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Poultry Science Dec 2023In this study, 2 types of drinking water were provided to broiler chicks to evaluate the relationship between the bacterial load of drinking water and cecal microbiota....
In this study, 2 types of drinking water were provided to broiler chicks to evaluate the relationship between the bacterial load of drinking water and cecal microbiota. One type of drinking water was untreated, while the other type was daily treated with sodium dichlorocyanurate (50 mg/L). A total of 240 broiler chicks were divided into 2 groups based on their initial body weight. There were 6 replicates in each group, and each replicate cage contained 20 birds. Each cage was assigned to a different floor of the battery cage. On the final day, water samples were collected from each replicate cage at the opening of the drinking cup height, and one bird was selected from each replicate cage to obtain cecal content samples for measuring microbiota composition using the 16S rRNA technique. We found that drinking water treated with sodium dichlorocyanurate significantly reduced the richness and diversity of microbiota and diminished/disappeared most gram-negative bacteria. Broiler chicks that consumed chlorinated drinking water exhibited changes in the composition of cecal microbiota, with Alistipes serving as the marker species in the cecal content of broiler chicks that consumed untreated water, whereas AF12 served as the marker species in the cecal content of broiler chicks that consumed chlorinated drinking water. Functional prediction using the MetaCyc database and species composition analysis of metabolic pathways showed that changes in 7 metabolic pathways were related to the abundance of Providencia. Therefore, we concluded that chlorinated drinking water reduced the bacterial load in drinking water, thereby altering the cecal microbiota composition and regulating the metabolic activity of broiler chicks.
Topics: Animals; Drinking Water; Chickens; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Cecum; Microbiota; Sodium
PubMed: 37844529
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103140 -
BMJ Open Oct 2023We assessed whether Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) and Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF), either alone or combined, were associated with malnutrition among Lao...
Association of both Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) and Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices with childhood malnutrition in Lao PDR: a cross-sectional study of the 2017 Lao Social Indicator Survey II.
OBJECTIVE
We assessed whether Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) and Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF), either alone or combined, were associated with malnutrition among Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) children aged 6 to <24 months.
DESIGN
This is a secondary analysis of the 2017 Lao Social Indicator Survey II (LSIS II), which used multistage probability proportional to size sampling. Logistic regression analyses were conducted with OR and its corresponding 95% CI.
SETTING
The LSIS II was conducted a nationwide household-based survey covering all 18 provinces in Lao PDR.
PARTICIPANTS
We had a total of 3375 children (weighted sample 3345) and 357 households with data on drinking water.
OUTCOME MEASURES
The outcomes of this study were stunting and wasting.
RESULTS
The prevalence of stunting and wasting was 28.9% and 10.1%, respectively. Even though households with access to a basic or improved water source were high (82.5%), over 83% of drinking water was contaminated with . Access to improved sanitation, basic hygiene and adequate IYCF gave a significant lower risk of becoming stunted. The combined effect of these practices on stunting was (adjusted OR (AOR)=0.54; 95% CI=0.41 to 0.73) greater than each practice alone (improved sanitation: AOR=0.75; 95% CI=0.61 to 0.93; basic hygiene: AOR=0.69; 95% CI=0.57 to 0.83; adequate IYCF: AOR=0.79; 95% CI=0.64 to 0.98). Access to improved sanitation and adequate IYCF was associated with a significant lower risk for being wasted, and again the combined effect of these practices was (AOR=0.64; 95% CI=0.44 to 0.92) greater than each practice alone (improved sanitation: AOR=0.68; 95% CI=0.49 to 0.93 and adequate IYCF: AOR=0.66; 95% CI=0.47 to 0.92).
CONCLUSION
Given the strong associations with both stunting and wasting, and the added benefits when combining WASH and IYCF, there is a need of multisectoral interventions to reduce early childhood malnutrition in Lao PDR.
Topics: Child; Infant; Humans; Child, Preschool; Sanitation; Water Supply; Cross-Sectional Studies; Laos; Drinking Water; Hygiene; Malnutrition; Growth Disorders; Cachexia; Prevalence
PubMed: 37832981
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073974 -
Environmental Geochemistry and Health Dec 2023This study analyzed the effect of China's fluorosis prevention and control program, which has been in effect for more than 40 years, and the impact of fluorosis on...
This study analyzed the effect of China's fluorosis prevention and control program, which has been in effect for more than 40 years, and the impact of fluorosis on children's health. Relevant research studies were retrieved from the following online databases from the time of their inception to May 2022: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, Cochrane, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang. The Review Manager 5.3 software was used in statistical analyses. This article included seventy studies: Thirty-eight studies reported the effect of improving water quality and reducing fluoride content, the incidence rate of dental fluorosis in children, and the level of urinary fluoride, and thirty-two studies reported the intelligence quotient (IQ) and health status of children. Following water improvement strategies, the fluoride levels in drinking water decreased significantly; urinary fluoride levels and dental fluorosis decreased significantly in children. With regard to the effect of fluorosis on the IQ of children, the results showed that the IQ of children in areas with a high fluoride of fluorosis was lesser than that in areas with a low fluoride, and this difference was significant. Based on the prevalence of dental fluorosis and its effect on the intelligence of children, it appears that reducing fluoride levels in drinking water and monitoring water quality are important strategies for the prevention and treatment of fluorosis.
Topics: Child; Humans; Fluorides; Fluorosis, Dental; Drinking Water; Child Health; Fluoride Poisoning; China; Prevalence
PubMed: 37906380
DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01772-9 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jul 2023The global ecological crisis of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water has gradually shifted from long-chain to short-chain PFASs;...
The global ecological crisis of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water has gradually shifted from long-chain to short-chain PFASs; however, the widespread established PFAS adsorption technology cannot cope with the impact of such hydrophilic pollutants given the inherent defects of solid-liquid mass transfer. Herein, we describe a reagent-free and low-cost strategy to reduce the energy state of short-chain PFASs in hydrophobic nanopores by employing an in situ constructed confined water structure in activated carbon (AC). Through direct (driving force) and indirect (assisted slip) effects, the confined water introduced a dual-drive mode in the confined water-encapsulated activated carbon (CW-AC) and completely eliminated the mass transfer barrier (3.27 to 5.66 kcal/mol), which caused the CW-AC to exhibit the highest adsorption capacity for various short-chain PFASs (C-F number: 3-6) among parent AC and other adsorbents reported. Meanwhile, benefiting from the chain length- and functional group-dependent confined water-binding pattern, the affinity of the CW-AC surpassed the traditional hydrophobicity dominance and shifted toward hydrophilic short-chain PFASs that easily escaped treatment. Importantly, the ability of CW-AC functionality to directly transfer to existing adsorption devices was verified, which could treat 21,000 bed volumes of environment-related high-load (~350 ng/L short-chain PFAS each) real drinking water to below the World Health Organization's standard. Overall, our results provide a green and cost-effective in situ upgrade scheme for existing adsorption devices to address the short-chain PFAS crisis.
PubMed: 37364117
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219179120 -
Dental and Medical Problems 2023Endemic fluorosis (skeletal and dental) is a serious public health problem in many parts of the world, especially in India. Age, sex, dietary calcium (Ca), the hormonal...
BACKGROUND
Endemic fluorosis (skeletal and dental) is a serious public health problem in many parts of the world, especially in India. Age, sex, dietary calcium (Ca), the hormonal status, the dose and duration of the fluoride intake, and renal efficiency in handling fluoride all influence fluoride metabolism.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the fluoride present in drinking water on the serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and phosphate levels in pregnant women and newborn infants.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
In the present cross-sectional study, the participants were categorized into 2 groups based on a fluoride concentration in their drinking water: the low/optimum-fluoride group (<1 ppm); and the high-fluoride group (≥1 ppm). Each group was comprised of 90 pregnant women who were recruited from the hospital at the time of admission for delivery. Fluoride was measured in their drinking water, urine, maternal serum, and cord blood. The ALP and phosphate levels were measured in serum using a fully automated analyzer.
RESULTS
The drinking water consumed by the pregnant women contained fluoride, which was significantly positively correlated with the urine and blood serum fluoride levels. There were significant differences in the ALP levels between the 2 groups in both maternal serum and cord blood. The level of phosphate in maternal serum was significantly higher in the high-fluoride group. The results of both simple and multivariate regression analyses revealed that the fluoride content in drinking water was significantly associated with the ALP level in cord blood and the phosphate level in maternal serum.
CONCLUSIONS
The ALP levels were negatively associated with drinking water fluoride concentrations in both maternal serum and cord blood. The phosphate levels in maternal serum were positively associated with drinking water fluoride concentrations.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Humans; Female; Pregnancy; Fluorides; Drinking Water; Alkaline Phosphatase; Pregnant Women; Cross-Sectional Studies; Phosphates
PubMed: 37555277
DOI: 10.17219/dmp/132692 -
Cureus Nov 2023Waterborne illnesses are a significant concern worldwide. The management of water resources can be facilitated by artificial intelligence (AI) with the help of data... (Review)
Review
Waterborne illnesses are a significant concern worldwide. The management of water resources can be facilitated by artificial intelligence (AI) with the help of data analytics, regression models, and algorithms. Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of the United Nations depends on understanding, communicating, and measuring the value of water and incorporating it into decision-making. Various barriers are used from the source to the consumer to prevent microbiological contamination of drinking water sources or reduce contamination to levels safe for human health. Infrastructure development and capacity-building policies should be integrated with guidelines on applying AI to problems relating to water to ensure good development outcomes. Communities can live healthily with such technology if they can provide clean, economical, and sustainable water to the ecosystem as a whole. Quick and accurate identification of waterborne pathogens in drinking and recreational water sources is essential for treating and controlling the spread of water-related diseases, especially in resource-constrained situations. To ensure successful development outcomes, policies on infrastructure development and capacity building should be combined with those on applying AI to water-related problems. The primary focus of this study is the use of AI in managing drinking water and preventing waterborne illness.
PubMed: 38146561
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49344 -
BMC Public Health Nov 2023Despite its numerous health benefits, consumers' daily water consumption is below recommend levels while soft drink consumption remains high. Previous research has shown...
BACKGROUND
Despite its numerous health benefits, consumers' daily water consumption is below recommend levels while soft drink consumption remains high. Previous research has shown that the degree to which drinks are cognitively represented in terms of consumption and enjoyment (i.e., through simulations of consumption and reward) predicts desire and intake. Here, we examined whether simulation-enhancing advertisements that frame water in terms of consumption and reward change cognitive representations and increase motivation for a fictitious bottled water.
METHODS
In three pre-registered online experiments (N = 984; N = 786; N = 907), UK participants viewed three advertisements that either highlighted the rewarding consumption experience of water (e.g., "Refresh all your senses with this smooth, cool water"; simulation-enhancing ads), the health consequences of drinking water (e.g., "This water takes care of your health"; health-focused ads), or control ads. We assessed cognitive representations of the bottled water with a semantic feature production task, and we coded the words used as consumption and reward features or positive long-term health consequences features. We assessed motivation through ratings of the attractiveness of the water (Exp. 1 only), desire to drink it, and willingness to pay for it (WTP).
RESULTS
In line with our hypotheses, participants represented the bottled water more in terms of consumption and reward after viewing simulation-enhancing advertisements, and more in terms of positive long-term health consequences after viewing health-focused advertisements. There was no direct effect of advertisement condition on motivation ratings. However, significant indirect effects showed that simulation-enhancing advertisements increased desire and WTP through the proportion of consumption and reward features, whereas health-focused advertisements increased motivation through an increase in the proportion of positive long-term health consequences features. The effects through consumption and reward were stronger.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings are consistent with research suggesting that the experience of immediate reward from drinking water underlies intake. Public health interventions should emphasize the enjoyment of drinking water, rather than the long-term health benefits.
Topics: Humans; Motivation; Drinking Water; Advertising; Public Health; Carbonated Beverages
PubMed: 37946180
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17109-1 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Jan 2024Cyanobacteria produce toxins that are harmful to humans. They are found mostly in surface water, which is the main water source for drinking water before treatment.... (Review)
Review
Cyanobacteria produce toxins that are harmful to humans. They are found mostly in surface water, which is the main water source for drinking water before treatment. However, most of the water treatment plants are inadequate to treat toxins such as microcystins in raw water sources from contaminated surface water that has blooming and/or decaying cyanobacteria. Microcystins are harmful toxins produced by cyanobacteria that cause both acute and chronic health problems in humans. However, little is known about microcystins in water containers at the household level. This article therefore focuses on a review of the effects of microcystins in drinking water containers at the household level, including types of microcystins, their health effects, and cases reported in both animals and humans. Therefore, there is a need to develop the water quality management for cyanobacteria toxins, particularly microcystins in household containers.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Microcystins; Drinking Water; Water Purification; Cyanobacteria Toxins; Cyanobacteria
PubMed: 38086260
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115787 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2023The research aimed to investigate the suitable drinking water temperature in winter and its effect on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and rumen...
The research aimed to investigate the suitable drinking water temperature in winter and its effect on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and rumen fermentation function of beef cattle. A total of 40 beef cattle (640 ± 19.2 kg) were randomly divided into five treatments with eight cattle in each treatment raised in one pen according to initial body weight. Each treatment differed only in the temperature of drinking water, including the room-temperature water and four different heat water groups named RTW, HW_1, HW_2, HW_3, and HW_4. The measured water temperatures were 4.39 ± 2.546 °C, 10.6 ± 1.29 °C, 18.6 ± 1.52 °C, 26.3 ± 1.70 °C, and 32.5 ± 2.62 °C, respectively. The average daily gain (ADG) showed a significant linear increase during d 0 to 60 and a quadratic increase during d 31 to 60 with rising water temperature ( < 0.05), and the highest ADG of 1.1911 kg/d was calculated at a water temperature of 23.98 °C (R = 0.898). The average rectal temperature on d 30 ( = 0.01) and neutral detergent fiber digestibility ( < 0.01) increased linearly with increasing water temperature. Additionally, HW_2 reduced serum triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and malondialdehyde ( < 0.05), and increased serum total antioxidant capacity ( < 0.05) compared with RTW. Compared with HW_2, RTW had unfavorable effects on ruminal propionate, total volatile fatty acids, and cellulase concentrations ( < 0.05), and lower relative mRNA expression levels of claudin-4 ( < 0.01), occludin ( = 0.02), and zonula occludens-1 ( = 0.01) in the ruminal epithelium. Furthermore, RTW had a higher abundance of ( = 0.04), ( = 0.03), and ( = 0.03), and a lower abundance of ( < 0.01) and ( = 0.05) in rumen compared to HW_2. Taken together, heated drinking water in cold climates could positively impact the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant capacity, and rumen fermentation function of beef cattle. The optimal water temperature for maximizing ADG was calculated to be 23.98 °C under our conditions. Ruminal propionate and its producing bacteria including and might be important regulators of rumen fermentation of beef cattle drinking RTW under cold conditions.
PubMed: 37627487
DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081492 -
Environmental Science & Technology Nov 2023Ozone is a commonly applied disinfectant and oxidant in drinking water and has more recently been implemented for enhanced municipal wastewater treatment for potable... (Review)
Review
Ozone is a commonly applied disinfectant and oxidant in drinking water and has more recently been implemented for enhanced municipal wastewater treatment for potable reuse and ecosystem protection. One drawback is the potential formation of bromate, a possible human carcinogen with a strict drinking water standard of 10 μg/L. The formation of bromate from bromide during ozonation is complex and involves reactions with both ozone and secondary oxidants formed from ozone decomposition, i.e., hydroxyl radical. The underlying mechanism has been elucidated over the past several decades, and the extent of many parallel reactions occurring with either ozone or hydroxyl radicals depends strongly on the concentration, type of dissolved organic matter (DOM), and carbonate. On the basis of mechanistic considerations, several approaches minimizing bromate formation during ozonation can be applied. Removal of bromate after ozonation is less feasible. We recommend that bromate control strategies be prioritized in the following order: (1) control bromide discharge at the source and ensure optimal ozone mass-transfer design to minimize bromate formation, (2) minimize bromate formation during ozonation by chemical control strategies, such as ammonium with or without chlorine addition or hydrogen peroxide addition, which interfere with specific bromate formation steps and/or mask bromide, (3) implement a pretreatment strategy to reduce bromide and/or DOM prior to ozonation, and (4) assess the suitability of ozonation altogether or utilize a downstream treatment process that may already be in place, such as reverse osmosis, for post-ozone bromate abatement. A one-size-fits-all approach to bromate control does not exist, and treatment objectives, such as disinfection and micropollutant abatement, must also be considered.
Topics: Humans; Bromates; Drinking Water; Bromides; Ecosystem; Ozone; Water Purification; Hydroxyl Radical; Oxidants; Water Pollutants, Chemical
PubMed: 37363871
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00538