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The Journal of Nutrition Sep 2023Human milk is the preferred diet for very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500 g) infants. When mother's own milk is unable to meet the needs of VLBW infants, donor human milk...
BACKGROUND
Human milk is the preferred diet for very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500 g) infants. When mother's own milk is unable to meet the needs of VLBW infants, donor human milk (DHM) is the preferred alternative. Unfortunately, the composition of DHM remains elusive and no comparative studies between preterm human milk and DHM have been performed previously.
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to analyze the nutrient content of commercial pooled DHM and compare nutrient content in DHM with that of early and mature preterm human milk.
METHODS
We analyzed nutrient content in 15 DHM samples provided from 7 commercial milk banks including calories, carbohydrate, fat, protein, sodium, chloride, potassium, zinc, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D and compared each nutrient to early (7 d of life) and mature (28 d of life) preterm human milk samples (n = 28-36 per nutrient, gestational age = 28 ± 3 wk). Protein-to-energy ratio and carbohydrate-to-nonprotein energy ratio were calculated for each sample and compared.
RESULTS
Mean values for all macro- and micronutrients in DHM are reported. In comparison to early or mature preterm human milk, DHM had significantly lower protein, sodium, chloride, potassium, and zinc content. Calorie, carbohydrate, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and vitamin D content did not differ statistically between DHM and early or mature preterm human milk. Fat content was modestly lower in early but not mature human milk when compared with DHM.
CONCLUSIONS
We provide mean values for several macro- and micronutrients for DHM and identify key differences between DHM and preterm human milk, which may be considered when designing human milk-based feeding plans. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05742815.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Infant; Humans; Adult; Milk, Human; Infant, Premature; Calcium; Magnesium; Potassium Chloride; Nutrients; Sodium; Phosphorus; Potassium; Carbohydrates; Micronutrients; Zinc
PubMed: 37517552
DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.07.012 -
Perfusion Nov 2023A basic prerequisite for a good surgical outcome in heart surgery is optimal myocardial protection. However, cardioplegia strategies used in adult cardiac surgery are...
INTRODUCTION
A basic prerequisite for a good surgical outcome in heart surgery is optimal myocardial protection. However, cardioplegia strategies used in adult cardiac surgery are not directly transferable to infant hearts. Paediatric microplegia, analogous to Calafiore cardioplegia used in adult cardiac surgery, offers the advantage of safe myocardial protection without haemodilution. The use of concentration-dependent paediatric microplegia is new in clinical implementation.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Paediatric microplegia has been in clinical use in our institution since late 2014. It is applied via an 1/8 inch tube of a S5-HLM roller pump (LivaNova, Italy). As cardioplegic additive, a mixture of potassium (K) 20 mL (2 mmol/mL potassium chloride 14.9% Braun) and magnesium (Mg) 10 mL (4 mmol/mL Mg-sulphate Verla® i. v. 50%) is fixed into a syringe-pump (B. Braun, Germany). This additive is mixed with arterial patient blood from the oxygenator in different flowdependent ratios to form an effective cardioplegia.
TECHNIQUE
After microplegia application of initially 25 mmol/L K with 11 mmol/L Mg for 2 min, a safe cardioplegic cardiac arrest is achieved, which after release of the coronary circulation, immediately returns to a spontaneous cardiac-rhythm. In the case of prolonged aortic clamping, microplegia is repeated every 20 min with a reduction of the application dose of K by 20% and Mg by 30% (20 mmol/L K; 8.5 mmol/L Mg) and a further reduction down to a maintenance dose (15 mmol/L K; 6 mmol/L Mg) after additional 20 min.
SUMMARY
The microplegia adapted to the needs of paediatric myocardium is convincing due to its simple technical implementation for the perfusionist while avoiding haemodilution. However, the required intraoperative interval of microplegia of approx. 20 min demands adapted intraoperative management from the surgeon.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Child; Heart Arrest, Induced; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Myocardium; Italy; Cardioplegic Solutions
PubMed: 36121780
DOI: 10.1177/02676591221127926 -
Microorganisms Sep 2023Concrete is the most utilized construction material worldwide. In the marine environment, it is subject to chemical degradation through reactions with chloride (the most... (Review)
Review
Concrete is the most utilized construction material worldwide. In the marine environment, it is subject to chemical degradation through reactions with chloride (the most important ion), and sulfate and magnesium ions in seawater, and to biodeterioration resulting from biological (initially microbiological) activities, principally acid production. These two types of corrosions are reviewed and the failure of attempts to predict the degree of deterioration resulting from each is noted. Chemical (abiotic) corrosion is greatest in the splash zone of coastal constructions, while phenomenological evidence suggests that biodeterioration is greatest in tidal zones. There have been no comparative experiments to determine the rates and types of microbial biofilm formation in these zones. Both chemical and microbiological concrete deteriorations are complex and have not been successfully modeled. The interaction between abiotic corrosion and biofilm formation is considered. EPS can maintain surface hydration, potentially reducing abiotic corrosion. The early marine biofilm contains relatively specific bacterial colonizers, including cyanobacteria and proteobacteria; these change over time, producing a generic concrete biofilm, but the adhesion of microorganisms to concrete in the oceans has been little investigated. The colonization of artificial reefs is briefly discussed. Concrete appears to be a relatively prescriptive substrate, with modifications necessary to increase colonization for the required goal of increasing biological diversity.
PubMed: 37894096
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102438 -
Polymers Nov 2023This study investigated the impact of calcium chloride (CaCl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl) at varying concentrations on a model milk formulation's physical and chemical...
This study investigated the impact of calcium chloride (CaCl) and magnesium chloride (MgCl) at varying concentrations on a model milk formulation's physical and chemical properties after thermal treatment. The model milk was subjected to two-stage homogenization and pasteurization before being supplemented with different concentrations of CaCl or MgCl. The findings revealed that elevating the concentration of either calcium or magnesium resulted in the milk emulsion having a higher viscosity and median particle size following heating. CaCl had a slightly stronger impact than MgCl, particularly at higher concentrations. The milk samples also exhibited a reduction in the zeta potential as the ionic strength of the salt solution increased, with the CaCl-fortified milk displaying a slightly lower negative surface charge than the MgCl-fortified milk at the same dose. The model milk's viscosity was evaluated after adding various salt concentrations and a temperature ramp from 20 to 80 °C. Notably, the viscosity and particle size changes demonstrated a non-linear relationship with increasing mineral levels, where a significant increase was observed at or above 5.0 mM. An emulsion stability analysis also revealed that the de-stabilization pattern of the high salt concentration sample differed significantly from its low salt concentration counterparts. These findings could serve as a basis for the future development of fortified UHT milk with nutritionally beneficial calcium and magnesium in industrial applications.
PubMed: 38006147
DOI: 10.3390/polym15224424 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023Soil salinity is a well-known abiotic factor affecting the germination and seedling growth of various plant species. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of different...
Soil salinity is a well-known abiotic factor affecting the germination and seedling growth of various plant species. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of different chloride salts (NaCl, KCl and MgCl) and sulfate salts (NaSO, KSO and MgSO) on the seed germination and early seedling growth of two important ethnomedicinal shrubs of North Africa and the Mediterranean basin ( and ). Seeds of these species were subjected to five salinity levels (0-100 mM) and incubated at 20 °C under a light regime (12 h photoperiod). Both species demonstrated their highest germination percentage under control conditions (i.e., without salinity). However, as salinity levels increased, the germination percentages for both species decreased, regardless of the type of salt used. Cations appeared to be more determinative than the anions in regulating the seed germination of both species. seeds displayed greater sensitivity to sodium (Na) salts, especially when accompanied with chloride (Cl) anions. At the higher salt concentrations (75 and 100 mM), Na salts had a more pronounced inhibitory effect on seedling growth compared to potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) salts. Conversely, Mg salts were more detrimental to seedling growth in . Based on our results, it can be concluded that both of these species are able to tolerate a moderate level of salinity. Overall, may be a promising choice for rehabilitating the soils dominated by chloride salts, while could be utilized for restoring sulfate-dominated soils.
PubMed: 38005803
DOI: 10.3390/plants12223906 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) exhibits inferior mechanical and durability properties owing to the deterioration of the recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) surface...
Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) exhibits inferior mechanical and durability properties owing to the deterioration of the recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) surface quality. To improve the surface properties of RCA, the reinforcement efficiency of RAC, and the maneuverability of the surface treatment method, this study used magnesium phosphate cement (MPC), a clinker-free low-carbon cement with excellent bonding properties, to precoat RCA under three-day pre-conditioning. Moreover, variable amounts of fly ash (FA) or granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) were utilized to partly substitute MPC to enhance the compressive strength and chloride ion penetration resistance. Subsequently, FA-MPC and GBFS-MPC hybrid slurries with the best comprehensive performance were selected to coat the RCA for optimal reinforcement. The crushing value and water absorption of RCA, as well as the mechanical strengths and durability of RAC, were investigated, and microstructures around interfaces were studied via BSE-EDS and microhardness analysis to reveal the strengthening mechanism. The results indicated that the comprehensive property of strengthening paste was enhanced significantly through substituting MPC with 10% FA or GBFS. Surface coating resulted in a maximum reduction of 8.15% in the crushing value, while the water absorption barely changed. In addition, modified RAC outperformed untreated RAC regarding compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and chloride ion penetration resistance with maximum optimization efficiencies of 31.58%, 49.75%, and 43.11%, respectively. It was also evidenced that the improved MPC paste properties enhanced the performance of modified RAC. Microanalysis revealed that MPC pastes exhibited an excellent bond with RCA or new mortar, and the newly formed interfacial transition zone between MPC and the fresh mortar exhibited a dense microstructure and outstanding micro-mechanical properties supported with an increase in the average microhardness value of 30.2-33.4%. Therefore, MPC pastes incorporating an appropriate mineral admixture have enormous potential to be utilized as effective RCA surface treatment materials and improve the operability of RCA application in practice.
PubMed: 38203976
DOI: 10.3390/ma17010122 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jul 2023The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with different types of potassium and magnesium on the reproductive performance,...
Dietary Supplementation with Different Types of Potassium and Magnesium during Late Gestation and Lactation Modulates the Reproductive Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Immune Function of Sows.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with different types of potassium and magnesium on the reproductive performance, antioxidant capacity, and immunity of sows. Forty-five Landrace × Yorkshire sows at the late gestation stage (85 d) were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 15). Sows in the control group (CON), potassium chloride and magnesium sulfate group (PM), and potassium-magnesium sulfate group (PMS) were fed with a basal diet, a basal diet supplemented with magnesium sulfate (0.20%) and potassium chloride (0.15%), or a basal diet supplemented with potassium-magnesium sulfate (0.45%), respectively. The results showed that dietary supplementation with PMS did not yield significant effects on the reproductive performance compared with the CON group ( > 0.05). However, it significantly elevated the level of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) in plasma and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in colostrum ( < 0.05). Furthermore, PMS significantly augmented the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) while reducing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in comparison to the CON group ( < 0.05). Compared with the PM group, the PMS group significantly reduced the incidence rate of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) ( < 0.05) and significantly decreased the concentration of the proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) level in plasma ( < 0.05). These results indicated that dietary supplementation with PMS during late gestation could enhance sows' antioxidant capacity and the IgA level in colostrum. These findings will provide a theoretical reference for the use of magnesium and potassium in sow production to improve sows' health.
PubMed: 37443982
DOI: 10.3390/ani13132183