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Acta Psychologica Feb 2024This study aims to investigate human hair color perception through two empirical studies in the context of colored hair. The preliminary study was intended to establish...
This study aims to investigate human hair color perception through two empirical studies in the context of colored hair. The preliminary study was intended to establish a numerical representation of perceptually meaningful brightness levels. It identified that the brightness level was proportional to the power of 0.766 of L*. In the visual assessment, participants (N = 47) categorized 246 hair color samples into eight color hue groups aligned with the Munsell system. Hue judgment was conducted by visually comparing dyed hair tresses with natural black hair. Based on the L*, a*, and b* values of hair tresses and visual assessments thereof, we observed the ranges of hue categories for hair color alongside the brightness levels. Additionally, the differences between the Munsell hue names and the assessment results were compared. Predominantly influenced by the dark brown hair color, the neutral orientation was shifted to the first quadrant of the a*-b* plane. The study contributes to an understanding of human hair color perception and provides insights into color categorization and labeling, especially when the context is confined.
Topics: Humans; Hair Color; Judgment; Color Perception; Color
PubMed: 38157751
DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104120 -
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Oct 2023While object meaning has been demonstrated to guide attention during active scene viewing and object salience guides attention during passive viewing, it is unknown...
While object meaning has been demonstrated to guide attention during active scene viewing and object salience guides attention during passive viewing, it is unknown whether object meaning predicts attention in passive viewing tasks and whether attention during passive viewing is more strongly related to meaning or salience. To answer this question, we used a mixed modeling approach where we computed the average meaning and physical salience of objects in scenes while statistically controlling for the roles of object size and eccentricity. Using eye-movement data from aesthetic judgment and memorization tasks, we then tested whether fixations are more likely to land on high-meaning objects than low-meaning objects while controlling for object salience, size, and eccentricity. The results demonstrated that fixations are more likely to be directed to high meaning objects than low meaning objects regardless of these other factors. Further analyses revealed that fixation durations were positively associated with object meaning irrespective of the other object properties. Overall, these findings provide the first evidence that objects are, in part, selected by meaning for attentional selection during passive scene viewing.
Topics: Humans; Fixation, Ocular; Visual Perception; Photic Stimulation; Eye Movements; Judgment
PubMed: 37095319
DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02286-2 -
PloS One 2023Classification and analysis of existing data on medical malpractice lawsuits are useful in identifying the root causes of medical errors and considering measures to...
Classification and analysis of existing data on medical malpractice lawsuits are useful in identifying the root causes of medical errors and considering measures to prevent recurrence. No study has shown the actual prevalence of all closed malpractice claims in Japan, including the number of cases and their trial results. In this study, we illustrated the recent trends of closed malpractice claims by medical specialty, the effects of the acceptance rates and the settlements and clarified the trends and characteristics. This was a descriptive study of all closed malpractice claims data from the Supreme Court in Japan from 2006-2021. Trends and the characteristics in closed malpractice claims by medical specialty and the outcomes of the claims, including settlements and judgments, were extracted. The total number of closed medical malpractice claims was 13,340 in 16 years, with a high percentage ending in settlement (7,062, 52.9%), and when concluding in judgment (4,734, 35.3%), the medical profession (3,589, 75.8%) was favored. When compared by medical specialty, plastic surgery and obstetrics/gynecology were more likely resolved by settlement. By contrast, psychiatry cases exhibited a lower likelihood of settlement, and the percentage of cases resulting in unfavorable outcomes for patients was notably high. Furthermore, there has been a decline in the number of closed medical malpractice claims in Japan in recent years compared to the figures observed in 2006. In particular, the number of closed medical malpractice claims in obstetrics/gynecology and the number of closed medical malpractice claims per 1,000 physicians decreased significantly compared to other specialties. In conclusion, half of the closed malpractice claims were settled, and a low percentage of patients won their cases. Closed medical malpractice claims in Japan have declined in most medical specialties since 2006. Additionally, obstetrics/gynecology revealed a significant decrease since introducing the Obstetrics/Gynecology Medical Compensation System in 2009.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Japan; Malpractice; Medical Errors; Psychiatry; Physicians
PubMed: 38109373
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296155 -
Nurse Education in Practice Nov 2023This review aimed to systematically scope undergraduate or postgraduate tertiary higher education nursing students' clinical practice teaching and assessment methods to... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
This review aimed to systematically scope undergraduate or postgraduate tertiary higher education nursing students' clinical practice teaching and assessment methods to identify features that align with promoting students' evaluative judgement.
INTRODUCTION
Evaluative judgement is a new concept to nursing tertiary education. Currently, there are no published reviews of evaluative judgement in nursing clinical practice education. This review aims to assist nursing educators to operationalise the concept of evaluative judgement in clinical practice education. As such the starting point was to determine features of evaluative judgement in current clinical teaching and assessment designs.
INCLUSION CRITERIA
Peer reviewed qualitative or quantitative studies that have evaluated teaching and/or assessment of tertiary (university/higher education) pre-registration (undergraduate) or post-registration (postgraduate) nursing students' clinical practice.
METHODS
The systematic scoping review was prospectively registered systematic review (OSF DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/PYWZ6) reported using PRISMA guidelines. A systematic search of five databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, CINAHL) was conducted, limited from 1989 onwards and in English. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts, then full text, with disagreements resolved with a third independent author. Data were extracted, including the frequency and methods of developing students' evaluative judgement across the categories of discerning quality, judgement process, calibration and feedback. A narrative synthesis was performed.
RESULTS
Seventy-one studies were included (n=53 teaching, n=18 assessment). Most of the included studies, included some, but not all, of the features to develop nursing students' evaluative judgment. For teaching methods, the most identified evaluative judgement features in the included studies were discerning quality (n=47), feedback (n=41) and judgement process (n=21). Only three studies included a method of calibration. For the assessment methods, feedback (n=16), discerning quality (n=15), judgement process (n=9) and calibration (n=4) were included. Many clinical practice teaching and assessment methods in nursing included features that develop students' evaluative judgement, with methods relating to discerning quality and feedback well embedded. Further adjustments are required to include methods to assist students to judge and calibrate their own performance.
CONCLUSION
This systematic scoping review identified that evaluative judgement in current nursing clinical teaching and assessment is not an overt aim. With minor adjustment to teaching and assessment design, nursing students could be better supported to develop their ability to judge the value of their own work.
Topics: Humans; Judgment; Clinical Competence; Education, Nursing; Students, Nursing; Nurses
PubMed: 37925834
DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103818 -
Annals of the New York Academy of... Jan 2024Faces are among the most important visual stimuli that humans perceive in everyday life. While extensive literature has examined emotional processing and social... (Review)
Review
Faces are among the most important visual stimuli that humans perceive in everyday life. While extensive literature has examined emotional processing and social evaluations of faces, most studies have examined either topic using unimodal approaches. In this review, we promote the use of multimodal cognitive neuroscience approaches to study these processes, using two lines of research as examples: ambiguity in facial expressions of emotion and social trait judgment of faces. In the first set of studies, we identified an event-related potential that signals emotion ambiguity using electroencephalography and we found convergent neural responses to emotion ambiguity using functional neuroimaging and single-neuron recordings. In the second set of studies, we discuss how different neuroimaging and personality-dimensional approaches together provide new insights into social trait judgments of faces. In both sets of studies, we provide an in-depth comparison between neurotypicals and people with autism spectrum disorder. We offer a computational account for the behavioral and neural markers of the different facial processing between the two groups. Finally, we suggest new practices for studying the emotional processing and social evaluations of faces. All data discussed in the case studies of this review are publicly available.
Topics: Humans; Facial Recognition; Judgment; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Emotions; Electroencephalography; Facial Expression
PubMed: 37965931
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15084 -
Journal of Eating Disorders Oct 2023Studies have established the central role of the family in the recognition, treatment, and recovery of anorexia nervosa. The objective of this study was to review,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Studies have established the central role of the family in the recognition, treatment, and recovery of anorexia nervosa. The objective of this study was to review, synthesize, and critically appraise the literature on parents' views on the treatment and recovery process of anorexia nervosa in their adolescent child.
METHOD
A systematic search of Medline, PsychINFO, CINHAL, EMBASE, Cochrane library, and SSCI was conducted for qualitative studies published regarding parents' views about the treatment of anorexia nervosa. The quality of articles was assessed using the critical appraisal skills program (CASP) and findings were analysed using thematic synthesis.
RESULTS
A total of 25 studies from nine countries reporting the views of 357 parents met the inclusion criteria. Four major themes were developed from the analysis: understanding the child and the disease, experience of services and treatment modalities, the role of professionals, and the experience of recovery.
CONCLUSION
Parents report struggles with delays in finding help, judgmental attitudes of professionals, and uncertainty about the future. Recognition of the challenges faced by parents and families empowers clinicians to build stronger therapeutic relationships essential for long-term recovery from anorexia nervosa.
PubMed: 37904246
DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00910-z -
Journal of General Internal Medicine Nov 2023Examine the association between historic residential redlining and present-day racial/ethnic composition of neighborhoods, racial/ethnic differences in social...
OBJECTIVE
Examine the association between historic residential redlining and present-day racial/ethnic composition of neighborhoods, racial/ethnic differences in social determinant of health domains, and risk of home evictions and food insecurity.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We examined data on 12,334 (for eviction sample), and 8996 (for food insecurity sample), census tracts in 213 counties across 37 states in the USA with data on exposure to historic redlining. First, we examined relationships between Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) redlining grades (A="Best", B="Still Desirable", C="Definitely Declining", D="Hazardous") and present-day racial/ethnic composition and racial/ethnic differences in social determinant of health domains of neighborhoods. Second, we examined whether historic redlining is associated with present-day home eviction rates (measured across eviction filings rates, and eviction judgment rates for 12,334 census tracts in 2018) and food insecurity (measured across low supermarket access, low supermarket access and income, low supermarket access and low car ownership for 8996 census tracts in 2019). Multivariable regression models were adjusted for census tract population, urban/rural designation, and county level fixed effects.
RESULTS
Relative to areas with a historic HOLC grading of "A (Best)", areas with a "D (Hazardous)" grading had a 2.59 (95%CI=1.99-3.19; p-value<0.01) higher rate of eviction filings, and a 1.03 (95%CI=0.80-1.27; p-value<0.01) higher rate of eviction judgments. Compared to areas with a historic HOLC grading of "A (Best)", areas rated with a "D (Hazardous)" had a 16.20 (95%CI=15.02-17.79; p-value<0.01) higher rate of food insecurity based on supermarket access and income, and a 6.15 (95%CI =5.53-6.76; p-value<0.01) higher rate of food insecurity based on supermarket access and car ownership.
CONCLUSIONS
Historic residential redlining is significantly associated with present-day home evictions and food insecurity, highlighting persistent associations between structural racism and present-day social determinants of health.
Topics: Humans; Social Determinants of Health; Residence Characteristics; Income
PubMed: 37296361
DOI: 10.1007/s11606-023-08258-5 -
Attention, Perception & Psychophysics May 2024The link between various codes of magnitude and their interactions has been studied extensively for many years. In the current study, we examined how the physical and...
The link between various codes of magnitude and their interactions has been studied extensively for many years. In the current study, we examined how the physical and numerical magnitudes of digits are mapped into a combined mental representation. In two psychophysical experiments, participants reported the physically larger digit among two digits. In the identical condition, participants compared digits of an identical value (e.g., "2" and "2"); in the different condition, participants compared digits of distinct numerical values (i.e., "2" and "5"). As anticipated, participants overestimated the physical size of a numerically larger digit and underestimated the physical size of a numerically smaller digit. Our results extend the shared-representation account of physical and numerical magnitudes.
Topics: Humans; Size Perception; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Male; Female; Young Adult; Judgment; Psychophysics; Adult; Attention; Discrimination, Psychological
PubMed: 38639857
DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02875-w -
Value in Health : the Journal of the... Oct 2023Digital health technologies (DHTs) can optimise healthcare costs and improve quality and efficiency of care. However, the fast-paced rate of innovation and varying...
OBJECTIVES
Digital health technologies (DHTs) can optimise healthcare costs and improve quality and efficiency of care. However, the fast-paced rate of innovation and varying evidence standards can make it difficult for decision-makers to assess these technologies in an efficient and evidence-based manner. We sought to develop a comprehensive framework to assess the value of novel patient-facing DHTs used to manage chronic diseases by eliciting stakeholder value preferences.
METHODS
Literature review and primary data collection from a three-round web-Delphi exercise was utilized. 79 participants from 5 stakeholder groups (patients, physicians, industry, decision makers, and influencers) and 3 countries (United States of America, United Kingdom, and Germany) took part. Likert scale data were statistically analyzed to determine intergroup differences in both country and stakeholder groups, stability of results, and overall consensus.
RESULTS
The resulting co-created framework comprised 33 stable indicators with consensus from quantitative value judgments across domains: health inequalities, data rights and governance, technical and security, economic characteristics, clinical characteristics, and user preferences. Lack of stakeholder consensus was observed on the importance of value-based care models, optimizing resources for sustainable systems, and stakeholder involvement in DHT design, development, and implementation; however, this was because of high rates of neutrality and not negative judgments. Supply-side actors and academic experts were the most unstable stakeholder groups.
CONCLUSION
Stakeholder value judgments revealed a need for a coordinated regulatory and health technology assessment policy response that updates laws to meet technological innovations, offers a pragmatic approach to evidence standards to assess DHTs, and involves stakeholders to understand and meet their needs.
Topics: Humans; United States; Consensus; United Kingdom; Germany
PubMed: 37385445
DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2023.06.008 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2024Metacognition of emotion (meta-emotion) refers to the ability to evaluate and identify one's emotional feelings. No previous study has defined and measured this...
Metacognition of emotion (meta-emotion) refers to the ability to evaluate and identify one's emotional feelings. No previous study has defined and measured this construct through objective and quantitative procedures. We established a reliable method to measure meta-emotion. With a two-interval forced-choice procedure, participants selected which of two pictures elicited stronger positive emotion; via the Law of Comparative Judgment, their responses were used to compute individual psychological distances for the emotional responses triggered by the pictures. Then, participants were asked to judge whether a pre-exposed picture induced a stronger positive emotion than the median of that elicited by the whole picture set, followed by a confidence rating. By utilizing each individual's psychological distance, the correctness of a participant's emotional experience was quantified by d', and meta-emotion was quantified using meta-d', M-ratio, and M-diff as indices of metacognitive sensitivity and efficiency based on Signal-Detection Theory. Test-retest reliabilities, validated by Spearman correlation, were observed in meta-d', M-ratio, and marginally with M-diff, suggesting the stability of meta-emotion in the current design. This study unveils a validated procedure to quantify meta-emotion, extendable for assessing metacognition of other subjective feelings. Nevertheless, caution is warranted in interpretation, as the measured processes may be influenced by non-metacognitive factors.
Topics: Humans; Metacognition; Emotions; Judgment; Psychological Distance
PubMed: 38263192
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49709-7