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World Journal of Gastroenterology Mar 2024In this editorial, we comment on the article by Marangoni , published in the recent issue of the 2023; 29: 5618-5629, about "Diet as an epigenetic factor in...
In this editorial, we comment on the article by Marangoni , published in the recent issue of the 2023; 29: 5618-5629, about "Diet as an epigenetic factor in inflammatory bowel disease". The authors emphasized the role of diet, especially the interaction with genetics, in promoting the inflammatory process in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, focusing on DNA methylation, histone modifications, and the influence of microRNAs. In this editorial, we explore the interaction between genetics, gut microbiota, and diet, in an only way. Furthermore, we provided dietary recommendations for patients with IBD. The Western diet, characterized by a low fiber content and deficiency the micronutrients, impacts short-chain fatty acids production and may be related to the pathogenesis of IBD. On the other hand, the consumption of the Mediterranean diet and dietary fibers are associated with reduced risk of IBD flares, particularly in Crohn's disease (CD) patients. According to the dietary guidance from the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IOIBD), the regular consumption of fruits and vegetables while reducing the consumption of saturated, trans, dairy fat, additives, processed foods rich in maltodextrins, and artificial sweeteners containing sucralose or saccharine is recommended to CD patients. For patients with ulcerative colitis, the IOIBD recommends the increased intake of natural sources of omega-3 fatty acids and follows the same restrictive recommendations aimed at CD patients, with the possible inclusion of red meats. In conclusion, IBD is a complex and heterogeneous disease, and future studies are needed to elucidate the influence of epigenetics on diet and microbiota in IBD patients.
Topics: Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Crohn Disease; MicroRNAs; Colitis, Ulcerative; Diet, Mediterranean
PubMed: 38617734
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i12.1644 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Nov 2023There is increasing interest in the bidirectional relationship existing between the gut and brain and the effects of both oligofructose and 2'fucosyllactose to alter... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Inulin-type fructans and 2'fucosyllactose alter both microbial composition and appear to alleviate stress-induced mood state in a working population compared to placebo (maltodextrin): the EFFICAD Trial, a randomized, controlled trial.
BACKGROUND
There is increasing interest in the bidirectional relationship existing between the gut and brain and the effects of both oligofructose and 2'fucosyllactose to alter microbial composition and mood state. Yet, much remains unknown about the ability of oligofructose and 2'fucosyllactose to improve mood state via targeted manipulation of the gut microbiota.
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to compare the effects of oligofructose and 2'fucosyllactose alone and in combination against maltodextrin (comparator) on microbial composition and mood state in a working population.
METHODS
We conducted a 5-wk, 4-arm, parallel, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 92 healthy adults with mild-to-moderate levels of anxiety and depression. Subjects were randomized to oligofructose 8 g/d (plus 2 g/d maltodextrin); maltodextrin 10 g/d; oligofructose 8 g/d plus 2'fucosyllactose (2 g/d) or 2'fucosyllactose 2 g/d (plus 8 g/d maltodextrin). Changes in microbial load (fluorescence in situ hybridization-flow cytometry) and composition (16S ribosomal RNA sequencing) were the primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes included gastrointestinal sensations, bowel habits, and mood state parameters.
RESULTS
There were significant increases in several bacterial taxa including Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Roseburia, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in both the oligofructose and oligofructose/2'fucosyllactose interventions (all P ≤ 0.05). Changes in bacterial taxa were highly heterogenous upon 2'fuscoyllactose supplementation. Significant improvements in Beck Depression Inventory, State Trait Anxiety Inventory Y1 and Y2, and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule scores and cortisol awakening response were detected across oligofructose, 2'fucosyllactose, and oligofructose/2'fucosyllactose combination interventions (all P ≤ 0.05). Both sole oligofructose and oligofructose/2'fuscosyllactose combination interventions outperformed both sole 2'fucosyllactose and maltodextrin in improvements in several mood state parameters (all P ≤ 0.05).
CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate that oligofructose and combination of oligofructose/2'fucosyllactose can beneficially alter microbial composition along with improving mood state parameters. Future work is needed to understand key microbial differences separating individual responses to 2'fucosyllactose supplementation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05212545.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Inulin; Fructans; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Prebiotics; Oligosaccharides; Bacteria; Double-Blind Method
PubMed: 37657523
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.08.016 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023Cerumen is a mixture of beeswax and plant resin made by stingless bees. It has antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and is often used in biological and therapeutic...
BACKGROUND
Cerumen is a mixture of beeswax and plant resin made by stingless bees. It has antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and is often used in biological and therapeutic treatments. However, its adhesive characteristic makes cerumen challenging to process into powder.
METHODS
This study investigated the physical characteristics and antioxidant activity of the encapsulated freeze-dried dewaxed cerumen of . The combination of coating materials at concentrations of 20%, 30% and 40% and carrier ratios of maltodextrin to gum arabic of 9:1, 5:5 and 3:7 were used to encapsulate dewaxed cerumen when freeze-dried; the control was maltodextrin at a concentration of 31.25%.
RESULTS
All carrier matrices showed high yields of >80% and similar powder characteristics of low moisture content, low water activity, high glass transition temperature and water dispersibility. Overall, antioxidant activities ranged from 69-80%, while the encapsulation efficiency of total phenolic content ranged from 46-68%. All carrier matrices show higher antioxidant activities than 31.25% maltodextrin, with the lowest antioxidant at 57%.
CONCLUSIONS
The carrier ratio of 5:5 resulted in better physical properties and retained 68% of polyphenolic activity in powders.
PubMed: 37893633
DOI: 10.3390/foods12203740 -
Polymers Aug 2023Micro- and nanotechnologies have been intensively studied in recent years as novel platforms for targeting and controlling the delivery of various pharmaceutical... (Review)
Review
Micro- and nanotechnologies have been intensively studied in recent years as novel platforms for targeting and controlling the delivery of various pharmaceutical substances. Microparticulate drug delivery systems for oral, parenteral, or topical administration are multiple unit formulations, considered as powerful therapeutic tools for the treatment of various diseases, providing sustained drug release, enhanced drug stability, and precise dosing and directing the active substance to specific sites in the organism. The properties of these pharmaceutical formulations are highly dependent on the characteristics of the polymers used as drug carriers for their preparation. Starch and cellulose are among the most preferred biomaterials for biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and lack of toxicity. These polysaccharides and their derivatives, like dextrins (maltodextrin, cyclodextrins), ethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, carboxy methylcellulose, etc., have been widely used in pharmaceutical technology as excipients for the preparation of solid, semi-solid, and liquid dosage forms. Due to their accessibility and relatively easy particle-forming properties, starch and cellulose are promising materials for designing drug-loaded microparticles for various therapeutic applications. This study aims to summarize some of the basic characteristics of starch and cellulose derivatives related to their potential utilization as microparticulate drug carriers in the pharmaceutical field.
PubMed: 37688241
DOI: 10.3390/polym15173615 -
Journal of the International Society of... Dec 2023Collegiate dance is unique because it requires athletic and academic performance; therefore, optimizing physical and mental function is crucial. Research among athletic... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Collegiate dance is unique because it requires athletic and academic performance; therefore, optimizing physical and mental function is crucial. Research among athletic populations demonstrate improvements in body composition, performance, and cognition following creatine monohydrate (CR) supplementation, yet dancers have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of CR supplementation on body composition, performance, and cognitive function in female collegiate dancers. Participants were randomized to CR (CR; = 7; 0.1 g·kg -1·day -1 CM +0.1 g·kg -1·day -1 corn-starch maltodextrin) or placebo (PL; = 6; 0.2 g·kg -1·day -1 corn-starch maltodextrin) for 42 days. Pre- and post-testing included body composition, total body water (TBW), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale, Diet History Questionnaire, the National Institute of Health Toolbox fluid cognition battery and isokinetic strength, vertical jump, medicine ball throw, and Wingate anaerobic power test. CR demonstrated a significant increase in TBW (pre, 32.2 ± 3.5 kg; post, 32.7 ± 3.6 kg; = 0.024) and lean mass (LM; pre, 39.8 ± 3.6 kg; post, 41.5 ± 4.5 kg; = 0.020). CR supplementation may be an effective strategy to increase TBW and estimates of LM in female collegiate dancers. Although this may optimize aesthetics, larger samples sizes with resistance training are needed to determine if CR supplementation increases muscle mass and translates to improved performance.
Topics: Humans; Female; Creatine; Muscle Strength; Dietary Supplements; Body Water; Body Composition; Muscle, Skeletal; Double-Blind Method
PubMed: 36960692
DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2193556 -
Appetite Dec 2023Oral stimulation with foods or food components elicits cephalic phase insulin release (CPIR), which limits postprandial hyperglycemia. Despite its physiological... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Oral stimulation with foods or food components elicits cephalic phase insulin release (CPIR), which limits postprandial hyperglycemia. Despite its physiological importance, the specific gustatory mechanisms that elicit CPIR have not been clearly defined. While most studies point to glucose and glucose-containing saccharides (e.g., sucrose, maltodextrins) as being the most consistent elicitors, it is not apparent whether this is due to the detection of glucose per se, or to the perceived taste cues associated with these stimuli (e.g., sweetness, starchiness). This study investigated potential sensory mechanisms involved with eliciting CPIR in humans, focusing on the role of oral glucose detection and associated taste. Four stimulus conditions possessing different carbohydrate and taste profiles were designed: 1) glucose alone; 2) glucose mixed with lactisole, a sweet taste inhibitor; 3) maltodextrin, which is digested to starchy- and sweet-tasting products during oral processing; and 4) maltodextrin mixed with lactisole and acarbose, an oral digestion inhibitor. Healthy adults (N = 22) attended four sessions where blood samples were drawn before and after oral stimulation with one of the target stimuli. Plasma c-peptide, insulin, and glucose concentrations were then analyzed. Whereas glucose alone elicited CPIR (one-sample t-test, p < 0.05), it did not stimulate the response in the presence of lactisole. Likewise, maltodextrin alone stimulated CPIR (p < 0.05), but maltodextrin with lactisole and acarbose did not. Together, these findings indicate that glucose is an effective CPIR stimulus, but that an associated taste sensation also serves as an important cue for triggering this response in humans.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Adult; Insulin; Blood Glucose; Young Adult; Taste; Postprandial Period; Glucose; Polysaccharides; Acarbose; C-Peptide; Taste Perception; Administration, Oral; Dietary Carbohydrates; Benzene Derivatives
PubMed: 37788735
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107070 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Dec 2023The rising popularity of probiotic food in the diet for improved health benefits leads to the development of new probiotic functional foods. In general, biscuit is a...
The rising popularity of probiotic food in the diet for improved health benefits leads to the development of new probiotic functional foods. In general, biscuit is a long-shelf-life snack product that can be consumed straight from the pack without further processing. Although the development of probiotic bakery products is an innovative approach to market expansion, the infusion of probiotics in biscuits to produce probiotic biscuits has not been explored because of the complexity of the baking process. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of baking conditions (160, 180, 200, and 220 °C) on the viability of free and encapsulated probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC 016 cells by adding them into biscuit dough separately and baking for up to 600 sec. The cells were encapsulated using 20 % maltodextrin and 8.51 % gum arabic as a wall material and spray drying at an inlet and outlet air temperature of 150 and 55 ± 2 °C, respectively. At different baking temperatures (160, 180, 200, and 220 °C), the viability of probiotic (free and encapsulated) cells, the physicochemical properties of biscuits, and the inactivation kinetics of cells were examined by withdrawing samples every 120 sec. The survivability of encapsulated cells was observed to be higher than free cells at 160 and 180 °C for 600 sec. The moisture content and water activity were found to be higher and lower, respectively for encapsulated probiotic biscuits than for the biscuit containing free cells. The observed results of higher cell viability at 200 °C, 360 sec (5.38 log CFU/g) than at 180 °C, 600 sec (5.02 log CFU/g) can be explained by the time-temperature combination. Thus, producing the probiotic biscuit at baking conditions of 200 °C and 360 min is possible, providing the cell viability of 5 log CFU/g of probiotic biscuit. Further, the inactivation kinetics of cells were predicted by log-linear, Weibull, log-logistic, Gompertz, and Buchanan models. Under all baking conditions, the log-linear model was the best model for describing the data of encapsulated and free cells.
Topics: Millets; Lactobacillus acidophilus; Lactobacillus; Food Additives; Probiotics
PubMed: 37986522
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113573 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2024The effects of maltodextrin and crude extract from sweet cassava on exercise endurance were examined in the male Wistar rat. The rats were randomly assigned to either an...
The effects of maltodextrin and crude extract from sweet cassava on exercise endurance were examined in the male Wistar rat. The rats were randomly assigned to either an exercise training group or a non-exercise training group. Both groups were further divided into subgroups that received either a control, crude extract (250 or 500 mg/kg), or maltodextrin (250 or 500 mg/kg) orally once daily for 16 days. The time to the point of exhaustion after weight-loaded forced swimming was measured on day 16. Body weight gain, relative organ weight, biochemical parameters, and liver and gastrocnemius muscle glycogen content were also determined. Maltodextrin at a dose of 500 mg/kg significantly increased the time to the point of exhaustion compared to all other groups. Maltodextrin and crude extract with both doses significantly increased liver and gastrocnemius muscle glycogen content compared to the control group. There were no significant differences in glucose, BUN, triglyceride, or insulin levels between the groups. Crude extract at a dose of 250 mg/kg significantly increased AST and ALT levels, and LDH levels significantly increased in the exercise training group. Creatinine levels were significantly higher in the exercise training group compared to the non-exercise training group. Exercise boosted antioxidant enzymes, glycogen, and reduced damaging free radicals in the rats. Maltodextrin and crude extract further amplified this effect by activating AMPK and PGC-1α, suggesting that they combat fatigue through an antioxidant pathway linked to AMPK. These findings suggest that maltodextrin and crude extract from sweet cassava may have the potential to enhance exercise endurance. They may increase glycogen storage in the liver and gastrocnemius muscle, potentially through improved glycogen reserves and glycogen sparing effects. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these effects.
PubMed: 38472881
DOI: 10.3390/foods13050766 -
Food Science & Nutrition Jul 2023The direct addition of health-promoting peptides to food products is limited due to their physicochemical instability and bitter taste as well as their bio-functionality...
The direct addition of health-promoting peptides to food products is limited due to their physicochemical instability and bitter taste as well as their bio-functionality may be influenced by M. In this study, SPI hydrolysate (SPIH) was Alcalase-prepared, size-fractionated (<10, 10-30, and 30-100 kD), and the amino acid composition of peptide fractions determined. The physicochemical properties, morphology, and antioxidant stability of the fractions were also investigated after spray-drying encapsulation in maltodextrin-WPC carrier. The two low M peptide fractions (especially, PF < 10) were more active than intact SPI, SPIH, and high M peptide fraction in scavenging free radicals and chelating transition metal ions. As compared to the particles containing SPIH, those containing the smallest peptide fraction (PF < 10) had higher solubility and hygroscopicity, lower production yield and wettability, and more wrinkles, indentations and surface roughness. The highest antioxidant stability during spray-drying was observed for the two low M peptide fractions, which examined by scavenging of free radicals of DPPH (88%), ABTS (97%), OH (93%) and NO (80%), chelating of iron (88%) and copper (87-90%) ions, reducing power (93%), and total antioxidant activity (90%). This finding reflects more structural and biological stability of the low M fractions to shear stress and dehydration during spray-drying, as compared with SPIH. The spray-drying encapsulated soy peptide fractions may be used as nutraceuticals for the development of functional foods.
PubMed: 37457162
DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3381