-
Cureus Sep 2023The review has been done to find out the best-suited treatment modality for pediculosis capitis. Pediatric patients frequently experience pediculosis capitis, a head... (Review)
Review
The review has been done to find out the best-suited treatment modality for pediculosis capitis. Pediatric patients frequently experience pediculosis capitis, a head louse infestation brought on by the Pediculus humanus var. capitis. The primary sign of head lice infestation is a scratchy scalp, and the presence of living nits confirms this diagnosis. When a doctor diagnoses pediculosis as a primary bacterial infection, a bacterial impetignization and secondary infection, and cervical and occipital lymphadenopathy might make the clinical diagnosis more difficult. A proper therapy of pediculosis requires screening and treatment of all close contacts. The careful use of topical pediculicidal treatments, especially permethrin lotion and wet combing with a fine tooth comb, is required for the medical treatment of a head louse infestation. We've tried to outline the key points of treating head lice infestations. There are several treatment alternatives suggested, including over-the-counter permethrin and pyrethrin as well as prescription medications including malathion, lindane, benzyl alcohol, and spinosad.
PubMed: 37829988
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45028 -
Metabolites Oct 2023Malathion is one of the most used organophosphorus pesticides that is used for many reasons such as agriculture and industry. Human exposure to malathion may occur...
Malathion is one of the most used organophosphorus pesticides that is used for many reasons such as agriculture and industry. Human exposure to malathion may occur through various means, such as eating food that has been treated with it. Malathion not only increases oxidative stress but also decreases the antioxidant capacity. Curcumin is a powerful antioxidant with many pharmacological actions. Curcumin can act as a free radical scavenger and inhibit the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Curcumin could combat the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant depletion that trigger the apoptotic pathways. This study aims to examine the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects of curcumin. Twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups (six rats each): control, curcumin, malathion, and malathion + curcumin groups. At the assigned time, blood samples were used for the assessment of serum creatinine, and the kidneys were excised and washed; parts of them were used for the assessment of total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and glutathione (GSH) activity, other parts were fixed in formalin for further staining. Histopathological evaluation was performed for the fixed specimens after staining with H&E, sirus red, and the immunohistochemical staining for NF-κβ, TNF-α, Caspase-3, Nrf2, and HO-1. Curcumin significantly decreases the serum creatinine after malathion exposure and significantly restores the oxidant/antioxidant balance by increasing TAC and GSH and decreasing TOS, OSI, and MDA. Curcumin exerts its reno-protective effect and restores the histological architecture of the kidney by downregulating the immune expression of NF-κβ, TNF-α, and Caspase-3 and upregulating the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. This study concluded that curcumin protects against nephrotoxicity caused by malathion by exerting its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic capabilities.
PubMed: 37999213
DOI: 10.3390/metabo13111117 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Sep 2023Cantaloupe is a popular agricultural product in the hot season of Iran. On the other hand, the frequent use of pesticides in cantaloupe fields is the most important...
Pesticides residues determination and probabilistic health risk assessment in the soil and cantaloupe by Monte Carlo simulation: A case study in Kashan and Aran-Bidgol, Iran.
Cantaloupe is a popular agricultural product in the hot season of Iran. On the other hand, the frequent use of pesticides in cantaloupe fields is the most important threat to the health of farmers and consumers. Therefore, the present study aims to measure the concentration of diazinon (DZN), chlorpyrifos (CPF), and malathion (MLT) in cantaloupe cultivated in Kashan and Aran-Bidgol (Iran) and to estimate the possible oral and dermal risk of these pesticides by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). 36 cantaloupe samples, 18 samples before, and 18 samples after the latent period were collected from different places of cantaloupe cultivation from April to May 2021. After measuring the pesticides using the QuEChERS approach, oral and dermal risk assessments were calculated.The mean and standard deviation of the concentrations of chlorpyrifos, malathion, and diazinon in 18 cantaloupe samples, after the latent period, were (30.39 ± 13.85), (18.361 ± 1.8), and (21.97 ± 0.86) μg kg-, respectively. Concentration of Malathion, diazinon, and Chlorpyrifos in the soil were 0.22, 0.25, and 0.3 mg kg-, respectively, and pesticide cumulative risk assessment in soil was obtained 0.011 for Malathion, 0.05 for diazinon and 0.03 for Chlorpyrifos. Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) according to the cantaloupe consumption and dermal exposure in children and adults, was safe range. Although non-cancerous dermal and oral risk of cantaloupe is low, constant exposure can be harmful. Therefore, the findings of this study play an important role in increasing the understanding of the negative health consequences of pesticide contamination in cantaloupe for consumers, especially local residents, and can help by adopting remedial strategies to reduce environmental concerns.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Pesticide Residues; Chlorpyrifos; Diazinon; Malathion; Cucumis melo; Soil; Iran; Monte Carlo Method; Pesticides; Risk Assessment
PubMed: 37441953
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115229 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2023We investigated the plasma levels of pesticides components namely polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dieldrin, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), ethion, malathion,...
We investigated the plasma levels of pesticides components namely polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dieldrin, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), ethion, malathion, and chlorpyrifos in recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) cases, and tested their associations with placental oxidative stress (OS) biomarkers [nitric oxide (NO), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)] and with placental apoptotic/antiapoptotic indices (Bcl-2 and caspase-3), and evaluated their possible cut-off points to distinguish RPL cases. The study recruited 101 pregnant women divided into; G1 [n = 49, control, normal 1st-trimester pregnancy, normal obstetric history with at least one previous normal live birth], G2 [n = 26, cases with missed abortion (< 3 abortions) before 24 weeks of gestation], and G3 [n = 26, cases with missed abortion (≥ 3 abortions) before 24 weeks of gestation]. The plasma pesticide levels were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Plasma human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), placental OS, Bcl-2, and caspase-3, were analyzed by their corresponding methods and kits. Plasma PCBs, DDE, dieldrin, and ethion levels were significantly higher in RPL cases than in normal pregnancies (p ≤ 0.001). These levels correlated positively with placental OS and apoptosis and negatively with plasma HCG levels. Also, these levels were reliable markers of risk to RPL. Malathion and chlorpyrifos were not detected in any of the study's participants. Pesticides may be risk factors in cases of spontaneous RPL cases. They are associated with an increasing placental OS and placental apoptosis. Specific measures should be taken to decrease maternal exposure to these pollutants' sources, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Placenta; Pesticides; Caspase 3; Polychlorinated Biphenyls; Abortion, Missed; Malathion; Dieldrin; Chlorpyrifos; Case-Control Studies; Abortion, Habitual; Oxidative Stress; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; Apoptosis
PubMed: 37277462
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36363-2 -
Biomedica : Revista Del Instituto... Jun 2023Introduction. Dengue is a public health problem in La Guajira region. Control has focused on the vector using insecticides, including organophosphates. Objective. To...
Introduction. Dengue is a public health problem in La Guajira region. Control has focused on the vector using insecticides, including organophosphates. Objective. To evaluate the state of susceptibility to organophosphates insecticides in fifteen Aedes aegypti (L.) populations in La Guajira, Colombia. Materials and methods. We collected samples of third-instar larvae and adult mosquitoes of Ae. aegypti in the municipalities of Albania, Barrancas, Dibulla, Distracción, El Molino, Fonseca, Hatonuevo, La Jagua del Pilar, Maicao, Manaure, Riohacha, San Juan del Cesar, Uribia, Urumita, Villanueva. Bioassays for temefos, malathion, and pirimiphos-methyl were carried out following the methodology of the World Health Organization, and the bottle technique using the guidance of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Susceptibility to temefos was determined through the resistance ratio between lethal concentration 50 and lethal concentration 95; for the compounds temefos, malathion and pirimiphos-methyl, susceptibility was calculated using diagnostic dose and diagnostic time in the populations evaluated. Rockefeller susceptible strain was used as a control. Results: All evaluated populations of Ae. aegypti from La Guajira were found to be susceptible to temefos (ratio resistance to CL50<5.0; ratio resistance to CL95<5.0; 98 - 100 % mortality); pirimiphosmethyl (99 - 100 % mortality), and malathion (100 % mortality). Conclusion. Based on the results, the use of temefos, malathion, and pirimiphosmethyl is feasible for the control of Ae. aegypti in the evaluated populations.
Topics: United States; Animals; Aedes; Organophosphates; Colombia; Temefos; Mosquito Vectors
PubMed: 37433166
DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6677 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2023Coffee is one of the most popular beverages, with around 10.5 million tons manufactured annually. The same amount of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) might harm the...
Coffee is one of the most popular beverages, with around 10.5 million tons manufactured annually. The same amount of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) might harm the environment if disposed of carelessly. On the other hand, pesticide contamination in food and biowaste is a rising problem. Because pesticides are hazardous and can cause serious health consequences, it is critical to understand how they interact with food biowaste materials. However, it is also a question if biowaste can be used to remediate rising pesticide residues in the environment. This study investigated the interactions of SCGs with the organophosphate pesticides malathion (MLT) and chlorpyrifos (CHP) and addressed the possibility of using SCGs as adsorbents for the removal of these pesticides from water and fruit extracts. The kinetics of MLT and CHP adsorption on SCGs fits well with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The Langmuir isotherm model best describes the adsorption process, giving the maximal adsorption capacity for MLT as 7.16 mg g and 7.00 mg g for CHP. Based on the thermodynamic analysis, it can be deduced that MLT adsorption on SCGs is exothermic, while CHP adsorption is an endothermic process. The adsorption efficiency of MLT and CHP using SCGs in a complicated matrix of fruit extracts remained constant. The neurotoxicity results showed that no more toxic products were formed during adsorption, indicating that SCGs are a safe-to-use adsorbent for pesticide removal in water and fruit extracts.
PubMed: 37372608
DOI: 10.3390/foods12122397 -
Wellcome Open Research 2023The indiscriminate use of insecticides in agriculture and public health lead to a selection of resistance mechanisms in malaria vectors compromising vector control...
The indiscriminate use of insecticides in agriculture and public health lead to a selection of resistance mechanisms in malaria vectors compromising vector control tools and strategies. This study investigated the metabolic response in the -L995F Tiassalé resistance strain after long-term exposure of larvae and adults to deltamethrin insecticide. -L995F Tiassalé strain larvae were exposed over 20 generations to deltamethrin (LS) and adults to PermaNet 2.0 (AS) and combining exposure at larvae and adult stages (LAS) and compared to unexposed (NS) group. All four groups were subjected to the standard World Health Organization (WHO) susceptibility tube tests using deltamethrin (0.05%), bendiocarb (0.1%) and malathion (5%). -L995F/S ( mutation frequency was screened using multiplex assays based on Taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Additionally, expression levels of detoxification enzymes associated to pyrethroid resistance, including CYP4G16, CYP6M2, CYP6P1, CYP6P3, CYP6P4, CYP6Z1 and CYP9K1, and glutathione S-transferase GSTe2 were measured. Our results indicated that deltamethrin resistance was a response to insecticide selection pressure in LS, AS and LAS groups, while susceptibility was observed in NS group. The vectors showed varied mortality rates with bendiocarb and full susceptibility to malathion throughout the selection with LS, AS and LAS groups. -L995F mutation stayed at high allelic frequency level in all groups with a frequency between 87% and 100%. Among the overexpressed genes, CYP6P4 gene was the most overexpressed in LS, AS and LAS groups. Long-term exposure of larvae and adults of -L995F resistant- Tiassalé strain to deltamethrin and PermaNet 2.0 net induced resistance to deltamethrin under a significant effect of cytochromes P450 detoxification enzymes. These outcomes highlight the necessity of investigating metabolic resistance mechanisms in the target population and not solely resistance mechanisms prior the implementation of vector control strategies for a better impact.
PubMed: 37396200
DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19126.2 -
Parasites & Vectors Jun 2023Historically, malaria due to Plasmodium vivax has been epidemic in Henan Province, China, with Anopheles sinensis as the main vector. The most effective measures to...
BACKGROUND
Historically, malaria due to Plasmodium vivax has been epidemic in Henan Province, China, with Anopheles sinensis as the main vector. The most effective measures to prevent malaria transmission are based on vector control through the use of insecticides. However, insecticides exert a strong selective pressure on mosquito populations for insecticide resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the susceptibility profile and population genetic characteristics of An. sinensis to provide basic data and scientific guidance for the study of resistance mechanisms and the control of An. sinensis in Henan Province.
METHODS
Adult Anopheles mosquitoes were collected at sites near local farmers' sheepfolds, pigsties and/or cowsheds located in Pingqiao, Xiangfu, Xiangcheng and Tanghe counties/districts of Henan Province during July-September 2021 for insecticide susceptibility testing. Molecular identification of collected mosquitoes as belonging to genus Anopheles was by PCR, and the frequencies of mutations in the knockdown resistance gene (kdr) and acetylcholinesterase-1 gene (ace-1) were detected using gene amplification. The mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was amplified in deltamethrin-resistant and deltamethrin-sensitive mosquitoes to analyze the genetic evolutionary relationship.
RESULTS
A total of 1409 Anopheles mosquitoes were identified by molecular identification, of which 1334 (94.68%) were An. sinensis, 28 (1.99%) were An. yatsushiroensis, 43 (3.05%) were An. anthropophagus and four (0.28%) were An. belenrae. The 24-h mortality rates of An. sinensis in Pingqiao, Tanghe, Xiangcheng and Xiangfu counties/districts exposed to deltamethrin were 85.85%, 25.38%, 29.73% and 7.66%, respectively; to beta-cyfluthrin, 36.24%, 70.91%, 34.33% and 3.28%, respectively; to propoxur, 68.39%, 80.60%, 37.62% and 9.29%, respectively; and to malathion, 97.43%, 97.67%, 99.21% and 64.23%, respectively. One mutation, G119S, was detected in the ace-1 gene. The frequencies of the main genotypes were 84.21% of specimens collected in Xiangfu (G/S), 90.63% of speciments collected in Xiangcheng (G/G) and 2.44% of speciments collected in Tanghe (S/S). Significantly higher G119S allele frequencies were observed in both propoxur- and malathion-resistant mosquitoes than in their sensitive counterparts in the Tanghe population (P < 0.05). Three mutations, L1014F (41.38%), L1014C (9.15%) and L1014W (0.12%), were detected in the kdr gene. The genotypes with the highest frequency in the populations of An. sinensis in Xiangfu and Tanghe were the mutant TTT (F/F) and wild-type TTG (L/L), at 67.86% (57/84) and 74.29% (52/70), respectively. In Pingqiao and Xiangfu, higher frequencies of the L1014F allele and lower frequencies of the L1014C allele were observed in mosquitoes resistant for beta-cyfluthrin than in those which were sensitive for this insecticide (P < 0.05). The results of Tajima's D and of Fu and Li's D and F were not significantly negative (P > 0.10), and each haplotype was interlaced and did not form two distinct branches.
CONCLUSIONS
High resistance to pyrethroids and propoxur was observed at four sites, but the resistance to malathion varied according to the location. Anopheles belenrae and the L1014W (TGG) mutation in An. sinensis were first discovered in Henan Province. The deltamethrin-resistant and deltamethrin-sensitive mosquito populations showed no genetic differentiation. The generation of resistance might be the result of the combination of multiple factors.
Topics: Animals; Insecticides; Insecticide Resistance; Anopheles; Propoxur; Acetylcholinesterase; Malathion; Mosquito Vectors; Pyrethrins; Malaria; China
PubMed: 37268968
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05796-z