-
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Perivascular adipose tissue and the vessel wall are connected through intricate bidirectional paracrine and vascular secretory signaling pathways. The secretion of... (Review)
Review
Perivascular adipose tissue and the vessel wall are connected through intricate bidirectional paracrine and vascular secretory signaling pathways. The secretion of inflammatory factors and oxidative products by the vessel wall in the diseased segment has the ability to influence the phenotype of perivascular adipocytes. Additionally, the secretion of adipokines by perivascular adipose tissue exacerbates the inflammatory response in the diseased vessel wall. Therefore, quantitative and qualitative studies of perivascular adipose tissue are of great value in the context of vascular inflammation and may provide a reference for the assessment of cardiovascular ischemic disease.
Topics: Humans; Cardiovascular Diseases; Adipokines; Adipose Tissue; Adipocytes; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 37822930
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1271051 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2023Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by impaired episodic memory and two pathological lesions: amyloid plaques and... (Review)
Review
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by impaired episodic memory and two pathological lesions: amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In AD, damaged neurons and the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides cause a significant release of high amounts of extracellular ATP, which acts as a danger signal. The purinergic receptor P2X7 is the main sensor of high concentrations of ATP, and P2X7 has been shown to be upregulated in the brains of AD patients, contributing to the disease's pathological processes. Further, there are many polymorphisms of the gene that impact the risk of developing AD. P2X7 can directly modulate Aβ plaques and Tau protein lesions as well as the inflammatory response by regulating NLRP3 inflammasome and the expression of several chemokines. The significant role of microglial P2X7 in AD has been well established, although other cell types may also be important in P2X7-mediated mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss the different P2X7-dependent pathways involved in the development of AD.
Topics: Humans; Adenosine Triphosphate; Alzheimer Disease; Amyloid beta-Peptides; Microglia; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Receptors, Purinergic P2X7
PubMed: 37511507
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411747 -
Journal of the American Dental... Aug 2023Each day, humans produce approximately 0.5 through 1.5 liters of saliva, a biofluid that is rich in biological omic constituents. Our lack of understanding how omic... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Each day, humans produce approximately 0.5 through 1.5 liters of saliva, a biofluid that is rich in biological omic constituents. Our lack of understanding how omic biomarkers migrate from diseased tissue to the saliva has impeded the clinical translation of saliva testing. Although such biomarkers must be conveyed via the vascular and lymphatic systems to the salivary glands, the molecular mechanisms that underlie this transport remain unclear. Although COVID-19 highlighted the need for rapid and reliable testing for infectious diseases, it represents only one of the many health conditions that potentially can be diagnosed using a saliva sample.
TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED
The authors discuss salivaomics, saliva exosomics, and the mechanisms on which saliva diagnostics are based and introduce a novel electrochemical sensing technology that may be exploited for saliva liquid biopsy.
RESULTS
The utility of saliva for screening for lung cancer is under investigation. Saliva testing may be used to stratify patients, monitor treatment response, and detect disease recurrence. The authors also highlight the landscapes of saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 testing and ultrashort cell-free DNA and outline how these fields are likely to evolve in the near future.
PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
Breakthroughs in the study of saliva research, therefore, will facilitate clinical deployment of saliva-based testing.
Topics: Humans; Saliva; COVID-19 Testing; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Biomarkers; Liquid Biopsy
PubMed: 37500232
DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2023.05.006 -
The Japanese Dental Science Review Dec 2024Lasers have numerous advantageous tissue interactions such as ablation or vaporization, hemostasis, bacterial killing, as well as biological effects, which induce... (Review)
Review
Lasers have numerous advantageous tissue interactions such as ablation or vaporization, hemostasis, bacterial killing, as well as biological effects, which induce various beneficial therapeutic effects and biological responses in the tissues. Thus, lasers are considered an effective and suitable device for treating a variety of inflammatory and infectious conditions of periodontal disease. Among various laser systems, the Er:YAG laser, which can be effectively and safely used in both soft and hard tissues with minimal thermal side effects, has been attracting much attention in periodontal therapy. This laser can effectively and precisely debride the diseased root surface including calculus removal, ablate diseased connective tissues within the bone defects, and stimulate the irradiated surrounding periodontal tissues during surgery, resulting in favorable wound healing as well as regeneration of periodontal tissues. The safe and effective performance of Er:YAG laser-assisted periodontal surgery has been reported with comparable and occasionally superior clinical outcomes compared to conventional surgery. This article explains the characteristics of the Er:YAG laser and introduces its applications in periodontal surgery including conventional flap surgery, regenerative surgery, and flapless surgery, based on scientific evidence from currently available basic and clinical studies as well as cases reports.
PubMed: 38148873
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2023.11.002 -
PloS One 2023In the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, there is still limited information about how people suffering from autoimmune diseases respond to the different COVID...
BACKGROUND
In the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, there is still limited information about how people suffering from autoimmune diseases respond to the different COVID vaccines. The fact that they are taking an immunosuppressant or other drugs that aim to decrease the immune system activities, such as hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), could also impact their ability to respond to a COVID vaccine and vaccines in general.
METHODS
Heathy donors were given 200mg of HCQ daily for 6-weeks to assess HCQs impact on the systemic T cells and humoral immune response. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and plasma were obtained at baseline and 6-weeks after starting daily HCQ. Flow cytometry assays were designed to determine changes in T cell activation and T cell responses. Bead array multiplex were used to analyse antibodies and cytokine levels before and after HCQ intake.
RESULTS
As anticipated, HCQ treatment decreased ex vivo T cell activation. We observed a decrease in CD4+CD161- expressing CCR5 (p = 0.015) and CD69 (p = 0.004) as well as in CD8+CCR5+ (p = 0.003), CD8+CD161+CCR5+ (p = 0.002) and CD8+CD161+CD95+ (p = 0.004). Additionally, HCQ decreased the proportion of Th17 expressing CD29 (p = 0.019), a subset associated with persistent inflammation. The proportion of T regulatory cells expressing the inhibitory molecule TIGIT was also reduced by HCQ (p = 0.003). As well, T cells from people on HCQ were less responsive to activation and cytokine production following stimulation with recall antigens and memory T cells were less likely to produce both IFNγ and TNFα following stimulation.
CONCLUSION
This study shows HCQ is associated with lower T cell activation and decreased T cell cytokine production. While this study was not performed with the intent of looking at COVID vaccine response, it does provide important information about the changes in immune response that may occur in patient taking HCQ as a treatment for their autoimmune disease.
Topics: Humans; Hydroxychloroquine; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7; COVID-19 Vaccines; Pandemics; COVID-19; COVID-19 Drug Treatment; Cytokines
PubMed: 37531383
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287738 -
Journal of Clinical and Translational... Feb 2024Exosomes are 60-120 nm diameter double-membrane lipid organelles discharged by cells. Various studies have shown that exosomes exert multiple functions in both physical... (Review)
Review
Exosomes are 60-120 nm diameter double-membrane lipid organelles discharged by cells. Various studies have shown that exosomes exert multiple functions in both physical and diseased processes, such as intercellular information exchange, immune response, and disease progression. Repeated chronic injury to the liver often leads to inflammation and liver fibrosis (LF), a disorder that, if unchecked, may progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, portal hypertension, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. As an essential component of host innate immunity against pathogen invasion, macrophages play an important role in modulating inflammation homeostasis by finely tuning the polarization process of macrophages into either M1 or M2 subtypes in response to different microenvironments. As a critical contributor to the inflammation process, macrophages also play a complex and instrumental function in the progression of LF. This review focuses on recent advancements in the role of macrophage-associated exosomes implicated in LF, including macrophage-released exosomes and macrophage-targeted exosomes. In addition, the progress made in exosome-based antifibrotic therapy by and studies is also highlighted.
PubMed: 38343615
DOI: 10.14218/JCTH.2023.00381 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Jul 2023Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle (MSC-EV) is shown to promote cardiac repair, however, it still falls short in initiating myocardia proliferation...
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle (MSC-EV) is shown to promote cardiac repair, however, it still falls short in initiating myocardia proliferation restart. In this regard, ROS-induced DNA damage and responses are the culprit of cellcycle arrest. Here, this work constructs a hybrid cell-derived extracellular vesicle that is composed of MSC and macrophage membranes and encompasses MitoN, a ROS scavenger, to boost the healing of the heart. The MitoN, a NAD(P)H mimic, could target the mitochondrial to eliminate the ROS resuming the arrested cell cycle. The hybrid extracellular vesicle (N@MEV) could respond to the inflammatory signals generated during myocardial injury and thus enable superior targeting and enrichment to the location of the damage. L-arginine, which could be catalyzed by NOS and ROS into NO and SO provide a driving force, is immobilized within the vesicle (NA@MEV) to further enhance the N@MEV's potential to penetrate the cardiac stroma. In combination with multiple mechanisms, NA@MEV increased heart function 1.3-fold EF% versus MSC-EV in mouse myocardial injury model. A more in-depth mechanistic study found that the NA@MEV could modulate M2 macrophage; promote angiogenesis; reduce DNA damage and response, and thereby restart cardiomyocyte proliferation. Thus, this combined therapy shows synthetic effects in heart repair and regeneration.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Reactive Oxygen Species; Biomimetics; Extracellular Vesicles; Wound Healing; Disease Models, Animal; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Heart Injuries
PubMed: 37282826
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301440 -
Cureus Aug 2023Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are immune-mediated chronic inflammatory diseases that target the gastrointestinal... (Review)
Review
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are immune-mediated chronic inflammatory diseases that target the gastrointestinal tract and other distant organs. The incidence of IBDs has been rising and is more prevailing in Western communities. The etiology has been vague, but different theories include environmental factors that elicit an uncontrolled immune response, which damages internal organs. Treatment of either Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis has witnessed significant advances; however, pharmacological drugs' side effects limit their use. Research about microbiota and its influence on IBDs has gained fame, and multiple studies correlate microbiota diversity positively with IBD treatment. Many factors contribute to the microbiota's health, including different diets, antibiotics, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics. Specific immune responses lie behind the pathogenesis of IBDs and microbiota dysbiosis, and different studies have postulated new ways to control this abnormal response. Physical activity, sun exposure, efficient sleep, intermittent fasting, and supplementation of probiotics and vitamins are natural ways that help modulate this immune response, do not cost money as IBD pharmacological drugs, and do not come with deleterious side effects that are sometimes more harmful than IBDs. Our article proposes a comprehensive natural approach that can benefit IBD patients enormously. This approach does not replace the medications currently used in treating IBDs. The suggested approach can be used in combination with medications and might aid in reducing the doses of those medications.
PubMed: 37664383
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.42786 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Dec 2023CMV infection is still a matter of concern in IBD patients, especially regarding the disease's relapse management. Why IBD patients, particularly those affected by... (Review)
Review
CMV infection is still a matter of concern in IBD patients, especially regarding the disease's relapse management. Why IBD patients, particularly those affected by ulcerative colitis, are more susceptible to CMV reactivation is not totally explained, although a weakened immune system could be the reason. Various techniques, ranging from serology to histology, can be employed to detect intestinal CMV infection; however, there is currently disagreement in the literature regarding the most effective diagnostic test. Furthermore, CMV involvement in steroid resistance has been broadly discussed, but whether CMV infection is a cause or consequence of the disease severity and, consequently, steroid refractoriness is still debated. Its potential contribution to the lack of response to advanced therapy and small molecules must be more valued and wholly explored. In this review, we look at the actual literature on CMV in IBD patients, and we suggest a pragmatic algorithm for clinical practice management of CMV infection.
PubMed: 38202138
DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010130 -
Molecules and Cells Jul 2023cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB) is one of the most intensively studied phosphorylation-dependent transcription factors that provide evolutionarily... (Review)
Review
cAMP responsive element-binding protein (CREB) is one of the most intensively studied phosphorylation-dependent transcription factors that provide evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of differential gene expression in vertebrates and invertebrates. Many cellular protein kinases that function downstream of distinct cell surface receptors are responsible for the activation of CREB. Upon functional dimerization of the activated CREB to -acting cAMP responsive elements within the promoters of target genes, it facilitates signal-dependent gene expression. From the discovery of CREB, which is ubiquitously expressed, it has been proven to be involved in a variety of cellular processes that include cell proliferation, adaptation, survival, differentiation, and physiology, through the control of target gene expression. In this review, we highlight the essential roles of CREB proteins in the nervous system, the immune system, cancer development, hepatic physiology, and cardiovascular function and further discuss a wide range of CREB-associated diseases and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of these diseases.
Topics: Animals; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; Phosphorylation; Cell Differentiation; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 37013623
DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.2193