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Frontiers in Psychology 2023
PubMed: 37881213
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1216165 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2023Cyberbullying poses a significant challenge among adolescents. If bystanders stand up and help victims, their helping behavior may be able to reduce the frequency and...
Empathy and bystander helping behavior in cyberbullying among adolescents: the mediating role of internet moral judgment and the moderating role of internet self-efficacy.
INTRODUCTION
Cyberbullying poses a significant challenge among adolescents. If bystanders stand up and help victims, their helping behavior may be able to reduce the frequency and negative impact of cyberbullying. This study investigates the association of empathy, internet moral judgment, and internet self-efficacy with bystander helping behavior among adolescents, building upon the empathy-altruism hypothesis, bystander intervention model, and dual-process model of morality.
METHODS
A sample of 919 Chinese adolescents from 3 schools in Hunan, Jiangxi and Guangdong provinces completed the Basic Empathy Scale, Internet Moral Judgment Questionnaire, Internet Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and Styles of Bystander Intervention Scale. And we constructed a moderated mediation model to examine the relationship between empathy and bystander helping behavior in cyberbullying and assessed the mediating role of internet moral judgment and the moderating role of internet self-efficacy.
RESULTS
Our findings revealed a significant positive correlation between empathy and bystander helping behavior in cyberbullying. Internet moral judgment mediated the relationship between empathy and helping behavior, whereas internet self-efficacy moderated the latter half of the mediation pathway. Specifically, the association between internet moral judgment and helping behavior was stronger for bystanders with higher levels of internet self-efficacy compared with those that have lower levels.
DISCUSSION
These results further deepen our understanding of the mechanisms involved in bystander helping behavior in cyberbullying, thus providing a basis for future interventions to encourage more helping actions from bystanders during cyberbullying incidents.
PubMed: 37731887
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1196571 -
International Journal of Medical... Sep 2023To measure intra-standard-setter variability and assess the variations between the pass marks obtained from Angoff ratings, guided by the latent trait theory as the...
OBJECTIVES
To measure intra-standard-setter variability and assess the variations between the pass marks obtained from Angoff ratings, guided by the latent trait theory as the theoretical model.
METHODS
A non-experimental cross-sectional study was conducted to achieve the purpose of the study. Two knowledge-based tests were administered to 358 final-year medical students (223 females and 135 males) as part of their normal summative programme of assessments. The results of judgmental standard-setting using the Angoff method, which is widely used in medical schools, were used to determine intra-standard-setter inconsistency using the three-parameter item response theory (IRT). Permission for this study was granted by the local Research Ethics Committee of the University of Nottingham. To ensure anonymity and confidentiality, all identifiers at the student level were removed before the data were analysed.
RESULTS
The results of this study confirm that the three-parameter IRT can be used to analyse the results of individual judgmental standard setters. Overall, standard-setters behaved fairly consistently in both tests. The mean Angoff ratings and conditional probability were strongly positively correlated, which is a matter of inter-standard-setter validity.
CONCLUSIONS
We recommend that assessment providers adopt the methodology used in this study to help determine inter and intra-judgmental inconsistencies across standard setters to minimise the number of false positive and false negative decisions.
Topics: Program Evaluation; Humans; Male; Female; Students, Medical; Education, Medical; Cross-Sectional Studies; Models, Theoretical; Academic Performance
PubMed: 37678838
DOI: 10.5116/ijme.64ed.e296 -
Philosophy & Social Criticism Nov 2023This article considers the normative and critical value of popular comedy. I begin by assembling and evaluating a range of political theory literature on comedy. I argue...
This article considers the normative and critical value of popular comedy. I begin by assembling and evaluating a range of political theory literature on comedy. I argue that popular comedy can be conducive to both critical and transformative democratic effects, but that these effects are contingent on the way comedic performances are received by audiences. I illustrate this by means of a case study of a comedic climate change 'debate' from the television show, . Drawing from recent scholarship on deliberation, judgment and rhetoric, I highlight both critical and transformative dimensions of the performance. I attribute these to the vignette's likely reception, which I describe as 'dissonant' - unresolved, affectively turbulent and aesthetically attuned. I argue that comedy is uniquely positioned to spur such 'dissonant' modes of engagement and, in so doing, to promote acknowledgement and reflective judgment.
PubMed: 37846294
DOI: 10.1177/01914537221079677 -
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Oct 2023There is widespread evidence that human memory is constructive, so that recollective processes may alter the information retrieved or impact on subsequent recollections....
There is widespread evidence that human memory is constructive, so that recollective processes may alter the information retrieved or impact on subsequent recollections. We examine a framework for narrowing down the nature of such processes, from physics. In Physics, the Temporal Bell (TB) inequality offers a general test of the sensitivity of the context of previous measurements in sequential measurement scenarios, as predicted by quantum theory. We present an empirical memory paradigm that allows a test of the TB inequality, using a novel kind of "change judgment," whereby participants are asked to decide whether there has been a change in a question across different time points of a scenario. Across two experiments, we were able to observe evidence for the violation of a TB inequality in one case, offering evidence for quantum-like processes in memory. The present results complement other recent work purporting the relevance of quantum-like representations in memory and raise questions regarding the adaptive value of such representations.
Topics: Humans; Cognition; Judgment; Quantum Theory
PubMed: 37069421
DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02275-5 -
International Journal of Nursing... Jan 2023Clinical judgment has been identified as a key component of clinical practice. We sought to measure the elements of clinical judgment in new nurse graduates to identify...
OBJECTIVES
Clinical judgment has been identified as a key component of clinical practice. We sought to measure the elements of clinical judgment in new nurse graduates to identify future educational interventions.
METHODS
Lasater's clinical judgment rubric was adapted and distributed to nurse preceptors at two significant health care systems in central Illinois.
RESULTS
One hundred and six surveys were returned and one hundred and five of those were included in the study. New nurse graduates were found to be the lowest ranking in ability to identify significant data and calm, confident responses.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings can guide nurse educators to create innovative, targeted educational interventions to improve students' ability to identify important pieces of data and respond to challenging situations in a self-assured manner.
IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERNATIONAL AUDIENCE
Identifying and addressing the gaps to improve students' clinical judgment may facilitate NCLEX success and entry to practice.
Topics: Humans; Judgment; Students, Nursing; Faculty, Nursing; Surveys and Questionnaires; Clinical Competence; Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate
PubMed: 38117907
DOI: 10.1515/ijnes-2022-0112 -
Neuroscience Research Apr 2024How well do we distinguish between different memory sources when the information from imagination and perception is similar? And how do metacognitive (confidence)... (Review)
Review
How well do we distinguish between different memory sources when the information from imagination and perception is similar? And how do metacognitive (confidence) judgments differ across different sources of experiences? To study these questions, we developed a reality monitoring task using semantically related words from the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm of false memories. In an orientation phase, participants either perceived word pairs or had to voluntarily imagine the second word of a word pair. In a test phase, participants viewed words and had to judge whether the paired word was previously perceived, imagined, or new. Results revealed an interaction between memory source and judgment type on both response rates and confidence judgments: reality monitoring was better for new and perceived (compared to imagined) sources, and participants often incorrectly reported imagined experiences to be perceived. Individuals exhibited similar confidence between correct imagined source judgments and incorrect imagined sources reported to be perceived. Modeling results indicated that the observed judgments were likely due to an externalizing bias (i.e., a bias to judge the memory source as perceived). Additionally, we found that overall metacognitive ability was best in the perceived source. Together, these results reveal a source-dependent effect on response rates and confidence ratings, and provide evidence that observers are surprisingly prone to externalizing biases when monitoring their own memories.
Topics: Humans; Judgment; Memory; Imagination; Mental Recall
PubMed: 38007192
DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.11.007 -
Psychological Research Feb 2024To better understand the social determinants of conceptual knowledge we devised a task in which participants were asked to judge the match between a definition...
To better understand the social determinants of conceptual knowledge we devised a task in which participants were asked to judge the match between a definition (expressed in abstract or concrete terms) and a target-word (also either abstract or concrete). The task was presented in the form of a competition that could/could not include an opponent, and in which different percentages of response rounds were assigned to the participant at the experimenter's discretion. Thus, depending on the condition, participants were either exposed to a competitive context mimicking a privileged/unprivileged interaction with the experimenter or to a socially neutral setting. Results showed that manipulation of the social context selectively affected judgments on abstract stimuli: responses were significantly slower whenever a definition and/or a target word were presented in abstract form and when participants were in the favorable condition of responding in most of the trials. Moreover, only when processing abstract material, responses were slower when an opponent was expected to be present. Data are discussed in the frame of the different cognitive engagements involved when treating abstract and concrete concepts as well as in relation to the possible motivational factors prompted by the experimental set-up. The role of social context as a crucial element for abstract knowledge processing is also considered.
Topics: Humans; Concept Formation; Social Environment; Knowledge; Motivation; Judgment
PubMed: 37268790
DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01843-7 -
Human Resources For Health Jun 2023Medical disputes remain a global public health problem. However, an analysis of the characteristics and risk factors affecting the judgment results of medical damage... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Medical disputes remain a global public health problem. However, an analysis of the characteristics and risk factors affecting the judgment results of medical damage liability disputes in second-instance and retrial cases in China has yet to be conducted.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic search and evaluation of second-instance and retrial cases among all medical damage liability disputes in China Judgments Online; SPSS 22.0 was used for the statistical analysis. A χ test or likelihood ratio Chi-square test was used to compare differences between groups, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine independent risk factors that could affect the judgment results of medical disputes.
RESULTS
We included 3172 second-instance and retrial cases among all medical damage liability disputes in the analysis. The results showed that 48.04% of cases were unilateral appeals by the patient, and medical institutions were responsible for providing compensation in 80.64% of these cases. Cases involving compensation ranged from Chinese Yuan (CNY) 100 000 to 500 000 ranked first (40.95%); 21.66% were non-compensation cases. Cases involving mental damage compensation of less than CNY 20 000 accounted for 39.03%. Violations of medical treatment and nursing routines accounted for 64.25% of all cases. In addition, re-identification in 54.59% of cases changed the initial appraisal opinion. Independent risk factors for medical personnel to lose a lawsuit in a multivariate logistic regression model included appeal originator [patient side: OR = 18.809 (95% CI 11.854-29.845); both sides: OR = 22.168 (95% CI 12.249-40.117)], change of the original verdict (OR = 5.936, 95% CI 3.875-9.095), judicial identification (OR = 6.395, 95% CI 4.818-8.487), violations of medical treatment and nursing routines (OR = 8.783, 95% CI 6.658-11.588), and non-standard medical document writing (OR = 8.500, 95% CI 4.805-15.037).
CONCLUSION
Our study clarifies the characteristics of second-instance and retrial cases among all medical damage liability disputes in China from multiple perspectives and identifies the independent risk factors for medical personnel losing a lawsuit. This study could help medical institutions prevent and reduce medical disputes, at the same time, it could be helpful for medical institutions to provide better medical treatment and nursing services for patients.
Topics: Humans; China; Dissent and Disputes; Health Personnel; Judgment; Risk Factors
PubMed: 37386560
DOI: 10.1186/s12960-023-00832-6 -
PloS One 2024While causal reasoning is a core facet of our cognitive abilities, its time-course has not received proper attention. As the duration of reasoning might prove crucial in...
While causal reasoning is a core facet of our cognitive abilities, its time-course has not received proper attention. As the duration of reasoning might prove crucial in understanding the underlying cognitive processes, we asked participants in two experiments to make probabilistic causal inferences while manipulating time pressure. We found that participants are less accurate under time pressure, a speed-accuracy-tradeoff, and that they respond more conservatively. Surprisingly, two other persistent reasoning errors-Markov violations and failures to explain away-appeared insensitive to time pressure. These observations seem related to confidence: Conservative inferences were associated with low confidence, whereas Markov violations and failures to explain were not. These findings challenge existing theories that predict an association between time pressure and all causal reasoning errors including conservatism. Our findings suggest that these errors should not be attributed to a single cognitive mechanism and emphasize that causal judgements are the result of multiple processes.
Topics: Humans; Time Pressure; Problem Solving; Cognition; Judgment
PubMed: 38603716
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297011