39% lower in 3T but limited by a low PP sample size. In summary, isoniazid and ethambutol concentrations were lower during pregnancy compared to PP concentrations, while rifampin and pyrazinamide concentrations were similar. However, the median AUC for rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide met the therapeutic targets. The clinical impact of lower isoniazid and ethambutol exposure during pregnancy needs to be determined.
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Antitubercular Agents; Ethambutol; HIV Infections; Isoniazid; Postpartum Period; Prospective Studies; Pyrazinamide; Rifampin; Tuberculosis; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Clinical Trials, Phase IV as Topic; Observational Studies as Topic
PubMed: 37882552
DOI: 10.1128/aac.00737-23