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Nutrition, Metabolism, and... Aug 2023To assess whether intermittent fasting (IF) diets are associated with improvement in weight loss, metabolic parameters, and subjective well-being, in people with obesity. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
AIM
To assess whether intermittent fasting (IF) diets are associated with improvement in weight loss, metabolic parameters, and subjective well-being, in people with obesity.
DATA SYNTHESIS
We performed a Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials longer than 2 months, retrieved through an extensive search on MedLine, Cochrane CENTRAL Library, and Embase online databases, comparing weight loss with IF diets and control diets in people with Body Mass index (BMI) > 30 kg/m. We retrieved 9 trials, enrolling 540 patients. IF was not associated with a significantly greater reduction of body weight or BMI at any time point with respect to controls or in respect to continuous restricted diets, with low-to moderate quality of evidence; no significant difference in efficacy between alternate day fasting and time restricted eating was found. Differences in fasting plasma glucose, total or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or blood pressure at any time point were not statistically significant, whereas a reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (MD -8.39 [-15.96, -0.81] mg/dl, P = 0.03; I = 0%) was observed at 2-4 months, but not in the longer term. Data on psychological parameters and overall well-being were insufficient to perform a formal meta-analysis, whereas a qualitative synthesis did not show any difference between IF and controls.
CONCLUSIONS
IF is not associated with greater or lesser weight loss than non-intermittent fasting diets. Further data on psychological parameters and overall well-being are needed to properly assess the role of IF diets in the management of obesity.
Topics: Humans; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Obesity; Weight Loss; Fasting; Cholesterol, HDL
PubMed: 37248144
DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.05.005 -
Current Osteoporosis Reports Aug 2023Increasing bone mineral accrual during childhood might delay the onset of osteoporosis. We discuss the scientific evidence for early life approaches to optimising... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Increasing bone mineral accrual during childhood might delay the onset of osteoporosis. We discuss the scientific evidence for early life approaches to optimising skeletal health.
RECENT FINDINGS
There is an ever-growing body of evidence from observational studies suggesting associations between early life exposures, particularly during foetal development, and bone mineral density (BMD). The findings of such studies are often heterogeneous, and for some exposures, for example, maternal smoking and alcohol intake in pregnancy or age at conception, intervention studies are not feasible. The most frequently studied exposures in intervention studies are calcium or vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy, which overall suggest positive effects on offspring childhood BMD. Maternal calcium and/or vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy appear to have positive effects on offspring BMD during early childhood, but further long-term follow-up is required to demonstrate persistence of the effect into later life.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Child, Preschool; Vitamin D; Calcium; Osteoporosis; Bone Density; Calcium, Dietary; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 37335525
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-023-00800-y -
Cell Reports Feb 2024Elevated interleukin (IL)-1β levels, NLRP3 inflammasome activity, and systemic inflammation are hallmarks of chronic metabolic inflammatory syndromes, but the...
Elevated interleukin (IL)-1β levels, NLRP3 inflammasome activity, and systemic inflammation are hallmarks of chronic metabolic inflammatory syndromes, but the mechanistic basis for this is unclear. Here, we show that levels of plasma IL-1β are lower in fasting compared to fed subjects, while the lipid arachidonic acid (AA) is elevated. Lipid profiling of NLRP3-stimulated mouse macrophages shows enhanced AA production and an NLRP3-dependent eicosanoid signature. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decreases eicosanoid, but not AA, production. It also reduces both IL-1β and IL-18 production in response to NLRP3 activation. AA inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activity in human and mouse macrophages. Mechanistically, AA inhibits phospholipase C activity to reduce JNK1 stimulation and hence NLRP3 activity. These data show that AA is an important physiological regulator of the NLRP3 inflammasome and explains why fasting reduces systemic inflammation and also suggests a mechanism to explain how nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs work.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Humans; Inflammasomes; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; Arachidonic Acid; Inflammation; Interleukin-1beta; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Eicosanoids; Fasting
PubMed: 38265935
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113700 -
Nutrients Jul 2023The ' Special Issue "From dietary cholesterol to blood cholesterol" aims to supply existing knowledge and novel new research data about human cholesterol (C) fluxes...
The ' Special Issue "From dietary cholesterol to blood cholesterol" aims to supply existing knowledge and novel new research data about human cholesterol (C) fluxes [...].
Topics: Humans; Cholesterol, Dietary; Cholesterol; Nutrients
PubMed: 37513504
DOI: 10.3390/nu15143086 -
JAMA Network Open Aug 2023Recent meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials found that daily vitamin D3 supplementation had beneficial effects on cancer mortality, although the results are still... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Effect of Vitamin D Supplements on Relapse or Death in a p53-Immunoreactive Subgroup With Digestive Tract Cancer: Post Hoc Analysis of the AMATERASU Randomized Clinical Trial.
IMPORTANCE
Recent meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials found that daily vitamin D3 supplementation had beneficial effects on cancer mortality, although the results are still controversial.
OBJECTIVE
To examine whether vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of relapse or death in a supgroup of patients with digestive tract cancer who were p53 immunoreactive.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This was a post hoc subgroup analysis of the AMATERASU randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. This trial included patients at a single university hospital in Japan with digestive tract cancers between January 2010 and February 2018 followed up for a median (IQR) of 3.5 (2.5-5.3) years to compare the effects of vitamin D supplementation with placebo and was reported in 2019. Patients from among 417 participants in the AMATERASU trial whose residual serum samples were available were included. Data were analyzed from October 20 to November 24, 2022.
INTERVENTIONS
Vitamin D3 (2000 IU/d) supplementation or placebo.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The primary outcome was 5-year relapse or death. The subgroup of patients who were p53 immunoreactive was defined by positivity for anti-p53 antibodies in serum and nuclear accumulation of p53 oncosuppressor protein in more than 99% of cancer cells, which is considered a biomarker for p53 missense mutations. Anti-p53 antibody levels were measured using chemiluminescent enzyme immune assay. Immunohistochemical staining data of p53 protein in cancer tissue in pathologic specimens were obtained from a previous study and divided into 4 grades.
RESULTS
Among 392 patients with digestive tract cancer (mean [SD] age, 66 [10.7] years; 260 males [66.3%]), there were 37 patients with esophageal cancer (9.4%), 170 patients with gastric cancer (43.4%), 2 patients with small bowel cancer (0.5%), and 183 patients with colorectal cancer (46.7%). Serum anti-p53 antibody was detectable in 142 patients (36.2%), and p53-immunohistochemistry grade showed a positive association with serum anti-p53 antibody levels (coefficient = 0.19; P < .001). In the p53-immunoreactive subgroup (80 patients), relapse or death occurred in 9 of 54 patients (16.7%) in the vitamin D group and 14 of 26 patients (53.8%) in the placebo group; 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) was significantly higher in the vitamin D group (13 patients [80.9%]) than the placebo group (1 patient [30.6%]; hazard ratio [HR], 0.27; 95% CI, 0.11-0.61; P = .002). This was significantly different from 272 patients in the non-p53 immunoreactive subgroup, in which vitamin D had no effect on 5-year RFS (vitamin D: 35 of 158 patients [22.2%] vs placebo: 24 of 114 patients [21.1%]; HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.65-1.84) (P for interaction = .005).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
This study found that vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of relapse or death in the subgroup of patients with digestive tract cancer who were p53 immunoreactive.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
Identifier: UMIN000001977.
Topics: Male; Humans; Aged; Vitamin D; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Vitamins; Dietary Supplements; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Cholecalciferol; Chronic Disease
PubMed: 37606927
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.28886 -
Microbiome Nov 2023Diet-induced dyslipidemia is linked to the gut microbiota, but the causality of microbiota-host interaction affecting lipid metabolism remains controversial. Here, the...
BACKGROUND
Diet-induced dyslipidemia is linked to the gut microbiota, but the causality of microbiota-host interaction affecting lipid metabolism remains controversial. Here, the humanized dyslipidemia mice model was successfully built by using fecal microbiota transplantation from dyslipidemic donors (FMT-dd) to study the causal role of gut microbiota in diet-induced dyslipidemia.
RESULTS
We demonstrated that FMT-dd reshaped the gut microbiota of mice by increasing Faecalibaculum and Ruminococcaceae UCG-010, which then elevated serum cholicacid (CA), chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), and deoxycholic acid (DCA), reduced bile acid synthesis and increased cholesterol accumulation via the hepatic farnesoid X receptor-small heterodimer partner (FXR-SHP) axis. Nevertheless, high-fat diet led to decreased Muribaculum in the humanized dyslipidemia mice induced by FMT-dd, which resulted in reduced intestinal hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), raised bile acid synthesis and increased lipid absorption via the intestinal farnesoid X receptor-fibroblast growth factor 19 (FXR-FGF19) axis.
CONCLUSIONS
Our studies implicated that intestinal FXR is responsible for the regulation of lipid metabolism in diet-induced dyslipidemia mediated by gut microbiota-bile acid crosstalk. Video Abstract.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Bile Acids and Salts; Diet, High-Fat; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Lipid Metabolism; Liver; Mice, Inbred C57BL
PubMed: 38001551
DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01709-5 -
Nutrients Jul 2023As one of the few modifiable risk factors, the importance of dietary patterns for both disease prevention and treatment outcome in pediatric oncology has gained... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
As one of the few modifiable risk factors, the importance of dietary patterns for both disease prevention and treatment outcome in pediatric oncology has gained increasing popularity. Malnutrition is associated with lower survival rates, tolerance to treatment, and quality of life. Yet, especially in children with malignancies, nutritional deterioration is common, and pediatric cancer patients often present with inadequate intake of micro- and macronutrients alike. Despite the reported widespread use of dietary supplements, few empirical data provide a basis for clinical recommendations, and evidence for their efficacy is inconsistent. Current literature lacks a systematic approach as to how and which supplements should be recommended for specific patients, types of cancer, or during specific treatments. The aim of this review is to highlight the role of the most frequently used nutrients in pediatric malignant diseases and to give a practical guide based on current scientific evidence.
METHODS
A comprehensive literature search was conducted on PubMed through April 2023 to select meta-analyses, systematic reviews, observational studies, and individual randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of macro- and micronutrient supplementation in pediatric oncology. The search strategy included the following medical subject headings (MeSH) and keywords: "childhood cancer", "pediatric oncology", "nutritional status", "dietary supplements", "vitamins", "micronutrients", "calcium", "magnesium", "vitamin D", "zinc" "glutamine", "selen", and "omega-3 fatty acids". The reference lists of all relevant articles were screened to include potentially pertinent studies.
RESULTS
The present review provides a comprehensive and updated overview of the latest evidence about the role of nutrition and diet in pediatric oncology, also focusing on different nutritional interventions available for the management of the disease. We summarize evidence about the importance of adequate nutrition in childhood cancer and the role of several micronutrients and critically interpret the findings. Possible effects and benefits of supplementation during chemotherapy are discussed, as are strategies for primary and secondary prevention.
CONCLUSIONS
We here describe the obvious benefits of dietary supplementation for childhood cancer. Further large-scale clinical trials are required to verify the impacts of deficiencies and the possible benefits of supplementation and optimal dosages. (337 words).
Topics: Child; Humans; Vitamins; Dietary Supplements; Vitamin D; Micronutrients; Neoplasms
PubMed: 37513658
DOI: 10.3390/nu15143239 -
Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2023To investigate the mechanism of minoxidil in treating androgenetic alopecia (AGA).
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the mechanism of minoxidil in treating androgenetic alopecia (AGA).
METHODS
The mechanism of action of minoxidil on AGA was first systematically investigated from the viewpoint of network pharmacology, including minoxidil-AGA target prediction, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, molecular docking and enrichment analysis of targets related to minoxidil and AGA, and dermal papilla cell assays to confirm the viability of prediction.
RESULTS
The combined analysis revealed that minoxidil treatment of AGA not only acts on androgenic receptors (AR) but also on 2 new targets, steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase (CYP17A1) and aromatase (CYP19A1). The biological processes linked to these targets were concentrated on several pathways, including enzymes and hormones. Further experiments have revealed that minoxidil suppresses the expression of AR and CYP17A1, boosts the activity of CYP19A1, decreases the formation and binding of dihydrotestosterone, and enhances the production of estradiol. Through these changes, minoxidil acts as a treatment for AGA.
CONCLUSION
Minoxidil may act by altering hormonal and enzymatic pathways. Our study finds two new targets (CYP17A1, CYP19A1) of minoxidil and demonstrates that minoxidil inhibits AR. These targets may provide new ideas for drug research.
Topics: Humans; Minoxidil; Molecular Docking Simulation; Alopecia; Dietary Supplements; Estradiol
PubMed: 37645625
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S427612 -
South African Family Practice :... Oct 2023Vitamin D is a fat-soluble molecule referring to the different isoforms, ergocalciferol (D2) and cholecalciferol (D3). Its physiological functions include increasing... (Review)
Review
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble molecule referring to the different isoforms, ergocalciferol (D2) and cholecalciferol (D3). Its physiological functions include increasing calcium serum concentrations. 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D) (Calcifediol), a non-active, circulating instant precursor is seen as a pre-hormone. Studies have shown that a deficiency in calcifediol is related to chronic conditions such as cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, immune system, neurological, and anti-neoplastic functions. Vitamin D supplementation has shown its benefit as prophylaxis and treatment during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and an increase in the prescribing of vitamin D supplementation has been observed. The intention of this review article is to provide guidance on the recommended dosage regimen as a prophylactic measure during COVID-19 and its use as a supplement in general. From this review article, it is clear that vitamin D has an important role to play not only in COVID-19 but also in various other health aspects of the human body.Contribution: This review article highlighted the role of vitamin D in managing vitamin D deficiency and its role as a supplement in the management of respiratory tract infections, especially COVID-19. This overview can assist physicians in optimising healthcare by optimised dosing recommendations and indications.
Topics: Humans; Calcifediol; Ergocalciferols; Pandemics; Vitamin D; Vitamins; Dietary Supplements; Cholestanes; COVID-19
PubMed: 37916701
DOI: 10.4102/safp.v65i1.5752 -
Journal of the International Society of... Dec 2023Exercise and diet have positive effects on hepatic fat reduction, and protein supplementation is known to lower hepatic fat accumulation. However, the effect of a... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Exercise and diet have positive effects on hepatic fat reduction, and protein supplementation is known to lower hepatic fat accumulation. However, the effect of a combination of exercise and whey protein supplementation (WPS) on hepatic fat content (HFC) is unknown.
METHODS
We investigated the effect of WPS on HFC during resistance exercise and diet control intervention for four weeks. A total of 34 sedentary males participated and were randomly assigned to two groups: a protein supplement group (PSG, = 18) and a control group (CG, = 16). The PSG took 60 g of WPS per day, and the CG took 60 g of an isocaloric placebo per day. All participants were fed a calorie-controlled diet throughout the study period, with their daily caloric intake determined by their resting metabolic rate and physical activity level. Both groups performed resistance exercises supervised by experts at 60-70% of their maximum efforts for 60 min/day, 6 days/week for 4 weeks. HFC was assessed using the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) after an 8 h fast, at pre-, mid-, and post-intervention. Liver enzymes and lipid profile were also analyzed after an 8 h fast and pre- and post-intervention.
RESULTS
The CAP was significantly reduced after 4 weeks of intervention in both groups (PSG, < .001; CG, = .002). However, there was no significant interaction between the group and changes in CAP. Interestingly, when comparing the pre- and mid-tests, both groups also had significantly reduced CAP (PSG, = .027; CG, = .028), but there was a significant difference in the amount of change in CAP between the two groups (PSG, -47.2 ± 25.4 dB/m; CG, -19.5 ± 15.1 dB/m; = .042). For liver enzymes, there was a significant interaction between the two groups and a change in aspartate transaminase (AST) ( = .038). However, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly decreased only in the PSG group ( = .002). In lipids, both groups showed significantly decreased total cholesterol ( < .001) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( < .001) after the intervention.
CONCLUSION
Our data showed that WPS may not enhance the overall effects of resistance exercise on HFC and lipid profiles. However, in part, WPS may have a beneficial effect on liver enzymatic changes and rapid response to resistance exercise-induced HFC reduction.
Topics: Male; Humans; Whey Proteins; Resistance Training; Liver; Dietary Supplements; Exercise; Cholesterol, LDL
PubMed: 37245070
DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2217783