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Animal Nutrition (Zhongguo Xu Mu Shou... Mar 2024Skatole, a strong fecal odor substance, is generated through microbial degradation of tryptophan in the animal hindgut. It easily accumulates in adipose tissue and...
Skatole, a strong fecal odor substance, is generated through microbial degradation of tryptophan in the animal hindgut. It easily accumulates in adipose tissue and affects meat quality. In this study, the effect of mulberry leaf supplementation on skatole in finishing pigs was studied. In a 35-day trial, 20 finishing pigs (barrows and gilts) were fed with a basal diet or basal diet with 6% mulberry leaves. Growth performance of the pigs ( = 10) was automatically recorded by a performance-testing feeder system and 8 pigs in each treatment were slaughtered and sampled for the remaining tests. Skatole and short-chain fatty acids were detected using HPLC and gas chromatography, respectively. Fecal microbiota were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The metabolomics analysis of feces and serum was performed with UHPLC-MS/MS. The major cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes that catalyze skatole degradation in the liver were tested by using RT-PCR and Western blot. Effects of major bioactive compounds in mulberry leaves on the genes were verified in the hepatic cell line HepG2 in an in vitro test ( = 3). In finishing pigs, mulberry leaf supplementation had no significant effect on the average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and feed conversion ratio ( > 0.05), but reduced skatole levels in feces, serum, and backfat ( < 0.05), and increased acetic acid levels in feces ( = 0.027). Mulberry leaf supplementation decreased the relative abundance of the skatole-producing bacteria and ( < 0.05). Indole-3-acetic acid, the intermediate that is essential for skatole production, was significantly reduced in feces by mulberry leaf supplementation ( < 0.05) and was positively correlated with skatole content in feces ( = 0.004). In pigs treated with mulberry leaves, liver expression was increased ( < 0.05) and was negatively correlated with skatole content in backfat ( = 0.045). The in vitro test demonstrated that mulberry leaf polyphenols and polysaccharides could directly stimulate expression in hepatic cells. These findings suggest that mulberry leaf supplementation reduces skatole production and deposition in finishing pigs by regulating the gut microbiota and promoting skatole degradation in liver.
PubMed: 38131029
DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.05.018 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) has a high mortality rate, and dyslipidemia is a major risk factor. Atherosclerosis, a cause of CCS, is influenced by gut microbiota...
Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) has a high mortality rate, and dyslipidemia is a major risk factor. Atherosclerosis, a cause of CCS, is influenced by gut microbiota dysbiosis and its metabolites. The objective of this study was to study the diversity and composition of gut microbiota and related clinical parameters among CCS patients undergoing coronary angiography and dyslipidemia patients in comparison to healthy volunteers in Thailand. CCS patients had more risk factors and higher inflammatory markers, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) than others. The alpha diversity was lower in dyslipidemia and CCS patients than in the healthy group. A significant difference in the composition of gut microbiota was observed among the three groups. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and was significantly increased while , and were lower in CCS patients. In CCS patients, Lachnospiraceae, Peptostreptococcaceae, and were positively correlated with hs-CRP. In dyslipidemia patients, was strongly positively correlated with triglyceride (TG) level and negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The modification of gut microbiota was associated with changes in clinical parameters involved in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) in CCS patients.
PubMed: 38646625
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1384146 -
Bioresource Technology Feb 2024The objective was to investigate the impact of the bioaugmentation on chain elongation process using glycerol, lactate and lactose as substrates in an open culture...
The objective was to investigate the impact of the bioaugmentation on chain elongation process using glycerol, lactate and lactose as substrates in an open culture fermentation. In the batch trials the highest selectivity for chain elongation product, i.e. caproate, was observed in trials inoculated with co-culture of Megasphaera elsdenii and Eubacterium limosum grown on glycerol (28.6%), and in non-bioaugmented open culture run on lactose + lactate (14.8%). The results showed that E. limosum, out of two bioaugmented strains, was able to survive in the open culture. A continuous open culture fermentation of glycerol led to caproate and 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) formation, while lactate addition led to 1,3-PDO and short chain carboxylates production. Moving the process into batch mode triggered even-carbon chain elongation. Presence of E. limosum promoted odd-carbon chain elongation and valerate production. Imaging flow cytometry combined with machine learning enabled the discrimination of Eubacterium cells from other microbial strains during the process.
Topics: Lactic Acid; Caproates; Carboxylic Acids; Glycerol; Lactose; Fermentation; Propylene Glycol; Carbon; Propylene Glycols
PubMed: 38042435
DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130123 -
Food Chemistry: X Mar 2024Tea ( L.) flower polysaccharides (TFPS) have various health-promoting functions. In the present work, the structure of a purified TFPS fraction, namely TFPS-1-3p, and...
Tea ( L.) flower polysaccharides (TFPS) have various health-promoting functions. In the present work, the structure of a purified TFPS fraction, namely TFPS-1-3p, and its digestive properties were investigated. The results demonstrated that TFPS-1-3p was a typical heteropolysaccharide consisting of rhamnose (Rha), arabinose (Ara), galactose (Gal) and galacturonic acid (GalA) with a molecular weight of 47.77 kDa. The backbone of TFPS-1-3p contained → 4)-α-d-GalA(-6-OMe)-(1 → 4)-α-GalA-(1 → and → 4)-α-d-GalA(-6-OMe)-(1 → 2,4)-α-l-Rha-(1 → linkages. The branch linkages in TFPS-1-3p contained → 6)-β-d-Gal-(1→, →3,6)-β-d-Gal-(1→, →5)-α-l-Ara-(1 → and → 3,5)-α-l-Ara-(1 →. Subsequently, TFPS-1-3p could not be degraded under simulated human gastrointestinal conditions but could be of use to human fecal microbes, thereby lowering the pH and increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) of the gut microenvironment and altering the composition of the gut microbiota. The relative abundance of , and increased significantly, potentially contributing to the degradation of TFPS-1-3p.
PubMed: 38178927
DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101058 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2024HIV infection results in marked alterations in the gut microbiota (GM), such as the loss of microbial diversity and different taxonomic and metabolic profiles. Despite...
HIV infection results in marked alterations in the gut microbiota (GM), such as the loss of microbial diversity and different taxonomic and metabolic profiles. Despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) partially ablating gastrointestinal alterations, the taxonomic profile after successful new ART has shown wide variations. Our objective was to determine the GM composition and functions in people living with HIV (PLWHIV) under ART in comparison to seronegative controls (SC). Fecal samples from 21 subjects (treated with integrase strand-transfer inhibitors, INSTIs) and 18 SC were included. We employed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, coupled with PICRUSt2 and fecal short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) quantification by gas chromatography. The INSTI group showed a decreased α-diversity ( < 0.001) compared to the SC group, at the expense of increased amounts of (), , , and Gram-negative bacteria. Concurrently, we observed an enrichment in and , both SCFA-producing bacteria, and significant elevations in fecal butyrate in this group ( < 0.001). Interestingly, gut dysbiosis in PLWHIV was characterized by a proinflammatory environment orchestrated by and elevated levels of butyrate associated with bacterial metabolic pathways, as well as the evident presence of butyrogenic bacteria. The role of this unique GM in PLWHIV should be evaluated, as well as the use of butyrate-based supplements and ART regimens that contain succinate, such as tenofovir disoproxil succinate. This mixed profile is described for the first time in PLWHIV from Mexico.
Topics: Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; HIV Infections; Mexico; Female; Male; Adult; Middle Aged; Feces; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Dysbiosis; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Bacteria; Butyrates
PubMed: 38732048
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094830 -
Current Research in Food Science 2024fruit has attracted more and more attention due to its various pharmacological activities, which are rich in polysaccharides. This study investigated the...
fruit has attracted more and more attention due to its various pharmacological activities, which are rich in polysaccharides. This study investigated the saliva-gastrointestinal digestion and fecal fermentation behaviors of polysaccharides from fruit (CAP), as well as its impact on human gut microbiota. The results showed that CAP could be partially degraded during the gastrointestinal digestion. The FT-IR spectra of the digested CAP didn't change significantly, however, the morphological feature of SEM changed to disordered flocculent and rod-like structures. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis found that after fermentation, CAP could increase the relative abundances of beneficial bacteria including , and to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), while it can also reduce the abundances of harmful bacteria of , , and , suggesting that CAP could modulate the composition and abundance of gut microbiota. These results implied that CAP can be developed as a potential prebiotic in the future.
PubMed: 38764977
DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100760 -
Environmental Science and Ecotechnology Jan 2024Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is a promising carbon utilization technology, but the low-value products (i.e., acetate or methane) and the high electric power demand...
Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) is a promising carbon utilization technology, but the low-value products (i.e., acetate or methane) and the high electric power demand hinder its industrial adoption. In this study, electrically efficient MES cells with a low ohmic resistance of 15.7 mΩ m were operated galvanostatically in fed-batch mode, alternating periods of high CO and H availability. This promoted acetic acid and ethanol production, ultimately triggering selective (78% on a carbon basis) butyric acid production via chain elongation. An average production rate of 14.5 g m d was obtained at an applied current of 1.0 or 1.5 mA cm, being sp. the key chain elongating player. Inoculating a second cell with the catholyte containing the enriched community resulted in butyric acid production at the same rate as the previous cell, but the lag phase was reduced by 82%. Furthermore, interrupting the CO feeding and setting a constant pH of 1.7-1.8 atm in the cathode compartment triggered solventogenic butanol production at a pH below 4.8. The efficient cell design resulted in average cell voltages of 2.6-2.8 V and a remarkably low electric energy requirement of 34.6 kWh kg of butyric acid produced, despite coulombic efficiencies being restricted to 45% due to the cross-over of O and H through the membrane. In conclusion, this study revealed the optimal operating conditions to achieve energy-efficient butyric acid production from CO and suggested a strategy to further upgrade it to valuable butanol.
PubMed: 37635954
DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2023.100303 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Cervicovaginal microbiota plays an important role in HPV infection and is...
INTRODUCTION
Human papilloma virus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Cervicovaginal microbiota plays an important role in HPV infection and is associated with the development of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL). The natural history of cervical cancer involves reversible changes in the cervical tissue from a normal state, in which no neoplastic changes are detected in the squamous epithelium, to varying states of cellular abnormalities that ultimately lead to cervical cancer. Low-grade SIL (LSIL), like another cytological category - atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS), may progress to high-grade SIL (HSIL) and invasive cervical cancer or may regress to a normal state.
METHODS
In this work, we studied cervical canal microbiome in 165 HPV-positive and HPV-negative women of a reproductive age with ASCUS [HPV(+) = 29; HPV(-) = 11], LSIL [HPV(+) = 32; HPV(-) = 25], HSIL [HPV(+) = 46], and the control group with negative for intraepithelial lesion malignancy (NILM) [HPV(-) = 22].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
HPV16 is the most prevalent HPV type. We have not found any differences between diversity in studied groups, but several genus [like Prevotella (-value = 0.026), Gardnerella (-value = 0.003), Fannyhessea (-value = 0.024)] more often occurred in HSIL group compared by NILM or LSIL regardless of HPV. We have found statistically significant difference in occurrence or proportion of bacterial genus in studied groups. We also identified that increasing of the ratio of or age of patient lead to higher chance to HSIL, while increasing of the ratio of lead to higher chance to LSIL. Patients with a moderate dysbiosis equally often had either of three types of vaginal microbial communities (CST, Community State Type) with the prevalence of (CST I), (CST II), and (CST III); whereas severe dysbiosis is linked with CST IV involving the microorganisms genera associated with bacterial vaginosis and aerobic vaginitis: , , and .
PubMed: 38550866
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1334502 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2024Complex gut microbiota increases chickens' resistance to enteric pathogens. However, the principles of this phenomenon are not understood in detail. One of the...
Complex gut microbiota increases chickens' resistance to enteric pathogens. However, the principles of this phenomenon are not understood in detail. One of the possibilities for how to decipher the role of gut microbiota in chickens' resistance to enteric pathogens is to systematically characterise the gene expression of individual gut microbiota members colonising the chicken caecum. To reach this aim, newly hatched chicks were inoculated with bacterial species whose whole genomic sequence was known. Total protein purified from the chicken caecum was analysed by mass spectrometry, and the obtained spectra were searched against strain-specific protein databases generated from known genomic sequences. , sp. and did not utilise carbohydrates when colonising the chicken caecum. On the other hand, , , , , , , , and fermented carbohydrates. was the only motile bacterium, and expressed the type VI secretion system. Classification of in vivo expression is key for understanding the role of individual species in complex microbial populations colonising the intestinal tract. Knowledge of the expression of motility, the type VI secretion system, and preference for carbohydrate or amino acid fermentation is important for the selection of bacteria for defined competitive exclusion products.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Amino Acids; Type VI Secretion Systems; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Cecum; Bacteria
PubMed: 38928209
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126505 -
BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care Jun 2024Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with dysbiosis in the gut microbiota (MB). Individually, each medication appears to partially correct this. However, there...
INTRODUCTION
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with dysbiosis in the gut microbiota (MB). Individually, each medication appears to partially correct this. However, there are no studies on the response of the MB to changes in A1c. Therefore, we investigated the MB's response to intensive glycemic control.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We studied two groups of patients with uncontrolled T2DM, one group with an A1c <9% (18 patients-G1) and another group with an A1c >9% (13 patients-G2), aiming for at least a 1% reduction in A1c. We collected A1c and fecal samples at baseline, 6, and 12 months. G1 achieved an average A1c reduction of 1.1%, while G2 a reduction of 3.13%.
RESULTS
G1's microbiota saw a decrease in Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG_003 and in Mollicutes order (both linked to metabolic syndrome and associated comorbidities). G2, despite having a more significant reduction in A1c, experienced an increase in the proinflammatory bacteria and , and only one beneficial genus, , increased, producer of butyrate.
CONCLUSION
Despite a notable A1c outcome, G2 could not restore its MB. This seeming resistance to change, leading to a persistent inflammation component found in G2, might be part of the "metabolic memory" in T2DM.
Topics: Humans; Dysbiosis; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Male; Female; Middle Aged; Glycated Hemoglobin; Aged; Feces; Blood Glucose; Follow-Up Studies; Hypoglycemic Agents; Glycemic Control; Biomarkers; Prognosis
PubMed: 38937275
DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2023-003964