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Cell Reports Feb 2024Rapid gut-brain communication is critical to maintain energy balance and is disrupted in diet-induced obesity. In particular, the role of carbohydrate overconsumption in...
Rapid gut-brain communication is critical to maintain energy balance and is disrupted in diet-induced obesity. In particular, the role of carbohydrate overconsumption in the regulation of interoceptive circuits in vivo requires further investigation. Here, we report that an obesogenic high-sucrose diet (HSD) selectively blunts silencing of hunger-promoting agouti-related protein (AgRP) neurons following intragastric delivery of glucose, whereas we previously showed that overconsumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) selectively attenuates lipid-induced neural silencing. By contrast, both HSD and HFD reversibly dampen rapid AgRP neuron inhibition following chow presentation and promote intake of more palatable foods. Our findings reveal that excess sugar and fat pathologically modulate feeding circuit activity in both macronutrient-dependent and -independent ways and thus may additively exacerbate obesity.
Topics: Humans; Sucrose; Agouti-Related Protein; Neurons; Obesity; Eating
PubMed: 38224492
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113675 -
Nutrients Jan 2024This research comprehensively examines 88 infant formulas available in the US market, with an emphasis on their diverging nutritional attributes based on lactose...
This research comprehensively examines 88 infant formulas available in the US market, with an emphasis on their diverging nutritional attributes based on lactose content. We stratified formulas into three categories: lactose-free, lactose-reduced, and entirely lactose-based. The formulas' nutritional content for 58 nutrients was obtained from the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR). Nutritional analysis revealed significant differences in nutrient composition across formula categories. For example, the results showed significant associations between the lactose content and glycemic index (GI) of the formula as well as 25 other nutrients. Specifically, we showed that for every gram of lactose per 100 g of formula that is removed, there was a 10.1% increase in GI (β = -10.12, ≤ 0.000), a 19%,5%, and a 2% increase in added sugar (β = -0.19, < 0.01), protein (β = -0.05, < 0.001), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (β = -0.01, < 0.01). The substitution of lactose in infant formulas significantly alters their nutritional profile, inducing changes in GI, added sugar, protein, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. These modifications have potential consequences for infant growth and metabolic responses and could influence long-term health trajectories. The clinical relevance of the composition differences between formulas should be further explored.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Lactose; Infant Formula; Nutrients; Glycemic Index; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
PubMed: 38257168
DOI: 10.3390/nu16020276 -
Enzyme and Microbial Technology Sep 2023β-Glucosidases with high catalytic activity and glucose tolerant properties possess promising applications in lignocellulose-based industries. To obtain enzymes...
β-Glucosidases with high catalytic activity and glucose tolerant properties possess promising applications in lignocellulose-based industries. To obtain enzymes possessing these properties, a semi-rational strategy was employed to engineer the glucose-stimulating β-glucosidase Bgl2A for high cellobiose hydrolysis activity. A total of 18 mutants were constructed. A22S, V224D, and A22S/V224D exhibited high specific activities of 272.06, 237.60, and 239.29 U/mg toward cellobiose, which were 2.5- to 2.8-fold of Bgl2A. A22S, V224D, and A22S/V224D exhibited increased k values, which were 2.7- to 3.1-fold of Bgl2A. A22S and V224D maintained glucose-stimulating property, whereas A22S/V224D lost it. Using 150 g/L cellobiose as the substrate, the amount of glucose produced by A22S was the highest, yielding 129.70 g/L glucose after 3 h reaction at 35 °C. The synergistic effects of the engineered enzymes with commercial cellulase on hydrolyzing cellulose were investigated. Supplemented with the commercial cellulase and A22S, the highest glucose amount of 23.30 g/L was yielded from cellulose with hydrolysis rate of 21.02 %. Given its high cellobiose hydrolysis activity and glucose-stimulating properties, A22S can be used as a component of enzyme cocktail to match mesophilic cellulases for efficient cellulose hydrolysis.
Topics: Cellobiose; Hydrolysis; beta-Glucosidase; Glucose; Cellulase; Cellulose
PubMed: 37473697
DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110289 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Jul 2023Intestinal dysfunction is one of the common complications in the early stage of acute pancreatitis (AP), which often associates with bad outcome. Lactulose, as a... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Intestinal dysfunction is one of the common complications in the early stage of acute pancreatitis (AP), which often associates with bad outcome. Lactulose, as a prebiotic, has been widely used to improve gut health, yet its effect on AP is unclear.
METHODS
This was a prospective, randomized trial of moderate severe AP patients complicated with intestinal dysfunction. A total of 73 participants were randomly assigned to receive either lactulose or Chinese herb rhubarb for 1 week. The primary efficacy endpoint was the recovery of intestinal function. The serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and gut barrier indexes were examined. The fecal samples from patients before and after treatment were collected. 16 S rRNA gene sequencing analysis was performed to explore the composition of gut microbiota and the amount of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
RESULTS
The intestinal dysfunction was prominently improved after 7 days of treatment with either lactulose or rhubarb. The serum levels of cytokines and gut permeability index were decreased after treatment, with stronger down-regulated degree in lactulose group than rhubarb. The potential beneficial genus Bifidobacterium was enriched in lactulose group, while pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia-Shigella and Neisseria were abundant in rhubarb group. Of note, the level of SCFAs was remarkably increased after treatment, with higher amount in lactulose group than rhubarb group.
CONCLUSIONS
Lactulose could not only restore intestinal function but also regulate gut microbiota and promote the production of SCFAs.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Pancreatitis; Lactulose; Dysbiosis; Acute Disease; Prospective Studies; Intestinal Diseases; Cytokines; Fatty Acids, Volatile
PubMed: 37116350
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114769 -
Plant Physiology Nov 2023Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root development is regulated by multiple dynamic growth cues that require central metabolism pathways such as β-oxidation and auxin....
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root development is regulated by multiple dynamic growth cues that require central metabolism pathways such as β-oxidation and auxin. Loss of the pectin biosynthesizing enzyme GALACTURONOSYLTRANSFERASE 10 (GAUT10) leads to a short-root phenotype under sucrose-limited conditions. The present study focused on determining the specific contributions of GAUT10 to pectin composition in primary roots and the underlying defects associated with gaut10 roots. Using live-cell microscopy, we determined reduced root growth in gaut10 is due to a reduction in both root apical meristem size and epidermal cell elongation. In addition, GAUT10 was required for normal pectin and hemicellulose composition in primary Arabidopsis roots. Specifically, loss of GAUT10 led to a reduction in galacturonic acid and xylose in root cell walls and altered the presence of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and homogalacturonan (HG) polymers in the root. Transcriptomic analysis of gaut10 roots compared to wild type uncovered hundreds of genes differentially expressed in the mutant, including genes related to auxin metabolism and peroxisome function. Consistent with these results, both auxin signaling and metabolism were modified in gaut10 roots. The sucrose-dependent short-root phenotype in gaut10 was linked to β-oxidation based on hypersensitivity to indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and an epistatic interaction with TRANSPORTER OF IBA1 (TOB1). Altogether, these data support a growing body of evidence suggesting that pectin composition may influence auxin pathways and peroxisome activity.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Cell Wall; Indoleacetic Acids; Pectins; Plant Roots; Sucrose
PubMed: 37606259
DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad465 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Aug 2023Many healthy people suffer from milk-related gastrointestinal discomfort (GID) despite not being lactose intolerant; the mechanisms underpinning such condition are...
Many healthy people suffer from milk-related gastrointestinal discomfort (GID) despite not being lactose intolerant; the mechanisms underpinning such condition are unknown. This study aimed to explore milk protein digestion and related physiological responses (primary outcome), gut microbiome and gut permeability in 19 lactose-tolerant healthy nonhabitual milk consumers [NHMCs] reporting GID after consuming cow milk compared to 20 habitual milk consumers [HMCs] without GID. NHMCs and HMCs participated in a milk-load (250 mL) test, underwent blood sample collection at 6 time points over 6 h after milk consumption and collected urine samples and GID self-reports over 24 h. We measured the concentrations of 31 milk-derived bioactive peptides (BAPs), 20 amino acids, 4 hormones, 5 endocannabinoid system mediators, glucose and the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPPIV) activity in blood and indoxyl sulfate in urine samples. Subjects also participated in a gut permeability test and delivered feces sample for gut microbiome analysis. Results showed that, compared to HMCs, milk consumption in NHMCs, along with GID, elicited a slower and lower increase in circulating BAPs, lower responses of ghrelin, insulin, and anandamide, a higher glucose response and serum DPPIV activity. The gut permeability of the two groups was similar, while the habitual diet, which was lower in dairy products and higher in the dietary-fibre-to-protein ratio in NHMCs, possibly shaped the gut microbiome; NHMCs exhibited lower abundance of Bifidobacteria, higher abundance of Prevotella and lower abundance of protease-coding genes, which may have reduced protein digestion, as evidenced by lower urinary excretion of indoxyl sulfate. In conclusion, the findings showed that a less efficient digestion of milk proteins, supported by a lower proteolytic capability of the gut microbiome, may explain GID in healthy people after milk consumption.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Humans; Milk; Milk Proteins; Proteolysis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Healthy Volunteers; Indican; Lactose
PubMed: 37316045
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112953 -
Nutrients Jan 2024(1) Background: Clinical results on the effects of excess sugar consumption on insulin sensitivity are conflicting, possibly due to differences in sugar type and the...
Effects of Consuming Beverages Sweetened with Fructose, Glucose, High-Fructose Corn Syrup, Sucrose, or Aspartame on OGTT-Derived Indices of Insulin Sensitivity in Young Adults.
(1) Background: Clinical results on the effects of excess sugar consumption on insulin sensitivity are conflicting, possibly due to differences in sugar type and the insulin sensitivity index (ISI) assessed. Therefore, we compared the effects of consuming four different sugars on insulin sensitivity indices derived from oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT). (2) Methods: Young adults consumed fructose-, glucose-, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-, sucrose-, or aspartame-sweetened beverages (SB) for 2 weeks. Participants underwent OGTT before and at the end of the intervention. Fasting glucose and insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), glucose and insulin area under the curve, Surrogate Hepatic Insulin Resistance Index, Matsuda ISI, Predicted M ISI, and Stumvoll Index were assessed. Outcomes were analyzed to determine: (1) effects of the five SB; (2) effects of the proportions of fructose and glucose in all SB. (3) Results: Fructose-SB and the fructose component in mixed sugars negatively affected outcomes that assess hepatic insulin sensitivity, while glucose did not. The effects of glucose-SB and the glucose component in mixed sugar on muscle insulin sensitivity were more negative than those of fructose. (4) Conclusion: the effects of consuming sugar-SB on insulin sensitivity varied depending on type of sugar and ISI index because outcomes assessing hepatic insulin sensitivity were negatively affected by fructose, and outcomes assessing muscle insulin sensitivity were more negatively affected by glucose.
Topics: Young Adult; Humans; Glucose; Glucose Tolerance Test; Aspartame; Insulin Resistance; Zea mays; Sucrose; Fructose; High Fructose Corn Syrup; Beverages; Insulin
PubMed: 38201980
DOI: 10.3390/nu16010151 -
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy Oct 2023
Topics: Humans; Sweetening Agents; Sucrose; Autoimmune Diseases
PubMed: 37779177
DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01607-0 -
Nutrients Nov 2023Diets with an elevated content of fat, sucrose, or fructose are recognized models of diet-induced metabolic alterations, since they induce metabolic derangements,...
Different Effects of High-Fat/High-Sucrose and High-Fructose Diets on Advanced Glycation End-Product Accumulation and on Mitochondrial Involvement in Heart and Skeletal Muscle in Mice.
Diets with an elevated content of fat, sucrose, or fructose are recognized models of diet-induced metabolic alterations, since they induce metabolic derangements, oxidative stress, and chronic low-grade inflammation associated with local and systemic accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). This study used four-week-old C57BL/6 male mice, randomly assigned to three experimental dietary regimens: standard diet (SD), high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHS), or high fructose diet (HFr), administered for 12 weeks. Plasma, heart, and tibialis anterior (TA) skeletal muscle were assayed for markers of metabolic conditions, inflammation, presence of AGEs, and mitochondrial involvement. The HFHS diet induced a tissue-specific differential response featuring (1) a remarkable adaptation of the heart to HFHS-induced heavy oxidative stress, demonstrated by an increased presence of AGEs and reduced mitochondrial biogenesis, and efficaciously counteracted by a conspicuous increase in mitochondrial fission and PRXIII expression; (2) the absence of TA adaptation to HFHS, revealed by a heavy reduction in mitochondrial biogenesis, not counteracted by an increase in fission and PRXIII expression. HFr-induced mild oxidative stress elicited tissue-specific responses, featuring (1) a decrease in mitochondrial biogenesis in the heart, likely counteracted by a tendency for increased fission and (2) a mild reduction in mitochondrial biogenesis in TA, likely counteracted by a tendency for increased fusion, showing the adaptability of both tissues to the diet.
Topics: Mice; Male; Animals; Sucrose; Fructose; Maillard Reaction; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Muscle, Skeletal; Diet, High-Fat; Inflammation
PubMed: 38068732
DOI: 10.3390/nu15234874 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2024Collagens are fundamental constituents of the extracellular matrix and are the most abundant proteins in mammals. Collagens belong to the family of fibrous or... (Review)
Review
Collagens are fundamental constituents of the extracellular matrix and are the most abundant proteins in mammals. Collagens belong to the family of fibrous or fiber-forming proteins that self-assemble into fibrils that define their mechanical properties and biological functions. Up to now, 28 members of the collagen superfamily have been recognized. Collagen biosynthesis occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum, where specific post-translational modification-glycosylation-is also carried out. The glycosylation of collagens is very specific and adds β-d-galactopyranose and β-d-Glc-(1→2)-d-Gal disaccharide through β--linkage to hydroxylysine. Several glycosyltransferases, namely COLGALT1, COLGALT2, LH3, and PGGHG glucosidase, were associated the with glycosylation of collagens, and recently, the crystal structure of LH3 has been solved. Although not fully understood, it is clear that the glycosylation of collagens influences collagen secretion and the alignment of collagen fibrils. A growing body of evidence also associates the glycosylation of collagen with its functions and various human diseases. Recent progress in understanding collagen glycosylation allows for the exploitation of its therapeutic potential and the discovery of new agents. This review will discuss the relevant contributions to understanding the glycosylation of collagens. Then, glycosyltransferases involved in collagen glycosylation, their structure, and catalytic mechanism will be surveyed. Furthermore, the involvement of glycosylation in collagen functions and collagen glycosylation-related diseases will be discussed.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Glycosylation; Collagen; Glycosyltransferases; Extracellular Matrix; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Mammals
PubMed: 38611696
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071417