-
Nutrients Dec 2023Thinking about greater adherence to dietary planning, it is extremely important to be aware of all nutritional strategies and dietary prescriptions available in the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Thinking about greater adherence to dietary planning, it is extremely important to be aware of all nutritional strategies and dietary prescriptions available in the literature, and of which of them is the most efficient for the management of T2DM.
METHODS
A search was carried out in 2023 for randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and guidelines in the following databases: Pubmed, Scielo, Web of Science, CrossRef and Google Scholar. In total, 202 articles were collected and analyzed. The period of publications was 1983-2023.
RESULTS
There is still no consensus on what the best nutritional strategy or ideal dietary prescription is, and individuality is necessary. In any case, these references suggest that Mediterranean Diet may of greater interest for the management of T2DM, with the following recommended dietary prescription: 40-50% carbohydrates; 15-25% proteins; 25-35% fats (<7% saturated, 10% polyunsaturated, and 10% monounsaturated); at least 14 g of fiber for every 1000 kcal consumed; and <2300 mg sodium.
CONCLUSIONS
Individuality is the gold standard for dietary prescriptions, however, the Mediterranean diet with low levels of carbohydrates and fats seems to be the most promising strategy for the management of T2DM.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fats; Dietary Carbohydrates; Energy Intake; Diet, Mediterranean
PubMed: 38140355
DOI: 10.3390/nu15245096 -
Nature Microbiology Aug 2023Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the severe form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and is characterized by liver inflammation and fat accumulation. Dietary...
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the severe form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and is characterized by liver inflammation and fat accumulation. Dietary interventions, such as fibre, have been shown to alleviate this metabolic disorder in mice via the gut microbiota. Here, we investigated the mechanistic role of the gut microbiota in ameliorating NASH via dietary fibre in mice. Soluble fibre inulin was found to be more effective than insoluble fibre cellulose to suppress NASH progression in mice, as shown by reduced hepatic steatosis, necro-inflammation, ballooning and fibrosis. We employed stable isotope probing to trace the incorporation of C-inulin into gut bacterial genomes and metabolites during NASH progression. Shotgun metagenome sequencing revealed that the commensal Parabacteroides distasonis was enriched by C-inulin. Integration of C-inulin metagenomes and metabolomes suggested that P. distasonis used inulin to produce pentadecanoic acid, an odd-chain fatty acid, which was confirmed in vitro and in germ-free mice. P. distasonis or pentadecanoic acid was protective against NASH in mice. Mechanistically, inulin, P. distasonis or pentadecanoic acid restored gut barrier function in NASH models, which reduced serum lipopolysaccharide and liver pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Overall this shows that gut microbiota members can use dietary fibre to generate beneficial metabolites to suppress metabolic disease.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Inulin; Fatty Acids; Inflammation; Dietary Fiber
PubMed: 37386075
DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01418-7 -
Nutrients Aug 2023Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common esophageal disorder characterized by troublesome symptoms associated with increased esophageal acid exposure. The... (Review)
Review
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common esophageal disorder characterized by troublesome symptoms associated with increased esophageal acid exposure. The cornerstones of therapy in this regard include treatment with acid-suppressive agents, lifestyle modifications, and dietary therapy, although the latter has not been well defined. As concerns regarding long-term proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use continue to be explored, patients and healthcare providers are becoming increasingly interested in the role of diet in disease management. However, dietary interventions lack evidence of the synthesis effect of functional foods. The following is a review of dietary therapy for GERD, emphasizing food components' impact on GERD pathophysiology and management. Although the sequential dietary elimination of food groups is a common practice, the literature supports broader intervention, including reduced overall sugar intake, increased dietary fiber, and changes in overall eating practices. While the primary concern of food companies is to provide safe products, the caloric, nutritional, and functional composition of foods is also generating interest in the food industry due to consumers' concerns.
Topics: Humans; Functional Food; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Esophageal Diseases; Behavior Therapy; Dietary Fiber
PubMed: 37630773
DOI: 10.3390/nu15163583 -
Nutrients Jul 2023Crohn's disease (CD) is a subtype of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). CD is a health problem in Western countries such as the US and European nations and is an... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Crohn's disease (CD) is a subtype of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). CD is a health problem in Western countries such as the US and European nations and is an idiopathic disease; however, certain cases of CD have been associated with intestinal dysbiosis. A systematic review with a meta-analysis was carried out to determine the efficacy of a diet rich in fiber with or without cointervention to improve remission rates for CD. The literature in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials databases was reviewed. The quality of the studies was evaluated using the Johanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scale. This review was conducted in accordance with the structure outlined in the PRISMA statement. In addition, a meta-analysis was performed with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and a random effects model. Eleven studies were included, totaling 2389 patients with CD. Applying a diet rich in fiber with or without the administration of routine therapies improved CD remission rates. Data regarding CD activity, remission time, and adverse effects derived from fiber consumption were analyzed. Consumption of fiber in the diet could improve remission rates for CD patients who receive or do not receive other treatment to maintain remission.
Topics: Humans; Crohn Disease; Dietary Fiber; Diet; Remission Induction
PubMed: 37513532
DOI: 10.3390/nu15143114 -
Gastroenterology Feb 2024Dietary fibers are mainly fermented by the gut microbiota, but their roles in colorectal cancer (CRC) are largely unclear. Here, we investigated the associations of...
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Dietary fibers are mainly fermented by the gut microbiota, but their roles in colorectal cancer (CRC) are largely unclear. Here, we investigated the associations of different fibers with colorectal tumorigenesis in mice.
METHODS
Apc mice and C57BL/6 mice with azoxymethane (AOM) injection were used as CRC mouse models. Mice were fed with mixed high-fiber diet (20% soluble fiber and 20% insoluble fiber), high-inulin diet, high-guar gum diet, high-cellulose diet, or diets with different inulin dose. Germ-free mice were used for validation. Fecal microbiota and metabolites were profiled by shotgun metagenomic sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively.
RESULTS
Mixed high-fiber diet promoted colorectal tumorigenesis with increased tumor number and tumor load in AOM-treated and Apc mice. Antibiotics use abolished the pro-tumorigenic effect of mixed high-fiber diet, while transplanting stools from mice fed with mixed high-fiber diet accelerated tumor growth in AOM-treated germ-free mice. We therefore characterized the contribution of soluble and insoluble fiber in CRC separately. Our results revealed that soluble fiber inulin or guar gum, but not insoluble fiber cellulose, promoted colorectal tumorigenesis in AOM-treated and Apc mice. Soluble fiber induced gut dysbiosis with Bacteroides uniformis enrichment and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum depletion, accompanied by increased fecal butyrate and serum bile acids and decreased inosine. We also identified a positive correlation between inulin dosage and colorectal tumorigenesis. Moreover, transplanting stools from mice fed with high-inulin diet increased colonic cell proliferation and oncogene expressions in germ-free mice.
CONCLUSION
High-dose soluble but not insoluble fiber potentiates colorectal tumorigenesis in a dose-dependent manner by dysregulating gut microbiota and metabolites in mice.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Inulin; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Carcinogenesis; Dietary Fiber; Cellulose; Azoxymethane; Colorectal Neoplasms
PubMed: 37858797
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.10.012 -
Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition... Jul 2023The aim of this study was to introduce novel metrics of dietary carbohydrates quality relevant for products and diets. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The aim of this study was to introduce novel metrics of dietary carbohydrates quality relevant for products and diets.
RECENT FINDINGS
Carbohydrate quality has long been associated with a low glycemic index. More recently, novel metrics of carbohydrate quality featuring variations of total carbohydrates-fibers-free sugars ratios have been applied to carbohydrate-rich foods, including grains, beans, vegetables, and fruit. High scoring products had higher levels of health-promoting nutrients (protein, dietary fiber, iron, magnesium, zinc, potassium, selenium, and various B-vitamins) and lower levels of nutrients of public health concern (total sugar, added/free sugars, and fat profile). Cross-sectional studies also found variants of carbohydrate quality metrics to be associated with better markers of cardiometabolic disease, including lower levels of blood triglycerides:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and SBP.
SUMMARY
New ratio-based carbohydrate quality metrics are built around high fiber and whole grain content, combined with a low free sugar content. Such metrics allow the identification of food products of higher overall nutritional quality, and are associated with improved diet quality and certain health outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Dietary Carbohydrates; Cross-Sectional Studies; Benchmarking; Dietary Fiber; Diet; Sugars
PubMed: 37249917
DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000933 -
Hepatology Communications Nov 2023NAFLD, or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, has increased in prevalence hand in hand with the rise in obesity and increased free sugars in the... (Review)
Review
NAFLD, or metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, has increased in prevalence hand in hand with the rise in obesity and increased free sugars in the food supply. The causes of NAFLD are genetic in origin combined with environmental drivers of the disease phenotype. Dietary intake of added sugars has been shown to have a major role in the phenotypic onset and progression of the disease. Simple sugars are key drivers of steatosis, likely through fueling de novo lipogenesis, the conversion of excess carbohydrates into fatty acids, but also appear to upregulate lipogenic metabolism and trigger hyperinsulinemia, another driver. NAFLD carries a clinical burden as it is associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Patient quality of life is also impacted, and there is an enormous economic burden due to healthcare use, which is likely to increase in the coming years. This review aims to discuss the role of dietary sugar in NAFLD pathogenesis, the health and economic burden, and the promising potential of sugar reduction to improve health outcomes for patients with this chronic liver disease.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Sugars; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Obesity; Quality of Life; Sugars
PubMed: 37930128
DOI: 10.1097/HC9.0000000000000297 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2024Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides that contain at least six d-(+)-glucopyranose units linked by α-(1, 4) glucosidic bonds [...].
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are cyclic oligosaccharides that contain at least six d-(+)-glucopyranose units linked by α-(1, 4) glucosidic bonds [...].
Topics: Cyclodextrins; Humans
PubMed: 38674132
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084547 -
Nutrients Aug 2023This Special Issue, titled "Probiotics and Prebiotics in Cardiovascular Diseases", encompasses two comprehensive review articles examining the potential of...
This Special Issue, titled "Probiotics and Prebiotics in Cardiovascular Diseases", encompasses two comprehensive review articles examining the potential of gut-microbiota-targeted reprogramming interventions designed to prevent the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases [...].
Topics: Humans; Cardiovascular Diseases; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Prebiotics; Probiotics
PubMed: 37686718
DOI: 10.3390/nu15173686 -
Food Chemistry May 2024Dietary fiber (DF) was established as a key dietary constituent some decades ago, as were some of its mechanisms of action and health effects. Although there is... (Review)
Review
Dietary fiber (DF) was established as a key dietary constituent some decades ago, as were some of its mechanisms of action and health effects. Although there is consolidated evidence on many features regarding DF, at the same time there are still many aspects to be explored in the field, e.g., deeper explorations of the contribution of phenolic compounds linked to cell walls to the biological activities of DF, or of the relevance of the gut-brain axis. At the same time, increasing DF intake should be seen as a major public health problem since worldwide intakes are quite far from recommendations. The awareness of this fact by public bodies should lead, among others, to the assessment of effective strategies for promoting DF intake among general population or specific groups; and to consider potential regulatory modifications in order to clarify several aspects potentially misleading for consumers.
Topics: Humans; Dietary Fiber; Diet; Phenols; Public Health
PubMed: 38039615
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138076